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「もっともっと欲しい」の貪欲の経済から、「足るを知る」知足の経済へ。さらにいのちを尊重する「持続の経済」へ。日本は幸せをとりもどすことができるでしょうか、考え、提言し、みなさんと語り合いたいと思います。(京都・龍安寺の石庭)
「いのち」ってなに?
地球のいのちも視野に

安原和雄
 2006年もまた地球規模で多くのいのちが無惨にも消えていった。戦争という国家権力による暴力行為によって、大規模災害によって、感染症によって、飢餓という非人間的な環境下で、さらに自らの心の苦しみと共に。
 その一方で「いのちってなに?」が論議された年でもあった。改めて「いのち」をテーマに考える。(06年12月21日掲載、同月22日インターネット新聞「日刊ベリタ」に転載)

▽公募で選ぶ「今年の漢字」は「命」

 財団法人・日本漢字能力検定協会(本部・京都市)が公募で選ぶ「今年の漢字」は「命」と決まった。飲酒運転、虐待、竜巻さらにいじめによる自殺などで多くの命が失われたのが理由という。京都市の清水寺で発表、森清範貫首が「命」という漢字を人間大の白紙に黒々と揮毫(きごう)した。大みそかまで一般公開される。森貫首は「現代の深い苦しみが潜んでいると思う」と語った。(06年12月13日付毎日新聞)

 これを受けて「橋本勝の21世紀風刺絵日記」は次のように書いた。
 「命の尊さを説いてこそ真の宗教!ということで提案がある。イラクで、中立的立場の仏教徒に和平への重要な役割を実践して欲しいのである。そう、仏教の偉いお坊さんよ、京都なんかではなく、憎しみと死が支配する戦乱の地バクダッドでこそ、〈命〉の字を書くパフォーマンスをやったらと思うのですが、いかがでしょうか」と。(06年12月18日付インターネット新聞「日刊ベリタ」)
命が亡くなってからの葬式仏教に偏している昨今の仏教界の現状をみるにつけ、こういう皮肉のひとつも言いたくなる心境はわからないではない。

 たしかに命は尊い。だからこそ命があまりにも粗末に扱われ、踏みつぶされていく現状では命への不安も限りなくふくらんでいく。しかし今日、命がこれほど大きな問題になってくればなおさらのこと、改めて「いのち」ってなに?と問い直してみる必要はないだろうか。

▽毎朝の座禅で「いのち」を繰り返し唱える

 私自身は毎朝自宅で起きた直後に座禅をする。以前は山中の座禅堂にこもって修行僧気取りで座禅の真似事をしていたが、最近ではもっぱら日常生活の中にこそ座禅を!という心境で、自宅4畳半の間が座禅堂にしばし早変わりする。
 そのとき、心で唱えるのが「いのち」、「慈悲」、「利他」の3つの言葉である。「いの~」と5秒くらい息を吸い込み、「ち~」と15秒くらい息を吐き出す。3つの言葉の順に何度も繰り返す。なぜ「いのち」が最初なのか。いうまでもなく私が唱える仏教経済学の第1のキーワードがこの「いのち」だからである。

さて「いのち」とは、多くの場合、人間の命が念頭にないだろうか。「命は地球より重い」ともいわれる。この命は人間の命を指しているのだろう。ここでちょっと考えてみたい。仮に命が人間にしかないとしたら、果たして人間の命は存続できるのだろうか、と。答えはいうまでもなく否である。

▽食事前の「いただきます」はどういう意味か

 仏教ではこの地球上の生きとし生けるものすべてに命があると考える。つまり人間だけではなく、動物、植物にも当然いのちはある。これが仏教思想の基本である。
日本社会では食事前に通常「いただきます」と唱える。最近では、この意味が分からなくなっている人が多いが、その本来の意味は動植物のいのちをいただき、そのお陰で人間が自分のいのちをつないでいることに感謝する言葉なのである。

 「俺は自分独りの力で生きている」と偉そうに考えている人が昨今少なくないが、それは錯覚である。人間は動植物のいのちに依存することによってのみ生かされている、という事実を冷静に認識したい。人間にしか命がないとすれば、人間の命は存続し得ないことはこれで理解できるのではないだろうか。少なくとも仏教はそう考える。

 食べ残しが多い国として、残念なことに日本が世界一というデータがある。この食べ残しは動植物のいのちを粗末に扱うことだから、神仏の下す罰(ばち)があたる行為でもある。
 ところがかつての高度経済成長の過程で「罰があたる」という感覚が稀薄となった。だから食べたくなかったら、食べ残せばいいという安易な感覚が広がっている。動植物から折角いのちを提供していただいているのだから、これに感謝して、食べ残しをしないのが、礼儀というものであろう。本来の仏教がいのちを大事に考えるのは、こういうところにも表れている。

 「いただきます」には実はもうひとつ、大事な意味が含まれている。それは「世のため人のため」をめざす利他主義のすすめである。この利他主義も仏教経済学のキーワードの1つである。
 動植物からいのちをいただくのだから、そのいのちを日常生活の中で生かさなければならない。それが利他主義の実践であり、その結果は、いずれ自分にもプラスとなって返ってくる。
 一方、自分、自社のことしか念頭にない私利・利己主義は破綻への道に通じていると仏教は考える。このことは私利・利己主義の追求に魂を奪われた貪欲な個人、企業経営者、さらに政治家たちが高い屏の中につながれる悲運―自業自得というべきか―に泣く事例が昨今多発していることからも明らかであろう。

▽マータイ女史の「もったいない精神が地球のいのちを救う」

 2005年2月初めて来日したケニアの環境保護活動家でノーベル平和賞(04年度)受賞者のワンガリ・マータイさんは毎日新聞社を訪ねて、日本語の「もったいない」に出会い、心から感動した。それ以来、マータイさんは「もったいない」を世界語として普及すべく、国連など各地を行脚している。そのメッセージが“Mottainai Will Save the Earth”(もったいないの精神が地球を救う)である。

 メッセージの「地球を救う」は「汚染と破壊に直面している地球のいのちを救う」という含意であろう。「もったいない」に込められたこの深い意味を本来なら日本人が世界に向かって発信すべきであるが、恥ずかしいことに、それをすっかり忘れていた日本人としてはマータイさんに感謝しなければならない。

 あえてもうひとついえば、生き物とはいえないモノ(建築物や日常用品など)にもいのちが宿っていると日本人は考えてきた。特にモノづくりの職人にこの考えが浸透していた。しかしこれも昭和30年代以降のモノを粗末に扱う「浪費は美徳」という風潮に押し流されて消滅状態に近い。

▽「狭いいのち観」から「広いいのち観」へ

 最近いじめによる自殺が増えて、いのちにどう向き合うかが改めて論議されている。人間のいのちが大切であることはいうまでもないが、いのちを人間だけに限定してとらえるのは、狭すぎないだろうか。動植物も含めた自然、手作りのモノ、さらに地球のいのちにまで視野を広げたい。これがいのちの教育の原点に据えられなければならない。

 人間だけの命の尊さをいくら説いても恐らく人それぞれの心にしみこんではゆかないのではないか。多様ないのちの大切さをそれぞれが自覚して出直す必要がある。「狭いいのち観」を超えて、地球のいのちまでも含む「広いいのち観」を創り、普及・定着させることができるかどうか―ここに視野を向けたい。


(寸評、提案歓迎! 下記の「コメント」をクリックして、自由に書き込んで下さい。実名入りでなく、仮名でも結構です)
Buddhism and World Peace(Ⅱ)
The 2nd Nepal‐Japan International Buddhist Symposium on “Buddhism's Contribution for World Peace” was held from the viewpoint of the Buddhist Economics in Nepal, December, 2006. The main panelists of the symposium are members of Society for Buddhist Studies, Nepal and Buddhist Economy Forum, Japan.
The paper presentation by K.Yasuhara and the Nepal Declaration are reported in “Buddhism and World Peace(Ⅰ)”. The Paper presentaions by other three panelists in “Buddhism and World Peace(Ⅱ)” are as follows:


<1>The paper of Dr. Naresh Man Bajracharya, who is a member of Society for Buddhist Studies of Nepal, is as follows(full text):

Understanding the Law of Dependent Origination
for World Peace


Dr. Naresh Man Bajracharya (Ph.D.)
Head
Central Department of Buddhist Studies, Tribhuvan Unjversity, Nepal

Peace:
Peace is a state of mind. When mind experiences pleasure then peace prevails. Tranquility, Calm, Silence, Stillness, Serenity and Harmony are the synonyms of Peace Pleasure arises from the satisfaction.

Peace is the ultimate goal of every Human being, Nation and World alike. Peace can be judged at three different levels. They are Personal Peace, National Peace and International Peace or World Peace.

i. Personal Peace:
Personal peace is concerned with the peace, attained by a person through certain means. The means may or may not be favorable to others but it does not matter. The peace would be limited within the very personal level and this could be momentary or of longer duration. In other words, it can be said that an individual feels satisfaction with the fulfillment of his individual wish. This satisfaction leads him/her to the state of peace.

ii. National Peace:
Good economic position, sound health, high literacy rate, satisfactory social security and national security, prevalence of human rights, gender equality, job opportunity, harmony among the all castes, ethnic groups, religions etc. lead a nation to the state of peace at national level. National peace can prevail with the development of a nation in all respects. National peace is concerned with the welfare of a nation in totality. Peace in society is a part of national peace.

iii. International Peace or World Peace:
In general, International peace means prevalence of harmony between countries and guarantee of no attack from neighboring countries. The main cause for the disruption of this world peace has been thought to be the WAR but war is neither the cause nor war can be the solution for peace, to my mind.

The development of a nation in all respects brings peace in a nation. Likewise development of all nations in all respects introduces actual peace in the world. The development of a nation or world in all respects depends on the politics of the nation or the world. Politics is the science of policy making and serving people in term of ruling a nation. Vision of the politicians is the main cause for the development or destruction of a nation or world. It is not universal that all the politicians possess right vision. Some politician may possess wrong vision intentionally or through ignorance.

The right vision of the politicians lead the nation or world to the state of development of a nation or world in all respects, while the wrong vision of politicians lead in the state to destruction of the nation or world. It is therefore; I assume that "right political vision" is the root cause for the world peace.

Buddhism:
Buddhism is a man-made religion that is why it deals with human behaviors; human needs, wants, problem and finally the solution. Beyond doubt, Buddhism deals also with the welfare of all kinds of creatures. Identification of problems, finding out the cause behind the problem, thinking of possibility of solution to eradicate the problem and pointing out the way to solution of problem are the steps of thinking process of Buddhist philosophy. To be engaged in welfare for other is another important part of Buddhism.

It is well known fact that Buddhism is the rationalism vs. superstition and emotional response. Buddhist thinking process and thoughts are found to be more scientific by modern scholars. It is also accepted universally that Buddhism is a peace loving religion.

In Buddhism there are a lot of philosophical principles and practices that could be instrumental for bringing world peace. Among those I would like to highlight only one philosophical principle i.e. "the Law of Dependent Origination"*1 for world peace. This law is the main foundation for basic to higher Buddhist philosophies. Buddha said "who understands the law of dependent origination, he visualizes the Buddha in reality".


The Law of Dependent Origination:
According to Buddhist view every entity-both living and non-living being- come into existence depending on other. Similarly, extinction of each takes place in the absent of other. In other words, existence of one entity causes for the existence of other entity. Similarly, extinction one entity causes for the extinction of other entity.

The law of dependent origination testified the following facts:
No body/no thing is perfect in itself/own self.
No body/ no thing is supreme power holder.
Everybody/everything possesses its value and importance.
Co-existence is the ultimate truth of the existence of world.
Therefore, One should/can not ignore or underestimate other.
One must respects others' existence.
Mutual respect is the long life of the world.

Based on the above-mentioned points it can be stated "mutual respect brings peace, while mutual underestimate brings conflict". For instance, in the past history of Nepalese politics one party accepts the existence of other parties only dramatically but not actually. Parties were busy in leg pulling policy for personal benefit rather than national benefit. This practice could be found within the party, which brought disintegration in the party. The policy of ignoring oppositions or neglecting others in terms of politics was widely practiced. As a result, political settlement could not take place in Nepal, thus people are suffered and sought after the peace.

In context to the present political situation on one hand each party seems to have actually accepted the existence of other parties, and then they became ready for table talk and were finally united. Even South Pole and North Pole met at the same platform and held "scholarly talk" They came to the summit-point of agreement for political settlement and which finally resulted in the signing of the "National Peace Agreement" on Nov. 21, 2006 at 8:29p.m. It would be a noteworthy to quote here a piece of interview of Prime Minister G.P. Koirala. He says " ...though Nepal is poor and backward, people of the land of Buddha had once again proved that they still had capacity to give message to the world about the ways of finding peace."
After the signing of the National peace treaty neighboring countries also started to take peace-breath. It is because the peace in Nepal has bearing for the peace in their country too.

On other hand the One, who ignored or underestimated others' existence, is now facing the uncertainty of its existence.

In the context of world whenever whichever countries tried to show its supremacy and acted against the existence of other countries then world faced turmoil. At present world too some countries have been trying to show their supremacy through war, nuclear test etc. This has brought dissatisfaction and turmoil among the countries, which are seeking peace.

Conclusive remarks:
The "Law Dependent of Origination", discovered by Sakyamuni Buddha is a scientific fact rather than a religious philosophy or belief. The law teaches us the fact that each depends on other and cause brings effect. It is therefore; can be assumed mutual respect brings peace, while mutual underestimation brings conflict. Here it can be pointed out that politicians must be aware of this scientific fact-the law of dependent origination-for world peace.


<2>The paper of Mr. Seigo Tsujii, who is a member of Buddhist Economy Forum of Japan, is as follows(summary):

Peace and Buddhism- From the historical viewpoint-

Seigo Tsujii
Lecturer, Obirin University

 Every religion hopes peace, based on desiring the spiritual and the practical peace in every adherent, besides the Buddhist. However, as you can appreciate well, historically and even today, religions have been often inclined to feel more concerned in violent behaviors including wars, than in devoting peace through expanding own mission by taught. The spiritual peace and identity for protecting each adherent, conversely speaking, may be risen friction among the adherents belong to other religious associations and sects, moreover, concerned with political and social elements, we may often observe, in reality, the confusion of peace.

Buddhism may be often called relatively wider peaceful religion in taught than other internationally wide religions. Surely, in the view of its missionary works to Asian areas, Buddhism has been pursuing to be familiar in associated with the native worships, traditional manners and customs, as a result, often induced to each native intents and interests, the defense of the country, the governance by different ethics, comparatively, without carrying the violence. However, this may not always follow that Buddhism may not be related with violence at all.

In our history, we had met radical movement between Buddhists group and administration., for example, in Edo period, Tokugawa adminisration had decided to set up special legal system, the Law to control Shrines and Temples. By establishing this legal system, the administration could indirectly turned to prohibit the faith of Christianity as well as firmly could protect Buddhists about 3 centuries to keep them in the control of the administration and support the policy. In World War Ⅱalso, under serious religious control by the government, some Buddhist sects group and leaders supported for the War .

In these historical situations, Buddhism has shown its reaffirmation for the historical importance toward violent movements. Thus, we need gaze carefully at present situation not only as society, but also as a individual, from the view point what and how we should contribute Peace towards future world. We can see vividly some significant and specific feature that Buddhism has continued to maintain the tolerance and the patience against violence for a long time.

First, Buddhism has been developed own taught and practice under the hard non-violence and also mainly by its composite shapes.
Secondly, we may deeply examine that Buddhism has been expanding its teaching in Asia regions, receiving deeply by its nature and mission without showing any vivid violent movement, by its universality in both its teaching and its practice towards all persons of understanding..
As you know, Buddha clearly taught us thought which still being alive in our life, such as Transienty , Fatanity,Buddha-store, Vanity(Sunya), Buddhist nature , Relief and the building of the land of Buddha by Buddha and Bodhi-sattva, through Enlightment (Nirvana) and spiritual control by everyone’s hard practice in each field. These teachings mentioned have been expanded beyond nations and deeply made people awakened sympathy. Besides these taught, the concept of Transmigration (Samsara) has been interested in deeply Japanese mind, in particular, being mutually impressive and fresh harmonized with our thought of our traditional Shinto , such as ancestor worship and requiem mass for our fore-fathers.
Thirdly, it is Sentient beings (Sattva) that Buddhism creates and stands for all to be characteristic for Peace. Sattva is called a general term of Human beings, Animals, and Gods. And, it is also our cycles of life, and, it is called the original elements of Five commandments(against murder, lust, theft, lying, and intemperance) ,and Affection in the teachings.

Everyday and everywhere, we see uncertain situation and issues against security and peace in many areas, and cannot but feel sense of threat, being caused by political, economical and social situations. As you may consider deeply, compared with past, it has expanded and increased more and harder than last decade. Under these trends, we are certainly so inquired what and how to do for pursuing peace as a simple worshipper, that it is important how we ourselves carefully see present, and think, and behave to solve present and promote Peace.
Whenever I remind of the above, often I recall myself some Buddha’s taught, to think of present world is in a hard chaotic states. Buddha taught in it as follows. ”There are 6 points you take precautions against the time you bring good friends, have honor, contribute the society, escape conflict, and finally enlighten peace.”
1.To think issues for affection.
2. To express words for affection.
3.To perform deeds for affection.
4.To share anything with your friends together whenever you could get.
5.To keep always carefully the moral and discipline is honored by the prudence.
6.To think and live always with the thoughts make your heart pure, happy, and in peace.

And, we, Japanese, still remember the word expressed by Late President of Sri Lanka ( Ceylon ) at the time of ceremony of signing of San Francisco Peace Treaty, 1951, quoting from “Dhammapada”, “Truly in this world, if we return a grudge with a grudge to compensate a grudge, a grudge never cease forever. A grudge ceased by giving up a grudge. This is eternal Truth.”
By expressing this clearly, President decided to give up requiring the fund for Ceylon’s compensation to Japan. Concluding my paper, I would ask your understanding, how we use our knowledge, what we can do, and what we should and must behave to meet and solve the theft against Peace as a Buddhist as well as a Worshipper of religion, harder than before toward tomorrow.


<3>The paper of Mr. Tri Ratna Manandhar, who is a member of Society for Buddhist Studies of Nepal, is as follows(summary):

Peace through Buddhist Ideal of Economic Development

Mr.Tri Ratna Manandhar
Lecturer, Tribhuvan University

Introduction
The discourses given by Buddha to different classes of people, to the people of different occupation, at different places if are studied, the stock of knowledge on different field could be gained. The main objective of delivering the discourse by Buddha was to make more people happy and welfare. So, Buddha had highlighted different aspect of the social life of human being, to make their life easy and happy.

Buddha’s inspiration for involving in economic activities
Buddha, in his 45 years of discourses, had given several teachings on economic development in micro and macro level. People generally tend to consider the Buddha’s teaching as an escape or withdrawal from active life, retiring into temple, cave or forest leading a lonely life off totally from the society. However it is clearly a misunderstanding to the teachings of Buddha. In fact one can find in the teachings of Buddha an inspiration to working hard for the economic development.

State’s responsibility for economic Development (macro level)
Buddha also had given several discourses on the responsibility of state to make economic development.
It is important duties of state to provide the opportunity of jobs, because people need job to earn money. It makes their life easier. Lack of job opportunity increases the unemployment problem which compels the unemployed to involve in evil works hampering both the society and the state. So, it is duty of the state to create sufficient job opportunity to overcome the evil deeds. So, Buddha stressed on providing more job opportunities to the people. According to him it is the responsibility of the state to manage job opportunities for the peoples according to their ability. It makes the people happy and brings peace in the society.
The capital given to entrepreneurs will promote the production and generate income making the country prosperous.
In this way Buddha has emphasized the obligation of state to give job opportunity for the people. The sufficient job opportunities only can make the people engaged in business.

Ethical practice in economic activities for making world peace
Nowadays in the name of economic development the people are also producing different types of liquor, drugs and selling these with handsome price and raising their standard of living.
The productions of different types of weapons are being increased by the developed countries for their economic development. Similarly there are so many product items available in the society that instead of giving advantage harm the consumer as cigarette, tobacco etc.
In this way economic activities performed in the certain corner of the world could produce several problems all over the world. Life of several people is being threatened in the name of economic development in certain part of the world. The health and wealth of the several people are being damaged by the so called economic activities by producing weapons, liquors, drugs, cigarette etc.

The economic activities which are pronounced with pride are lacking the ethical value. So, to prevent the world from further damage in the name of economic activities the ethical values are being compulsory to blend on it. Only then the people can live prosperously as well as peacefully. The prosperity without peace is meaningless.
In this context Buddha had said that economic security should go on arm in arm with spiritual values. Man should not deviate from the path of duty, rectitude and righteousness but should try to seek a balance between material and spiritual values

Previously the economists were not interested to include the normative aspect in economics. Even some economist as Robbins thought that the economics is a pure science and as such it is not concerned with right or wrong but many economists nowadays think that economic aspect cannot be disassociated with ethics and moral activities. Ethics is taking as the hand maid of economics. So, the section of welfare economics has been added to the modern economic theory which is trying to establish norms of behavioral activity. The term “Social rationally” of economic activity is to be interpreted as that activity which ensures optimum allocation of resources and therefore guarantees maximum social welfare.

In this regard Buddha from very beginning had alerted that the economic activities should not be done at the cost of the life & security. It should not exploit the right to live peacefully of the living beings. Buddha in the discourse on eight fold Nobel paths had delivered the teachings on right livelihood, prohibiting five types of economic activities in the society which eventually increase different types of problem and damage the peace and prosperity.

Those five prohibited economic activities are as follows:
1.Sattha vanija- Business of arms and lethal weapons
2.Mamsa vanija- Business of meat of animals
3.Satta vanija- Business of animals
4Majja vanija- Business of intoxicant i.e drugs etc. which damages thinking power of human
5.Visa vanija- Business of poison

It can be said that Buddha had identified the social problems arising in the society and its increment day by day due to the development of the wrong economic activity. The increment of such activities will increase the problems of world and vice versa. So, Buddha’s teachings should be heartedly taken by the modern economists in other to make the world economically sound, prosperous, safe and peaceful.

The social, national and international problems are increasing day by day due to the business of weapons. Easy availability of the weapons is adding to violence and murder in the society.
Now-a-days the developed countries are producing the modern sophisticated weapons in other to establish their supremacy over the world. The economies of such country are getting prosperous due to the export of weapons to the developing country. The weapon based economy is getting popular among such countries. Such countries import almost all daily necessary items from other countries while they focus their production and export in lethal weapons. The weapon based economy is making the world very fearful. Even some developing countries are making the nuclear weapons curtailing their budget to other necessary products. So, the fearful situation is arising day by day due to the increment of such destructive materials that could damage the world for several times.

The word “World Peace” is pronounced every time in the meeting of UNO(United Nations Organization) but participant countries could be found producing and exporting harmful weapons simultaneously as their whole economy is based on such harmful products. Until such double standard policy (hypocrisy) is exercised by the developed countries the world peace would be far away from the human society.
Similarly the economy of certain countries is based on the production of intoxicants. They produce liquors, drugs to export to other countries which can damage the health, wealth and morality of people.
In this way the economic development of the certain countries, without ethics and morality, is going up at the cost of high death rate of young people, at the cost of social evil and at the cost of destruction of society and whole world. This type of economic activities can not be accepted and admired in any way and should be timely checked. This is only possible if people are aware of the teachings of Buddha.

Saving-investing and Buddha’s teachings Economic development of an individual is also the outcome of saving done by him. Saving of earning enables the individual to invest that multiplies his income. So, multiplication of income is possible when the people are habitual of saving and investment. But human wants are unlimited and the resources are limited that cause difficulty for people to save the earning. Rather they think their income is inadequate even to fulfill their basic needs. But if we scrutinize the consumption pattern of each individual we can conclude that every person more or less expends their income for the unnecessary and harmful products, because of the habit, social pressure, tradition etc. The consumption of liquor, cigarette etc increases their expenses in worthless products, in one hand and in long run they exploit their health that again makes them to afford significant amount for medicine, doctor, nursing home etc.

In this respect Buddha also had given the teachings of 15 Charana (behaviors) that make the people happy. Among the 15 behavior (Charana), Bhojane Mattanyutta the meaning of which is to know the adequacy of consumption is one of them. Bhojane Mattanyutta gives the message of being alert in consumption of food. It tells people should consume only such amount of food for which they can afford and which makes them healthy. It suggests giving up the excess amount of food that causes them unhealthy and not using such food which is not concerned with the nutrition of the body. The people should eat to live but not live to eat.
If those teachings of Buddha are followed, the significant amount of income can be saved. People would be able to make investment that multiplies their income.

How much importance, the Buddha had given to saving and investment can be known by the following verse:
Evam Bhoge Samagamma, alamatto kule gihi
Catudha Vibhaja bhoge, save mitte bandhati
Ekena bhogan bunjettha, dvihi, kamman payojati
Chatuttha hidhapepya, apadasu vavissatitti

This means:
“Earning should be divided into four parts; one part should be used for consumption, two parts to retain for business and one part to keep as contingency.”
This verse gives the message of proper management of earning. Buddha by this verse had conveyed the people to retain and invest the significant portion of income. It also proves the Buddha was very much alert in saving the income for investment and eventually in the growth of economy of individual.

Conclusion
The economic development without moral and ethics does not confirm stability of the peace and prosperity. The development measured only by economic yard-stick can not guarantee the welfare of society. Instead, if economic activities are done without ethics and moral value, it creates problem in the world making more people unhappy, fearful, unsatisfied etc. The so called economic development without ethical values may be burden for the majority of the people. The ethical values can be induced in the economic activities by blending the Buddhist idea into economics theory. (The End)

Buddhism and World Peace(Ⅰ)

The 2nd Nepal‐Japan International Buddhist Symposium on “Buddhism's Contribution for World Peace” was held from the viewpoint of the Buddhist Economics in Nepal, December, 2006. The main panelists of the symposium are members of Society for Buddhist Studies, Nepal and Buddhist Economy Forum, Japan.

<1>Nepal Declaration was adopted at the symposium .The full text of the declaration is as follows:

NEPAL DECLARATION

The symposium on “Buddhism´s Contribution for World Peace” was successfully held on the occasion of 50th anniversary of Nepal Japan Diplomatic relation at Hotel Shanker, Kathmandu on 4th December, 2006 and at Hotel Nirvana, Bhairahawa on December 6, 2006 by the joint effort of Society for Buddhist Studies, Nepal and Buddhist Economy Forum, Japan. After listening and discussion on the Symposium paper, the participants hereby announce the following declaration.

1. War is neither the cause nor it can be the solution for peace. Mutual respect brings peace ,while mutual underestimation brings conflict. Buddha says the truth “Hatred does not cease by hating. Only loving kindness abolishes hatred.”

2. Co-existence of animate and inanimate beings, which is the ultimate truth for the existence of world in totality, is the central idea of Buddhism. Feelings of co-existence on the ground of the law of dependent origination, the foundation ofBuddhist philosophy, should be developed for world peace.

3. Human being cannot live without economic activities but various unfair economic activities are also being carried out which resulted many problems. Understanding economic activities, guided by teachings of Buddha.(Buddhist economics)would stop the prevailing unfair economic activities

4. Business of lethal weapons, liquors and drugs, which cause the damage of health, wealth, and morality of whole mankind, has declared as the wrong business in terms of wrong livelihood. Such wrong economic activities should be discouraged at the international level to promote global peace.

5. One of the main objectives of every religion is to make peace in the world. But ironically, its adherents are exercising friction among themselves and with other religions. In this way they are unknowingly assisting violence. Only the right understanding of the philosophy of religion can abolish violence.

6. The prevalence of racism and system of castes is also creating conflict in the world. In this context, Buhhda'steachings about "wise people" (Brahmins)"i.e." Man would be wise by wisedom, not by caste(and power)"would be helpful to stop the sectarian conflicts and conflict between the religions.

7. Basic Buddhist teachings would be helpful to the leaders of the world so that they can rightly design policies in order to administer the country and world peacefully. It is because peace is mandatory for actual development of all nations in the world. The development of a nation or world in all respects depends on the politics of the nation or the world. "Right political vision "is the root cause for the world peace while "wrong political vision"is root cause for turmoil.

It is hoped that these declarations will certainly be helpful in prevalence of World Peace .


<2>The speech of K.Yasuhara, who is a member of Buddhist Economy Forum of Japan, is as follows(full text).

Buddhism's Contribution for World Peace

Kazuo Yasuhara Professor emeritus
Ashikaga Institute of Technology

 It is my great honor to have an opportunity to speak at the 2nd Nepal‐Japan International Buddhist Symposium, Dec. 4(6).2006, Kathmandu(Lumbini, the birthplace of Buddha), Nepal.
First, I would emphasize that the 8th World Assembly of the World Conference of Religions for Peace was convened in Kyoto, Japan last August, gathering more than 800 religious leaders from over 100 countries and addressing the theme,“Confronting Violence and Advancing Shared Security.”
The key points of the Kyoto Declaration on Confronting Violence and Advancing Shared Security are as follows :
・We uphold the value of life manifest in human community and in all creation.
・Meeting in Japan, the nation that experienced the horrors of nuclear attacks, we commit ourselves to continue to struggle toward comprehensive nuclear disarmament and against the proliferation of arms.
・Today, we live in a world in the grip of many forms of violence . Violent conflicts take lives and destroy communities. Religious communities in particular must play a central role confronting violence in all its forms .
・We are determined to mobilize our religious communities to work together and with all sectors of society to stop war , struggle to build more just communities , foster education for justice and peace , eliminate poverty and advance sustainable development for future generations .

The Kyoto Declaration states that the threats of violence have become diverse and daily in the present world . The concrete examples are as follows :
・Today, genocide , state-sponsored repression , terrorism , and other forms of human rights abuse violate international law , target innocent civilians , and threaten the safety of many communities .
・Conflict-related disease , famine , displacement and environmental catastrophes constitute serious threats to life .
・Economic injustices leading to extreme poverty and hunger kill 50,000 people each day .
・Many corporations , especially at the multinational level , set their business interests without concern for values that foster sustainable development .
・Enviromental degradation and dwindling resources threaten our planet' s ability to sustain life .

Another important point of the Kyoto Declaration concerns with existing notions of security as follows : 
・National security does not necessarily ensure peace ; in fact , it often promotes violence and foments insecurity .

 Well , what should we do to confront diverse and usual violence , to protect our life , and to make peace on this earth ? From the viewpoint of Buddhist economics , I want to make some proposals as follows :

(1) About applications of the fundamental thoughts of Buddhist economics . Those are as follows :
・to shift from greed to self-sufficiency , called “Chisoku” or “Taruwoshiru”in Japanese , in  order to bring non-violence by self-sufficiency .
・to fulfill the primary injunction of Buddhist teaching : cease to kill or to steal , in order to build world peace .
・to construct simple economy without waste in order to lead to peace - oriented socio-economic  system .

Well, not only Buddha , but also ancient Chinese philosopher Lao -tse denied greed and said“To know when you have enough is to be rich.” We need to notice the report of“State of the World 2004”edited by the WorldWatch Institute of the U.S.says that it is necessary for consumers to learn this ancient wisdom . Now we know that such a way of thinking and living as restraint and moderation appeals to persons also in the U.S.
Furthermore, Lao-tse said that evils of wars were brought about by rulers' greed . I expect that Mr.George W. Bush , President of the United States of America, should learn a lot from this wisdom, because his thought of greed itself leads to military attack and occupation in Iraq .

What does it imply now to cease to kill lives or to steal others' property ? The implications of no killing are as follows :
・to have compassion for all lives including both human and non-human which co-exist in equal and mutual interdependence system .
・to cherish and preserve the natural environment .
・to refuse use of diverse violence including military forces .
The implications of no stealing are as follows :
・to stop greedy economic growth , which causes waste of material resources including energy.
・to stop holding military forces , which bring a huge waste of human, material , financial and natural value .
・to stop injuring human nature due to unemployment , which violates the human dignity and deprives people of their rights and opportunities to work .

Simple economy implies restraint and moderation to be substantially different from greedy economy. It also means a new type of economy to fulfill the rules of no killing or no stealing . In other words , it means neither to desire violence of war nor to waste much more oil .
Dr. E. F. Schumacher, German thinker who advocated Buddhist economics in 1973 , pointed out on the theme, “Simplicity and Non-violence ”in his writing : “Small is Beautiful”. It is as follows :
“Simplicity and non-violence are obviouely closely related. As physical resources are everywhere limited, people satisfying their needs by means of a modest use of resources are obviously less likely to be at each other's throats than people depending upon a high rate of use. Equally, people who live in highly self-sufficient local communities are less likely to get involved in large-scale violence than people whose existence depends on world-wide systems of trade.”

(2) About the global practices of thoughts of Buddhist economics . These are as follows :
・to abolish nuclear weapons completely, to reduce armament and to scrap military alliances in the world .
・to take the initiative in transforming the existing Japanese military forces into a global and unarmed Rescue- Party called “Chikyu-Kyuentai”in Japanese .
・to aim at shifting from the existing waste of oil - driven economy such as the U. S. and Japan to a new type of and saving of oil - oriented economy .

Well , Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan provides renunciation of war and demilitarization . Many Japanese people are proud of this Article 9 as a most valuable asset of human beings .
Buddha , if he were alive today , undoubtedly would preach :“Now you must devote yourselves to the globalization of the ideal of Article 9. If you neglect to do it, you can not practice compassion or give benefits to others , namely altruism . ”
Today , there are about thirty thousands nuclear bombs which are mainly under the control of five big powers : the U.S., U. K., France , Russia and China . We can not secure world peace without abandoning all these nuclear bombs .
Military forces cause increase of financial debts , deterioration of national life and vast waste of natural resources . Military alliances are likely to maneuver military actions under the pretext of world peace . What is worse , military forces are of course useless to the enormous threats and violence which all human beings get involved in nowadays : for examples, huge natural disasters and extreme weather events following global warming , destruction of natural environment , disease , poverty , famine on a global scale .
Nowadays, military forces produce all evil and no good . Therefore, I strongly hope the Rescue -Party of Japan to cope with such global and non-military threats as mentiond above .

Self-sufficiency , “Taruwoshiru”in Japanese , namely simplicity secures non-violence , but greed runs for violence . The typical example of greed and violence is the U. S. military actions in Iraq . The U.S.intends to manage the oil of Iraq , of which oil reserves rank second in the world . Japan also aims at ensuring stable supply of oil from the Middle Eastern countries by dispatching military forces to help Iraq to recover the political and social stability .
Both the U.S. and Japan give a top priority to maintain the existing waste of oil - driven economy. We can not shift from war and violence to peace and non-violence without transforming the waste of oil-driven economy into simple economy .

I believe in the teaching of Buddha that it is the best way to make peace and non-violence in the world by not greed but self-sufficiency . Thank You
(Other speeches are continued)
仏教による世界平和への貢献
仏教経済シンポジウム(ネパール)から

安原和雄
 テーマ「仏教は世界平和にどう貢献できるか」をめぐる第2回ネパール・日本国際仏教経済シンポジウムが06年12月4日、ネパールの首都カトマンズで、さらに同月6日、釈尊の生誕地、ルンビニで合わせて約200人(文化・観光大臣のほか、元国王侍従長、国会議員、ネパール駐在日本大使、元東京駐在ネパール大使、僧侶、研究者等を含む)の参加者を集めて開かれた。

 1回目(2000年12月ネパールで開催)に次ぐ今回のシンポジウムは日本ネパール国交50周年記念事業の一環として行われ、ネパールの首相から歓迎のメッセージが寄せられた。
 パネリストは日本側から安原和雄(仏教経済フォーラム副会長、足利工業大学名誉教授)のほか、辻井清吾(同フォーラム理事、元トリブヴァン大学=ネパール国立大=客員教授)、ネパール側からナレッシュ・マン・バジラチャラヤ(トリブヴァン大学教授)、トリ・ラトナ・ナマンドール(同大学講師)の各氏である。以下にシンポジウムでのスピーチと「ネパール宣言」の概要を報告する。(06年12月12日掲載、同日インターネット新聞「日刊ベリタ」に転載)

 まず日本側代表団の寺下英明会長(仏教経済フォーラム会長)が開催挨拶で「釈尊の中道、知足、共生の3つの教えを利益優先の競争原理に基づく資本主義の中に組み込み、資本主義の暴走を制御する必要がある」―などを強調した。

 さて安原の「仏教は世界平和にどう貢献できるか」と題するスピーチ(全文)は以下の通り。

▽WCRP世界大会(8月)の「京都宣言」―既存の国家安全保障観は暴力を促進する

 2006年8月末、日本の京都で開かれた第8回世界宗教者平和会議(WCRP)世界大会の紹介から始めたい。テーマは「あらゆる暴力を乗り超え、共にいのちを守るために」で、この大会に世界の100か国以上から800名を超える宗教指導者が集まった。
 4日間の討議の末、採択された「京都宣言」は以下の諸点を強調している。

・私たちは人間社会やあらゆる被創造物に顕現された生命の価値を守ることを誓う。
・原爆の脅威にさらされた日本国の大会において、包括的な非核化と武器の不拡散に向けて一層の取り組みを誓う。
・今日私たちは、さまざまな形態の暴力に支配された世界に生きている。暴力の衝突は国内外を問わず、多くの人々を巻き込み、人命を奪い去り、共同体を破壊する。兵士がうける被害以上に民間人が被る被害は甚大であり、不均衡な損害は社会的弱者にのしかかっている。宗教共同体はあらゆる形態の暴力を阻止し解決するための中心的な役割を果たさねばならない。
・私たちは、戦争を止めさせ、より公正な社会を築くために戦い、正義と平和のための教育を大切にし、貧困を撲滅し、未来の世代のために持続可能な発展ができるように宗教共同体が共に働くことを決意する。

 さらに京都宣言は今日の世界における暴力が多様化し、その脅威が日常化していることについて次のような具体例を挙げている。

・大量殺戮、国家権力による抑圧、テロリズムさらにあらゆる形態の人権侵害は、国際法を侵害し、市民を標的にし、多くの共同体の安全を脅かしている。
・紛争と関連した病気、飢饉、強制退去、さらに環境の大惨事は、深刻な生命への脅威となる。
・経済的な不正義が原因となって極度の貧困や飢餓を生み出し、一日5万人もの生命を奪っている。
・多くの企業、特に多国籍企業は、持続可能な発展を促進させる価値観への関心なしに独自の企業利益を追求している。
・環境破壊や資源の枯渇は、生命を持続させる地球の力を脅かしている。

 京都宣言が強調しているもう一つの点は、以上のような多様かつ日常的な暴力に対し、既存の安全保障では適切な対応ができないということで、以下のように述べている。
・国家の安全保障は平和を約束するものではなく、実際には暴力を促進し、不安定な世界をつくり出す。

▽ 仏教経済学の今日的応用―貪欲から知足への転換を

 ではどうすれば、この地球上の多様な暴力を克服し、いのちを守ること、すなわち平和をつくることができるだろうか。私は釈尊の教えに基づく仏教経済学の視点から以下の提案を試みたい。
(1)仏教経済学の基本思想の今日的応用について
・貪欲から知足への転換を図る。貪欲は暴力につながり、知足は非暴力を求める。
・不殺生戒(ふせっしょうかい)、不偸盗戒(ふちゅうとうかい)の教えを生かして、平和をつくっていく。
・浪費のない簡素な経済、すなわち平和経済を構築する。

 釈尊だけでなく、中国の哲学者、老子も貪欲を否定し、知足、すなわち「足るを知る者は富めり」と説いた。
 注目したいのは、米国ワールドウオッチ研究所編『地球白書・2004年』が、「消費者が生活の質を高めるためには、老子の知足の教えに学ばなければならない」と指摘していることである。いまや知足の思想は米国でも関心がもたれつつある。
 さらに老子は「戦争の惨禍の原因は支配者が貪欲であるためだ」とも説いた。この教えに一番学んで欲しい支配者は、ブッシュ米大統領であろう。貪欲そのものの姿勢がイラクへの攻撃と占領のような軍事力行使に駆り立てているからである。

 いのちを奪ってはならないという不殺生戒、モノを奪ってはならないという 不偸盗戒が今日もつ意味はなにか。
 不殺生戒は人間に限らず、動植物も含めたいのち、自然環境の大切さを、さらに人間と自然との共生の重要性をも強調している。だから不殺生戒は軍事力行使を含む多様な暴力を拒否する。
 不偸盗戒は単にモノを奪うことを戒めるだけではない。貪欲な経済成長を追求し、資源エネルギーの収奪と浪費を招くことは不偸盗戒に反する。また軍備は巨大な浪費そのものであり、軍事力の保有自体が不偸盗戒に反する。企業における失業は、人間の尊厳を侵し、労働の権利と機会を奪うのだから、これも不偸盗戒に反する。

 簡素な経済とは、貪欲とは異質の知足の経済であり、不殺生戒、 不偸盗戒の教えを生かす経済である。つまり石油を浪費しない経済であり、戦争を求めない経済である。
 仏教経済学を提唱したドイツの経済思想家、E.F.シューマッハーは著書『スモール イズ ビューティフル』の中で「簡素と非暴力は深く関連している。物的資源には限りがあるのだから、自分の必要をわずかな資源で満たす人たちは、これを大量に使う人たちよりも相争うことが少ないのは理の当然である。同じように、地域社会の中で高度に知足の暮らしをしている人たちは、世界各国との貿易に頼って生活している人たちよりも、戦争などに巻き込まれることがまれである」と指摘している。

▽釈尊が現存していれば、「平和憲法9条(非武装)を生かせ」と説くだろう

(2)仏教経済思想の実践とそのグローバル化について
・世界の核廃絶と軍縮をすすめ、軍事同盟を解体する。
・日本が率先して自衛隊を根本的に改組し、グローバルに活躍する非武装の「地球救援隊」を創設する。
・特に日米は「石油浪費型経済」から脱「石油浪費型経済」への転換をめざす。

日本国憲法は、第9条で日本の戦争放棄、非武装、交戦権否認をうたっている。第9条は「人類の至宝」として多くの日本人は誇りに思っている。
 仮に釈尊がこの世に生存していれば、「今こそ第9条の非武装の理念のグローバル化をすすめるために精進を重ねよ。これなしに慈悲、利他はあり得ない」と説くに違いないと信じる。

 世界には米英仏露中の5大核保有国を中心に約3万発の核弾頭がすでに存在している。これら核兵器の全面的な廃絶こそが平和への大きな保障となるだろう。
 軍事力の存在そのものが財政負担の増大、国民生活の悪化、資源エネルギーの膨大な浪費をもたらしているだけではない。軍事同盟というものは、世界平和の名の下に軍事行動に走る傾向がある。
 さらに軍事力は、今日人類が直面している巨大な脅威と暴力―例えば、地球温暖化に伴う異常気象と大規模自然災害のほか、地球規模の自然環境破壊、疾病、貧困、飢餓など―に対してはもはや無力である。今や軍事力は「百害あって一利なし」というべきである。
 そこでグローバルな非軍事的脅威に対応するためにこそ、上述の非武装「地球救援隊」が活躍することに大きな望みを託したい。

 知足(日本語の「足るを知ること」)、すなわち簡素は非暴力を保障するが、貪欲は暴力につながる。米国のイラク攻撃と占領はその典型例である。その狙いは、世界第2位の石油埋蔵量をもつイラクの石油を支配下に置くことである。日本がイラクに自衛隊を派遣したのも中東地域の石油の安定的確保が狙いの一つである。
 いずれも石油浪費型経済の貪欲な持続が念頭にある。戦争や暴力から平和への転換を図るためには石油浪費型経済から脱「石油浪費型経済」への構造変革が不可欠である。

私は、釈尊の教え、すなわち貪欲ではなく、知足、簡素こそが世界の平和と非暴力に至る最良の道であることを信じて疑わない。以上

▽平和憲法9条の理念をめぐる質疑応答

 私(安原)の以上のようなスピーチに対し、参加者の中から「日本国憲法9条の理念は現実には生かされてはいない。この現実をどう理解したらよいのか」という趣旨の質問が出された。これに対し私はまず9条の全文(以下の英文)を読み上げ、紹介した。

Renunciation of War
Article 9
Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes.
In order to accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained. The right of belligerency of the state will not be recognized.

 さらに次のように答えた。
 「たしかに9条の理念は実現していない。しかし今日の世界の多様な脅威―地球温暖化による大災害の増大など―は軍事力では対応できない。軍事力では対応できない脅威こそが脅威の主流となっている。いいかえれば、いまや軍事力は〈百害あって一利なし〉というべきである。だからこそ今日、9条の戦争放棄、非武装の理念をどう生かしていくかに努力することが不可欠である」と。

▽釈尊が説いた平和の理念、そしてスリランカ大統領の演説

 日本側のもう一人のパネリスト、辻井清吾氏は、歴史的観点から仏教と平和を論じ、その中で法句経にある釈尊の次の言葉の今日的意義に言及した。この文言はスリランカの大統領がサンフランシスコ対日講和会議(1951年)で対日賠償請求の放棄を宣言した演説に引用したことで知られる。
 「この世においては、怨みに報いるに怨みをもってしたならば、ついに怨みの息(や)むことがない。怨みをすててこそ息む。これは永遠の真理である」と。

〈安原のコメント〉
 この釈尊の言葉は「人類は非暴力によってのみ暴力から脱出しなければならない。憎悪は愛によってのみ克服される」(マハトマ・ガンジー)という言葉と共通している。
 上記の言葉は、鎌倉大仏脇の庭園にあるスリランカの大統領の顕彰碑に日本語と英語で刻まれている。私は米国での「9.11テロ」(2001年の同時多発テロ)とそれにつづくアフガニスタンへの米国のいわゆる報復戦争が始まった直後、顕彰碑を訪ねたことがある。しかし付近にいた沢山の日本人観光客は顕彰碑にだれ一人関心を示さなかった。お仕着せの観光ルートに乗って、大仏の周囲で記念写真を撮って駆け足で去っていった。

▽兵器、アルコール、麻薬、たばこの生産が平和を脅かす

 一方、ネパール側のパネリスト、マナンドール講師は「仏教思想に基づく経済発展と平和」と題して、次のような問題提起(要旨)を行った。

*釈尊は、人々それぞれの能力にふさわしい就業の機会を保障することは国家の重要な責務であると説いた。就業機会がなくなると、社会を損なう悪行に失業者を追い込むからである。だから就業機会の保障は人々を幸せにするだけでなく、社会に平和をもたらすのである。

*様々な人々の健康と富が、いわゆる経済活動という名の兵器、アルコール類、麻薬、たばこなどの生産によって損なわれている。そこで世界がさらに大きな被害を受けないようにするためには倫理的価値の導入が不可欠であり、そのとき初めて人々は平和と繁栄を享受する生活を送ることができる。
 平和を伴わない繁栄は無意味である。この文脈で釈尊は義務感、清廉、高潔と並んで物質的価値と精神的価値との間のバランスをとるよう努力することを説いた。

*今日先進諸国は現代的な精密兵器を生産し、世界への支配権を確立しようと図っている。これら先進国の経済は発展途上国への兵器輸出によって潤い、兵器を土台とする経済が一般的になってきたが、そういう「兵器経済」(weapon based economy)が世界を恐怖に陥れている。

*倫理的価値を伴わない経済発展は国民の大多数にとって重荷となるほかない。だからこそ倫理的価値を経済活動に導入する必要がある。それは経済学と仏教思想を融合させることによって可能となるだろう。

〈安原のコメント〉
 今日の世界が直面している多様な脅威のうち、見逃せないのは、就業の機会に恵まれない失業者の増大であり、一方、兵器生産増大による資源浪費である。特に兵器生産への傾斜は、経済を「兵器経済」化させ、それが世界を恐怖に追い込んでいる。
 ではどうしたらよいのか。打開策は何か。倫理的価値を経済活動に組み入れることが不可欠であり、その実現のためには釈尊の仏教思想と融合した経済学、すなわち新しい仏教経済理論によってのみ可能だ―という指摘は示唆に富む。

▽仏教の縁起説に立って世界平和をつくる

 ネパール側のもう一人のパネリスト、バジラチャラヤ教授は「仏教の縁起説に立って世界平和を読み解く」と題して、以下のように指摘(要旨)した。

*仏教の見解によると、あらゆる存在は―生物、非生物を問わず―他の存在との依存関係によって生成が可能であり、同様にその消滅は、他の存在の消滅によって生ずる。いいかえれば、あるものの存在が他の存在の原因となり、同様にあるものの消滅が他の消滅の原因となる。

*このような仏教の縁起説(the Law of Dependent Origination)は以下の事実を明らかにしている。
・なにものもそれ自体では完全ではありえない。
・なにものも最高絶対の力の保持者ではありえない。
・すべてのものはそれぞれ、それ自体の価値と重要性をもっている。
・共生こそがこの世の存在の究極の真理である。
・それ故に何人も他者を無視したり、軽視したりはできないし、またすべきでもない。
・人々は他者の存在に敬意を払わなければならない。
・相互の尊敬こそがこの世の持続性を確かなものにする。

*上記の諸点は「相互に尊敬し合うことこそが平和をもたらすが、これに反しお互いに軽視し合うことは対立につながる」ことを示している。このことはネパールの政治の歴史をみても明白である。
 これまで各政党はお互いに無視したり、軽視したりして、政治的解決が不可能で、平和とは縁遠い状況にあった。しかし最近になって各政党はお互いの存在を認めるようになり、その結果、2006年11月21日、国民的和平協定が調印された。

*世界レベルでみても同じで、現在ごくわずかな国が戦争や核実験等を通して優越性を誇示しようとしており、それが平和を求める諸国に不満と混乱をもたらしている。

〈安原のコメント〉
 バジラチャラヤ教授はさらにこうも指摘した。
 「釈尊によって発見された縁起説は宗教哲学、信仰というよりもむしろ科学的事実である。政治家たる者たちは、世界平和のためにこの縁起説という科学的事実に目覚めなければならない」と。100%同感である。
 ネパールでは政府側と野党の毛沢東主義派(武装勢力)との間で10年来、武装闘争が繰り返され、1万3000人が犠牲になったとされる。その双方の間で今回、和平協定が結ばれ、07年6月新しい制憲議会選挙が行われる。そのいきさつを縁起説を援用して分析したところがユニークである。

 わが国では「縁起が良い、悪い」などの表現が使われるが、これは転用であり、本来の正しい縁起説は仏教の根本教理の一つで、別名「空(くう)観」ともいわれる。それは①諸行無常=万物流転(すべてはつねに変化し、移り変わること)、②諸法無我=相対依存(独自に存在しているものはなく、すべては他との相互依存関係にあること)―の2本柱からなっている。
この縁起説が科学である以上、社会科学としての仏教経済学も当然、縁起説を土台に据えなければならない。

▽ネパール宣言―世界平和のために縁起説に立つ共生感を

 「仏教の世界平和への貢献」に関するシンポジウムの結果、採択された「ネパール宣言」(骨子)は以下の通り。

*戦争は大義もなければ、平和への打開策にもなり得ない。相互の尊重は平和をもたらすが、相互の軽視は対立を招く。釈尊は真理を述べている―「憎しみは憎しみによってはやまない。やさしい愛によってのみ憎しみは消える」と。

*生物と非生物とを問わず、あらゆる存在の共生は、仏教の中心概念となっている。縁起説を土台とする共生感(feelings of co-existence)は世界平和の確立のために発展させなければならない。

*人類は経済活動なしには生存できないとはいえ、様々な不公正な経済活動が行われ、それが多くの問題を招いている。釈尊の教え、すなわち仏教経済学に導かれる経済活動こそが、広範囲に及ぶ不公正な経済活動に歯止めをかけるだろう。

*殺戮(さつりく)用兵器、アルコール類、麻薬などの商取引は、全人類の健康、富そして道徳性を大きく損なうものであり、悪しき商取引といわなければならない。世界平和を促進するためには、このような不正な経済活動を国際レベルで防止しなければならない。

*基本的な仏教の教えは、世界の指導者たちにとって国や世界を平和のために運営する政策を立案するのに役立つだろう。「正当な政治的ビジョン」は世界平和の土台となるが、「悪しき政治的ビジョン」は災厄の根源であるというほかない。

〈安原のコメント〉
 ネパール宣言でも縁起説が根底に据えられており、その上に共生の重要性が強調されている。さらにいかなる名目の戦争にも大義はなく、それは平和への道程を意味しないことを明記している。
 今回のシンポジウムでは、何よりも縁起説が信仰ではなく、科学的事実であることにそれなりの共通認識を持つことができたことは、今後、仏教経済学を普及させていく上で大きな前進となるだろう。

 以上のスピーチとネパール宣言はいずれも英語で行われたが、その日本語訳の責任は安原にある。


上記の記事のうち「ネパール宣言」と安原のスピーチ(英文全文)をBuddhism and World Peace(Ⅰ)として別途掲載した(12月15日)。
そのほかのスピーチの英文(全文または要約)もBuddhism and World Peace(Ⅱ)として掲載した(12月18日)。

(寸評、提案歓迎! 下記の「コメント」をクリックして、自由に書き込んで下さい。実名入りでなく、仮名でも結構です)