ãªãã°ããã®è¨äºãèªãã§ã話ã®æ¬çã¨ã¯é¢ä¿ãªãã®ã ãã©ãèå³ãå¼ããããã¨ããã£ãã®ã§æ¸ãã¦ããã¾ãã
- Aãããpã¨ä¸»å¼µããã
- pã¯æ£ããã ãããã ã£ã¦Aãããè¨ã£ããã¨ã ãã®ã
- Bãããqã¨ä¸»å¼µããã
- qã¯æ£ãããªãã ãããã ã£ã¦Bãããè¨ã£ããã¨ã ãã®ã
ã¨ã以ä¸ã®ãããªå¤æã¯è«ççãã©ããï¼ ã£ã¦è©±ãããéè«ççã«æ±ºã¾ã£ã¦ããããã -- ãããªã®ããªï¼
å 容ï¼
- ã¢ã¼ãã¹ããã³ã¹
- å½é¡ã¨ã¡ã¿å½é¡
- çºè¨è ã§ä¿®é£¾ãããå½é¡
- Aãããè¨ãã®ã ããæ£ãã
- ããAãããè¨ãã®ã ããæ£ãããã¯è«ççã«ã¾ã£ããæ£ãããªããã¯æ£ãããªã
ã¢ã¼ãã¹ããã³ã¹
3,4æ³ã®åããæ¨ãèããããããã風ããµãã®ããã¨è¨ã£ãï¼ ãããªè©±ãèãã¦ããªãã¦å¯æãããã ãããã¨æãã¾ããããããã¨åæã«ã人éã®è¦³æ¸¬ã¨æ½è±¡ï¼æ³åæ½åºï¼è½åã¯ããããããã ãªãã¨ãæãã¾ããå æé¢ä¿ã¯é転ãã¦ã¾ã*1ãããæ¨ãèãããããç¾è±¡ã¨ã風ããµããç¾è±¡ãåæã«è¦³æ¸¬ããã¨ããä½åº¦ãã®çµé¨ããããæ¨ãèãããã â 風ããµããã¨ããæ³åãç²å¾ãã¦ããã®ã§ããè¨å·ãâãã¯ããªãã°ãã®æå³ã§ãã
ãã®è©±ã«ã¯ç¶ãããã£ã¦ããã®åã¯ãé¨å±ã®çªããå¤ãè¦ã¦ãæ¨ã®èãããã¦ããããã風ããµãããã¨è¨ã£ãããã§ãããã®ã¨ã観測ãããäºå®ã¯ãæ¨ã®èãããã¦ãããã§ãããå ã®æ³åãæ¨ãèãããã â 風ããµããã使ã£ã¦ãå®éã«ã¯ä½é¨ã§ããªãï¼é¨å±ã®ãªãã«ããã®ã ããï¼ç¾è±¡ã風ããµãããè¨ãå½ã¦ã¦ãã¾ãã
ãp â qãã¨ããæ³åã¨äºå®ãpãããããqããçµè«ããã¨ããæ¨è«ãã¿ã¼ã³ã¯ã¢ã¼ãã¹ããã³ã¹ï¼modus ponensï¼ã¨å¼ã°ãã¦ãã¾ããã¢ã¼ãã¹ããã³ã¹ãçããã¨*2ã¯æ¥µãã¦å°é£ã§ããã¢ã¼ãã¹ããã³ã¹ã«ããæ¨è«ã¯èªãããã¨ã«ãã¾ãããã
å½é¡ã¨ã¡ã¿å½é¡
p, qãªã©ã¯å½é¡ã表ãã¨ãã¾ããã1 + 2 = 3ããå½é¡ã ããã1 + 2 = 1ããå½é¡ã§ããå½é¡pãæ£ãããã¨ã |= p ã¨æ¸ãã¾ããè¨å·ã|=ãã¯ããã«ã¿ã¼ã³ã¹ã¿ã¤ã«ã¨å¼ã°ãããã®ã§ãå½é¡ã«é¢ããå½é¡ãã¤ã¾ãã¡ã¿å½é¡ã®ä¸é¨ã«ä½¿ãããè¨å·ã§ãã
- |= ã1 + 2 = 3ã
ããã¯ã
- å½é¡ã1 + 2 = 3ãã¯æ£ãã
ã¨ããã¡ã¿å½é¡ã§ãã
- ãå½é¡ã1 + 2 = 1ãã¯æ£ãããã¯æ£ãããªã
ã¯ã¡ã¿ã¡ã¿å½é¡ã§ããã¾ã¼ãããããªãã®ã§ãå½é¡ã¨ã¡ã¿å½é¡ããããæ±ããã¨ã«ãã¾ãã
ãªããããã«ã¿ã¼ã³ã¹ã¿ã¤ã«ã®ä½¿ãæ¹ã¯ãè«çã身ã«ä»ããã«ã¯ãã«ããå°ã詳ããæ¸ãã¦ããã¾ãã
çºè¨è ã§ä¿®é£¾ãããå½é¡
A, Bãªã©ã¯äººã表ãã¨ãã¦ãA:p ã®ãããªè¨å·å½¢å¼ãèãã¾ããããpã¯å½é¡ã§ããA:p ã¯ãå½é¡pãªã®ã§ããããããçºè¨ãã人Aã«ãã修飾ããã¦ãã¾ããã誰ãè¨ã£ãããã¨ããæ å ±ãä»å ããã¦ãããã§ããã
ãã¦ã âè«ççâã«ããã¾ãããã誰ãè¨ã£ããã§çå½ãå¤æãããªãã¦ãã£ã¦ã®ã»ãï¼ ããã¾ã§ãå½é¡ããèªä½ãè¦ã¾ããããã¨ããããã§ã|= A:p ï¼Aãããè¨ã£ãpã¯æ£ããï¼ã¨ãããã¨ã次ã®ããã«æ±ºãã¾ãããã
- |= p ãªãã°ã|= A:p
- |= p ã§ãªããªãã°ã|= A:p ã§ãªã
è¦ããã«ãp 㨠A:p ã®çå½ã¯ã¾ã£ããå¤ãããªãã®ã§ããçºè¨è Aãä»ãã¦ãããããã¾ããé¢ä¿ããã¾ãããããã§ãããã
Aãããè¨ãã®ã ããæ£ãã
ãã£ã¨æºåãã§ãã¾ããã話ãå ã«é²ãã¾ãããã
åã ã®å½é¡ã®çå½å¤å®ã¯ãçºè¨è ã«ä¸åã®å½±é¿ãåããªãã¨ãã¦ããçãªãå½é¡ã®éåãèããã¨ãçºè¨è ã¨ã®é¢ä¿ãè¦ãã¦ããããç¥ãã¾ãããαãβãªã©ã¯çºè¨è ä»ãã®å½é¡ã ã¨ãã¦ãå½é¡Î±ã®çºè¨è ãwho(α)ã§è¡¨ãã¾ããããwho(A:p) = Aãwho(B:q) = B ã¨ãã§ãã
ããªã極端ãªä¾ã¨ãã¦ã次ã®ã¡ã¿å½é¡ãèãã¾ãããã
- âα.( who(α) = A â |= α )
è¨å·çã§åããã«ããã§ããï¼ è§£èª¬ãã¾ããããâα.ãã¯ãã©ããªå½é¡Î±ã§ããã¨èªãã§ãã ãããã¾ã¼ããâα.ãã¯çç¥ãã¦ããããããã§ã
- who(α) = A â |= α
ã ãã§ãæå³ã¯åãã§ãããâãã®åã¯ãαã®çºè¨è ãAãããã¨ãããã¨ããâãã®å¾ã¯ãå½é¡Î±ã¯æ£ãããã¨ãããã¨ãªã®ã§ã
- å½é¡Î±ã®çºè¨è ãAãã ãªãã°ã å½é¡Î±ã¯æ£ãã
ã¨èªãã¾ãããã ããαã¯åå¥ã®å½é¡ã§ã¯ãªãã¦ããã©ããªå½é¡ã§ããã¨ããæå³ãè¾¼ãããã¦ãããã¨ã«æ³¨æãã¦ãã ããã
ãã¾ãA:q ã¨ããå½é¡ããã£ãã¨ããã¨ãwho(A:q) = Aãã¤ã¾ãçºè¨è ã¯Aããã§ããããã¨ä¸è¬çãªæ³å who(α) = A â |= α ãããã®ã§ã|= A:q ã¨ãªãã¾ãã|= A:q ã¯ã|= q ã®ãã¨ã ã£ãã®ã§ã|= q ã§ãããã¯ããå½é¡qã¯æ£ãããã¨ããããã¾ããããã®æ¨è«ãåãããããæ¸ãã¦ã¿ãã¨ï¼
who(A:q) = A ï¼äºå®ï¼ who(α) = A â |= α ï¼æ³åãαã¯ä»»æï¼ ---------------------------------------------------------[ã¢ã¼ãã¹ããã³ã¹] |= A:q ---------------[æ£ããã¯çºè¨è ã«å½±é¿ãããªã] |= q
ã¤ã¾ããï¼ã»ã¼ï¼ãã¹ã¦ã®äººé¡ãèªããã¢ã¼ãã¹ããã³ã¹ã¨ããæ£ããã¯çºè¨è ã«å½±é¿ãããªããã¨ããå³ããâè«ççâãªç«å ´ãããqã®æ£ãããæ¨è«ãããããã§ãã
ããAãããè¨ãã®ã ããæ£ãããã¯è«ççã«ã¾ã£ããæ£ãããªããã¯æ£ãããªã
ããããã§ãããããä¸ã®æ¨è«ãçã*3ãªããæ®éçãªæ³å who(α) = A â |= α ã®é¨åã§ããããã¯ã¤ã¾ãããAããã¯ç¡è¬¬ï¼ãã³ã ãï¼ã ãç¥æ§ã ãã¨è¨ã£ã¦ããã®ã§ãããã¦ãã¯å½ã¦ã«ãªãã¾ãããããããããAããã®è¨ããã¨ã¯ééããå°ãªããã¨ããAããã¯ä¿¡é ¼ã§ãããã¨ãã®ä»®å®ãç¡æå³ã¨ããããã§ãããã¾ããã
çºè¨è ä»ãå½é¡ã®çå½ã«é¢ãã¦ãããããã®è¦³æ¸¬ãã¼ã¿ãéã¾ãã¨ãåä¾ããæ¨ã®èãããã¦ããããã風ããµãããã¨æ¨è«ããã®ã¨åæ§ã«ããAãããè¨ãã®ã ããæ£ãããã¨ããæ¨è«ãããã ãããããã®æ¨è«ã®æ ¹æ ã¯ï¼ããããã«ããã¦ï¼ã¢ã¼ãã¹ããã³ã¹ã ã¨è¨ã£ã¦ããã§ãããã
ãããã ãæéåã®è¦³æ¸¬ãã¼ã¿ããæ®éçãªæ³åãå°ãã¦ã¯ãããªãããªãã¦è¨ã£ã¦ãã¾ãã¨ãæã ã¯ä½ãã§ããªããªã£ã¦ãã¾ãã¾ããåãã¯ãã¤ã ã£ã¦ãããã ãæéåã®è¦³æ¸¬ãã¼ã¿ããããããæ¯çãå¾åæ§ãæ ¹æ ã«æ¨è«ã»å¤æãã¦ããã§ãããã
ããããäºæ ããããAãããè¨ãã®ã ããæ£ãããã¨ããBãããè¨ã£ã¦ããããééãã ãããã¨ãã®å¤æã¯ãè«çãç§å¦ã«ãããè«æ³ï¼reasoningï¼ããã¾ã£ãã解é¢ãã¦ãããã¨ã¯è¨ããªãã§ããã
ãã¡ããããAãããè¨ãã®ã ãããã¨ããæ ¹æ ããå¤å ¸è«çã®æçå½é¡ãç§å¦ï¼ãã¡ããé常ç§å¦ :-)ï¼çæ³åã®ãããªç¢ºå®æ§ãæã¤ããã§ã¯ããã¾ããããæ¥å¸¸ç説å¾åãªãæã¤ã§ããããå±éºæ§ãææãããªãããAãããè¨ãã®ã ããããè«çççãç§å¦çäºå®ã«å¹æµããããã¨ãæ±ããåãããã¨ã§ããã -- ¬âA.(âα.(who(α) = A â |= α))
*1:ãã®è©±ã§ã¯ãå æé¢ä¿ã®æ¹åæ§ã¯éè¦ã§ã¯ãªãã¦ããæ¨ã®èã®ãããã¨ã風ããåæã«èµ·ãããã¨ããã¡ããã¨æ¨è«ãã§ãã¾ãã
*2:ã¢ã¼ãã¹ããã³ã¹ã«åºã¦ããpã¨ãqã¨ãã®ççæ§ãçããã¨ãããªãã¦ãæ¨è«å½¢å¼ãã®ãã®ãçããã¨ã§ããã誤解ãªãããã
*3:ä»åº¦ã¯ä¸è¬çãªæ¨è«å½¢å¼ã§ã¯ãªãã¦ãäºå®ãæ³åãå«ããæ¨è«ã®ã¤ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹ãçã話ã§ãã