ã¾ã ãã³ã½ã«ã«ãã ãã£ã¦ã¿ãã
ãã¾ãã¾ãªãã³ã½ã«é
ããã³ã½ã«ã¨ã¯ä½ãããé£ããåããã«ããã®ã¯ãå®ç¾©ãå¤æ§ã§ããããããã®å®ç¾©ã®ããã ã®é¢ä¿ãæ確ã«ãããããã§ãããã
ã¾ããæ £æ§ãã³ã½ã«ã¨ãã²ãã¿ãã³ã½ã«ã®ããã«ãç©çï¼åå¦ï¼ãå·¥å¦ã§ç»å ´ããéã¨ãã¦ã®ãã³ã½ã«ãããã¾ããä»ã«ããç¾è±¡ä¸çã®ãªãã«è²ããªãã³ã½ã«éãããã®ã ã¨æãã¾ãï¼åã¯ããç¥ãããã©ï¼ãå¾®åå¹¾ä½ã®ãã³ã½ã«ããç©çå·¥å¦çãªãã³ã½ã«ã«è¿ããã®ã ã¨æãã¾ãã
ä¸æ¹ã§ãç·å½¢ä»£æ°ï¼è¤ç·å½¢ä»£æ°ã¨è¨ãã»ããæ£ç¢ºï¼ã®ç¯å²å ã§ãç´ç²ã«ä»£æ°çã«ãã³ã½ã«ãå®ç¾©ã§ãã¾ãããã ããã®å ´åãããã³ã½ã«ã¨ã¯ä½ããã«æ£é¢ããçããããã§ã¯ãªãã¦ã代æ°çæ§é ã¨ãã¦ãã³ã½ã«ç©ºéãå®ç¾©ãã¦ãããã³ã½ã«ç©ºéï¼ã®å°éåï¼ã®å ããã³ã½ã«ãã¨ç´ ã£æ°ãªãè¨ãã ãã§ããã
ãã¡ãããç©çå·¥å¦çãªãã³ã½ã«éã¯ããããã³ã½ã«ç©ºéã§ã¢ãã«åã§ãã¾ããããããæ½è±¡çãªè°è«ãé¿ããããããã³ã½ã«ç©ºéã®ä»£ããã«âã¹ã«ã©ã¼ã®çµã®è¨ç®âã§æ¸ã¾ãå¾åãããã¾ããç¾è±¡çãªç解ãå è¡ãã¦ããã°ãâã¹ã«ã©ã¼ã®çµã®è¨ç®âã«ã¤ã¡ã¼ã¸ãæã¦ãã§ãããããè¨ç®ææ³ã ãåãåºãããã¨ããã¤ã¦ã®åãããã ã£ãããã«ãä½ããã£ã¦ããã®ããµãããªãããããã¨ãªãããããã¾ããã
ç©çå·¥å¦çãªéã¨ä»£æ°çãã³ã½ã«ç©ºéãçµã³ã¤ããã«ã¯ã座æ¨ç³»ã測å®åºæºã®è°è«ãããªãã¦ã¯ãªãã¾ããããããã¯ãã£ããé£ãã話ã§ãã
ãã³ã½ã«ã¨ãã³ã½ã«å ´ã¨ãã³ã½ã«å¤é¢æ°
å¤å ¸çï¼ä¼çµ±çï¼ã¹ã¿ã¤ã«ã§ã¯ããã³ã½ã«ã¨ãã³ã½ã«å ´ããã¾ãåºå¥ãã¾ãããæé»çã«ããã³ã½ã«éã空éã«åå¸ãã¦ããç¶æ³ãæ³å®ãã¦ãããã空é座æ¨ã§å¾®åãããããããã§ããé¢æ°å¤ã¨é¢æ°ããã¾ãåºå¥ããªãç¿æ £ã¯ããããã®ã§ãæ°ã«ãªããªã人ãå¤ãã®ããããã¾ããï¼åã¯æ°ã«ãªãï¼ï¼ã
ãã¦ã¨ããã§ãï¼ãã³ã½ã«ã¨ã¯ä½ãããã£ãã¨ãã¦ï¼ãã³ã½ã«å ´ã¨ã¯ä½ã§ããããé常ã空éã®åç¹ã«ãã³ã½ã«ã対å¿ãããé¢æ°ã¨ãã¦å®å¼åããã¾ããã§ã¯ããã³ã½ã«å ´ã¨ã¯ãã³ã½ã«å¤é¢æ°ã§ããããï¼ ãã®åï¼ã¨ãï¼ã¯âãã³ã½ã«âã®æèãé¢ãã¦ãããã³ãã«å ´ã¨ã¯ãã³ãã«å¤é¢æ°ãï¼ãã¨ä¸è¬åãã¦ãããã§ãã
å®ã¯ãå ´ã¨é¢æ°ã¯éãã¾ãããã ããããæ¡ä»¶ã®ãã¨ã§ã¯å ´ã¨é¢æ°ãåä¸è¦ã§ããã®ã§ãé常ã¯åºå¥ããªããã¨ãå¤ãã ãã§ããå ´ã¨é¢æ°ã®éãããã¡ãã¨èª¬æããã«ã¯ãã¡ã¤ãã¼ãã³ãã«ã¨ããæ¦å¿µãå¿ è¦ã§ã*1ããç°¡åãªä¾ãªãããããæºåãªãã«æ§æã§ãã¾ãï¼ä¾ãã°ãåçã¨ã¡ãã¦ã¹ãã³ãã®ä¸ã«ã°ã©ããæãåé¡ï¼ã
ãã³ã½ã«ç©ã¨ãã³ã½ã«ã®ç©
ç©çå·¥å¦çãªãã³ã½ã«éï¼ãã³ã½ã«å ´ã«ã¾ã£ããè¨åãããã¨ãªããç´ç²ã«ä»£æ°çã«ãã³ã½ã«ç©ã¯å®ç¾©ã§ãã¾ããããã§è¨ã£ã¦ããããã³ã½ã«ç©ãã¯ããã³ã½ã«ã®ç©ãã¨ã¯éãã¾ãããã³ã½ã«ç©ã¯ãè¤æ°ã®ãã¯ãã«ç©ºéã«å¯¾ããæ¼ç®ï¼æ°ãã空éã®æ§ææä½ï¼ã§ãã
ãã¯ãã«ç©ºéï¼ããä¸è¬ã«ã¯å 群ï¼ã®ãã³ã½ã«ç©ã¯æ½è±¡çãªæ§æã§ã©ãã馴æã¿ã«ããã®ã§ããããã®ããã便å©ãªæ¦å¿µã§ããåè«ã«å¯¾ãã¦ãããã³ã½ã«ç©ãããããã®å®ä¾ãæä¾ãã¦ããã¾ãã
ãã¯ãã«ç©ºéUã¨Vã®ãã³ã½ã«ç©ã UVãæ®éã®ï¼éåè«çï¼ç´ç©ã UÃV ã¨ããã¨ãæ¨æºçï¼canonicalï¼ãªåç·å½¢åå b:UÃV â UV ã決ã¾ãã¾ããbãäºé æ¼ç®ã¨ã¿ãªãã¨ãâãã³ã½ã«ã®ç©âãå®ç¾©ã§ãã¾ããï¼ä»ã«ããâãã³ã½ã«ï¼ãããã¯ãã¯ãã«ï¼ã®ç©âã¨å¼ã°ããæ¼ç®ã¯ããã¾ããï¼
[追è¨]ããã³ã½ã«ç©ãã¨ããã³ã½ã«ã®ç©ãã¨ãããããã¦ç´ããããç¨èªã使ã£ã¦ã¿ãã®ã§ãããã»ãã¨ã«æ··ä¹±ããããªã®ã§è£è¶³ãã¾ããå®éã®ç¨èªæ³ã§ã¯ããã¯ãã«ç©ºéã®ãã³ã½ã«ç© UV ãããã¨ããuâUãvâV ã«å¯¾ããb(u, v)ããuã¨vã®ãã³ã½ã«ç©ã¨å¼ã¶ãã¨ãå¤ãããã§ããã¤ã¾ãããã¯ãã«ç©ºéã®ç©ããã¯ãã«ã®ç©ãåãå¼ã³æ¹ããããUãVããã³ã½ã«ç©ºéãªããb(u, v)ã¯ããã³ã½ã«uã¨ãã³ã½ã«vã®ãã³ã½ã«ç©ãã£ã¦ãã¨ã«ãªãã¾ãã
ä¸ãããããã¯ãã«ç©ºéUãããå対ã¨ãã³ã½ã«ç©ã®çµã¿åãããå¯è½ãªéãä½ãåºãã¦ç´åã§å¯ãéããã¨ãUã®ãã³ã½ã«ä»£æ°T(U)ãä½ãã¾ããT(U)ã«ã¯ãã¹ã«ã©ã¼ããã¯ãã«ï¼åå¤ãã¯ãã«ï¼ãä½ãã¯ãã«ï¼å ±å¤ãã¯ãã«ï¼ãè²ããªåã®ãã³ã½ã«ãªã©ããã¹ã¦å«ã¾ãã¾ããT(U)ã¯éä»ã代æ°ï¼graded algebraï¼ã¨å¼ã°ããæ§é ã§ã足ãç®ã¨æãç®ãèªç±ã«è¡ããã®ã§è¨ç®ä¸ã¯ä¾¿å©ã§ããããããç¾è±¡ã¨ã®å¯¾å¿ãã¤ãã«ããã®ã§ãå¿ç¨ã§æ示çã«ä½¿ããã¨ã¯å°ãªãããã§ããããã®T(U)ã®æãç®ã¯ããã³ã½ã«ã®ç©ãã¨å¼ã¶ã«ãµãããããã®ã§ãããã[/追è¨]
ã¯ã±ã¯ã«ã©ã³è¨ç®ã®å罪
åã¯ãèªåãä½ãè¨ç®ãã¦ããããåãããªãã¨ãã©ã¹ãã¬ã¼ã·ã§ã³ããã¾ãè¨ç®ãã»ããæãã¦ãã¾ãã¾ããã§ãããã天ä¸ãã®æ·»åè¨ç®ã¨ãã«ã¯ãã¤ãã¦è¡ãã¾ããã§ããããããã常ã«è¨ç®ã®å¯¾è±¡ç©ãæ±ããæ 度ã¯éå¹ççã ããå¿ ãããå¥å ¨ã¨ã¯è¨ãã¾ããã
ææ ¢ãã¦è¨ç®ãã¦ãããã¡ã«ããããã¨ããããããã£ã¡ã®ã»ããæ©ãã£ãããã¾ããã¾ããè¨ç®ã®å¯¾è±¡ç©ã¯èããªãã§ãè¨ç®ãã®ãã®ã対象ã«ãããã¨ãã§ãã¾ããä¾ãã°ã«ã¦ããã³ã®æ½è±¡ãã³ã½ã«ã¯ãããã³ã½ã«ã¨ã¯ä½ãããªãã¦ä¸åèããªãã§ããã³ã½ã«è¨ç®ã®ã¡ã«ããºã ã«ã ãã«çç®ãã¦å®å¼åãããã®ã§ããâä½ãè¨ç®ãã¦ãããâã¯åãããªãã¾ã¾ã§ããè¨ç®æ©æ§èªä½ãé¢ç½ããã¨ãããããã§ãã