Pond Management

While owning a pond can be a very enjoyable experience, careful planning and maintenance are essential for having a healthy pond. Access Penn State Extension’s educational content to learn more about pond management best practices. Explore resources on pond construction, aquatic plants, invasive species, and pond ecology.

Pond Construction and Maintenance

When planning a new pond, consider site location, soil texture, water supply, and land use. In addition, familiarize yourself with the various agencies and permits that may be involved in the process. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), for instance, is a federal agency that can provide important information on regulations, as well as local soil types.

Whether constructing or managing a pond, it is important to be aware of prevalent issues such as algae blooms and poor water quality. Note that many of these problems can cause or result from an unhealthy pond ecosystem.

One of the critical maintenance practices for healthy ponds is nutrients control. Allowing sources of nutrients and sediment to enter the pond can cause excessive vegetation and reduce oxygen levels. Typically, control methods include aeration and riparian buffer establishment.

Discover all there is to know about proper pond management with Penn State Extension experts. Join the Aquatic Pesticide Management course to learn more about pond control methods using integrated pest management approaches. Owners of ponds between ¼ acre and 5 acres in size can further benefit from the Rural and Farm Pond Management webinar.

Water Quality in Ponds

Both natural and human influences can affect the water quality in a pond. Water quality testing is a critical measurement that can help prevent or improve an unhealthy pond. Depending on the primary use of the pond, testing parameters for water quality may include E. coli, phosphorus, and iron.

Many pollutants can be tested using kits and test strips found in pet and swimming pool stores. Regular in-depth testing for bacteria, metals, and other parameters is recommended, as well. Detailed testing is best carried out in a state-accredited lab.

If left untreated, water pollutants can cause numerous issues, including abundant plant and algae growth. In some cases, harmful algae blooms (HABs) can produce potent toxins that can poison people, pets, and livestock. Learn more during the free Protecting Dogs and Animals from HABs webinar.

Penn State Extension offers additional information on interpreting water tests for ponds and lakes, as well as collecting a proper water sample for testing.

Pond Ecology: Aquatic Plants and Pond Fish

Pond ecology is often referred to as the interaction between life in the pond and its environment. Aquatic plants play a crucial role in balancing the pond's ecosystem. They serve as food for fish, slow algae bloom, provide protection for wildlife, and improve water quality by absorbing pollutants. Discover more about the role of aquatic plants in the Management of Aquatic Plants publication.

Fish are another important part of the ecological balance. Important measurements to be made before deciding on fish species include pond temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen. Suitable fish species for farm ponds in Pennsylvania include bass, bluegill, trout, and black crappie.

Pond Ecology: Aquatic Invasive Species

Invasive species are species outside their native range, whose presence causes harm to the environment, as well as human, plant, or animal health. Aquatic invasive species (AIS) can come in different forms, including animals, plants, and pathogens.

The main concern associated with aquatic invasive species is mat formation. Densely vegetated mats prevent recreation, destroy habitat, and lead to fish kills. Common invasive species in Pennsylvania include water chestnut, parrot feather, and hydrilla.

To slow the spread of AIS, clean all mud and plant material from boats and gear, drain all equipment, and disinfect all recreational gear before moving into another water body. Information on biological control of aquatic plants, including using grass carp, is available.