Reproduction and Genetics

Goat reproduction is an essential part of a farm’s success and profitability. Penn State Extension provides producers with resources on goat breeding, gestation, and kidding. Information on the basics of goat production, including breeds, production practices, nutrition, health and care can be found here, as well.

Goat Breeds

Goats are ruminant animals that can convert forages and unused crop residues into high-quality products. Currently, there are more than 60 recognized types of goats, broadly divided into three main categories – dairy, meat, and fiber.

Most goat breeds are considered multipurpose and can be raised on smaller lands. To achieve sustainable production, however, choosing the right breed/crossbreed based on your interests and environment is key.

When selecting goats for dairy or meat, pay attention to the genetic ability of the breed to produce food, as well as the quality and quantity of the product. Another factor to consider is the conditions on the farm or homestead. Choose a breed that can flourish within the local climate and terrains. Below, find a list of some of the more common meat and dairy goat types.

Common Meat Goat Breeds

• South African Boer Goat
• Nubian
• Spanish Meat Goat
• Myotonic
• Kiko Goats
• Angora Goats (primarily bred for mohair fiber)

Common Dairy Goat Breeds

• Alpine Goats
• LaMancha
• Nubian
• Oberhasli
• Saanen
• Toggenburg

Goat Gestation and Kidding Management

Whether raising goats for meat or dairy, kidding season is one of the most important and labor-intensive times of the year. Adequate gestation and kidding management are crucial for reducing stress on the animals, increasing survival rates, and improving the herd’s overall productivity.

Selecting goats for breeding and ensuring good reproductive performance is a top priority for producers. In a selective breeding program, key considerations are kidding twice a year, multiple births, rapid growth, and good conformation (sound legs, feet, and mouth).

While meat goats are better known for being highly fertile, reproductive performance is dependent on genetic and environmental factors. Poor nutrition, as well as seasonal availability of nutrients, often have the biggest impact on goat reproduction.

The goat gestation period lasts between 148 and 152 days. If does are bred twice a year, kids should be weaned at 2-3 months of age.

Access Goat Breeding Resources

On this page, you can find information on goat reproduction and genetics. Information on the production basics for raising dairy and meat goats is included, as well. In addition, gain access to Penn State Extension’s Goat Kidding Workshops and learn more about feeding during breeding, pregnancy, or lactation. Other topics covered include preparing for birthing, handling kidding problems, and delivering healthy kids.

Further assistance and tips can be accessed via the Veterinary Extension and Applied Research Team.