Manure and Nutrient Management

Manure management is a big part of any beef operation. When utilized properly, cattle manure can be an extremely valuable agricultural resource.

On this page, you will find detailed information on developing a manure management plan, cattle manure applications, as well as nutrient management and legislation. Additionally, you will learn tips on preventing manure gas, reducing E-coli infections, and managing livestock methane emissions.

Manure and Nutrient Management Plans

All livestock production enterprises that generate or apply manure need to have a manure management plan. A plan is also important for minimizing the risk of causing environmental problems when using manure as a nutrient source.

A comprehensive management plan should include an overview of the amount of manure produced per year, as well as its nutrient content and storage system. The document should further help cattle producers identify the timing, amount, and placement of manure, dirty water, and other organic waste.

In Pennsylvania, farms that include pastures or Animal Concentration Areas (ACAs) are required by law to have a manure management plan. The plan can be developed by the producer or by a nutrient management consultant.

Note: Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) and Concentrated Animal Operations (CAOs) are required to have a written nutrient management plan developed by a certified nutrient management specialist.

Penn State Extension provides a course on Writing a Manure Management Plan. The online course covers a number of topics, including understanding manure management requirements, developing a farm map, and calculating CAO status.

Beef Cattle Manure Applications

Cattle manure is a valuable soil fertilizer that contains essential nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). An enterprise’s manure application should be based on the manure's nutrient composition and the nutritional needs of the crops.

Applying excessive amounts of NPK should be avoided as it can negatively impact the environment and create a soil nutrient imbalance.

In parts of the US where soils have (nearly) enough phosphorus, cattle producers should closely match manure nutrients to crop uptake, utilize off-farm removal, and/or reduce intake and excretion. Note that if cattle manure is applied to meet an N requirement it will typically add extra P to the soil.

Manure Composting

Composting is one of the best ways to store manure and improve soil structure and fertility. For beef enterprises, composting can reduce odors and flies, minimize nitrogen losses, decrease pathogens, and provide a consistent supply of organic fertilizer.

For an effective cow manure compost, mixing and turning is essential. Turning manure allows oxygen into the system and homogenizes the pile. Piles are most commonly turned using a bucket tractor or a windrow turner.

Manure Storage Hazards

Different beef cattle enterprises make use of different manure storage systems. Some systems, however, can be more hazardous than others. In general, covered manure storages and pits – including those situated below ground – are more dangerous than above-ground storages and non-covered systems.

Typically, manure storage hazards refer to gases such as methane, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. The gas production is often at its peak when manure is being pumped up or after emptying a covered pit.

To minimize the chances of toxic gas buildup, producers should consider open/above-ground storages with constant natural air or fan ventilation. More information on manure gas risks is available in the Beef Cattle Biosecurity and Personal Safety section.

Find Additional Information and Tips

Proper nutrient management is a significant part of successful beef cattle production. If you are just starting out, the process may seem complicated. With Penn State Extension, you can find educational resources and courses that will guide you each step of the way.