Skeletal System Notes

The Skeletal System

The Skeletal System

 Parts of the skeletal system
 Bones (skeleton)
 Joints
 Cartilage
 Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to
muscle)
 Divided into two divisions:-
 Axial skeleton (skull, ribs, vertebrae)
 Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.1
• Axial skeleton
(highlighted in blue)
• Appendicular
skeleton
(highlighted in
yellow)
Functions of Bones

 Support of the body.

 Protection of soft organs.
 Movement due to attached skeletal
muscles.
 Storage of minerals and fats.
 Blood cell formation.
Bones of the Human Body
 The skeleton has 206 bones.
 Two basic types of bone tissue
 Compact bone
 Homogeneous
 Spongy bone
 Small needle-like
pieces of bone
Figure 5.2b
 Many open spaces

Classification of Bones
 Long bones
 Typically longer than wide.
 Have a shaft with heads at both ends.
 Contain mostly compact bone.
• Examples: Femur, humerus
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.4a
 Short bones
 Generally cube-shape
 Contain mostly spongy bone
 Examples: Carpals, tarsals
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.4b
Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.4c
 Flat bones
 Thin and flattened.
 Usually curved.
 Thin layers of compact bone around a layer
of spongy bone.
 Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
 Irregular bones
 Irregular shape.
 Do not fit into other bone classification
categories.
 Example: Vertebrae and hip
Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.5c
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
 Diaphysis
 Shaft
 Composed of
compact bone
 Epiphysis
 Ends of the bone
 Composed mostly of
spongy bone Figure 5.2a
Structures of a Long Bone
 Periosteum
 Outside covering of
the diaphysis
 Fibrous connective
tissue membrane
 Sharpey’s fibers
 Secure periosteum to
underlying bone
 Arteries
 Supply bone cells Figure 5.2c
with nutrients
 Articular cartilage
 Covers the
external surface of
the epiphyses
 Made of hyaline
cartilage
 Decreases friction
at joint surfaces Figure 5.2a
 Medullary cavity
 Cavity of the shaft
 Contains yellow
marrow (mostly fat)
in adults
 Contains red marrow
(for blood cell
formation) in infants Figure 5.2a
Bone Markings - Page 119
 Surface features of bones
 Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons,
and ligaments
 Passages for nerves and blood vessels
 Categories of bone markings
 Projections and processes – grow out from the
bone surface
 Depressions or cavities – indentations
Changes in the Human Skeleton
 In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline
cartilage
 During development, much of this cartilage
is replaced by bone
 Cartilage remains in isolated areas
 Bridge of the nose
 Parts of ribs
 Joints
Bone Growth
 Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long

bone during childhood
 New cartilage is continuously formed
 Older cartilage becomes ossified
 Cartilage is broken down
 Bone replaces cartilage
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Bone Growth
 Bones are remodeled and lengthened

until growth stops
 Bones change shape somewhat
 Bones grow in width

Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4a

Types of Bone Cells
 Osteocytes
 Mature bone cells
 Osteoblasts
 Bone-forming cells
 Osteoclasts
 Bone-destroying cells
 Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium
 Bone remodeling is a process by both
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
The Axial Skeleton
 Forms the longitudinal part of the body

 Divided into three parts
 Skull
 Vertebral column
 Bony thorax

The Axial Skeleton
Figure 5.6
The Skull
 Two sets of bones

 Cranium
 Facial bones
 Bones are joined by sutures
 Only the mandible is attached by a
freely movable joint

The Skull
Figure 5.7

Bones of the Skull
Figure 5.11
Human Skull, Superior View
Figure 5.8
Human Skull, Inferior View
Figure 5.9
Paranasal Sinuses
 Hollow portions of bones surrounding
the nasal cavity
Figure 5.10

Paranasal Sinuses
 Functions of paranasal sinuses
 Lighten the skull
 Give resonance and amplification to voice
Figure 5.10

The Hyoid Bone
 The only bone that

does not articulate
with another bone
 Serves as a
moveable base for
the tongue
Figure 5.12
The Fetal Skull
 The fetal skull is

large compared
to the infants
total body length
Figure 5.13

The Fetal Skull
 Fontanelles –
fibrous membranes
connecting the
cranial bones
 Allow the brain
to grow
 Convert to bone
within 24 months
after birth
Figure 5.13

The Vertebral Column
 Vertebrae
separated by
intervertebral discs
 The spine has a
normal curvature
 Each vertebrae is
given a name
according to its
location Figure 5.14
Structure of a Typical Vertebrae
Figure 5.16
The Bony Thorax
 Forms a
cage to
protect
major
organs
Figure 5.19a

The Bony Thorax
 Made-up of
three parts
 Sternum
 Ribs
 Thoracic
vertebrae
Figure 5.19a

The Appendicular Skeleton
 Limbs (appendages)
 Pectoral girdle
 Pelvic girdle

The Appendicular Skeleton
Figure 5.6c
The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
 Composed of two bones

 Clavicle – collarbone
 Scapula – shoulder blade
 These bones allow the upper limb to
have exceptionally free movement
Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Figure 5.20a, b
Bones of the Upper Limb
 The arm is
formed by a
single bone
 Humerus
Figure 5.21a, b
• The forearm
has two bones
• Ulna
• Radius
Figure 5.21c
 The hand
 Carpals – wrist
 Metacarpals –
palm
 Phalanges –
fingers
Figure 5.22
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
 Hip bones
 Composed of three pair of fused bones
 Ilium
 Ischium
 Pubic bone
 The total weight of the upper body rests on the
pelvis
 Protects several organs
 Reproductive organs
 Urinary bladder
 Part of the large intestine
The Pelvis
Figure 5.23a

Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Figure 5.23c
Bones of the Lower Limbs
 The thigh has

one bone
 Femur – thigh
bone
Figure 5.35a, b

 The leg has

two bones
 Tibia
 Fibula
Figure 5.35c

 The foot
 Tarsus – ankle
 Metatarsals –
sole
 Phalanges –
toes
Figure 5.25
Bone Fractures
 A break in a bone
 Types of bone fractures
 Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not
penetrate the skin
 Open (compound) fracture – broken bone
penetrates through the skin
 Bone fractures are treated by reduction
and immobilization
 Realignment of the bone
Common Types of Fractures
Table 5.2
Repair of Bone Fractures
 Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is
formed
 Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to
form a callus
 Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a
bony callus
 Bony callus is remodeled to form a
permanent patch
Stages in the Healing of a Bone
Fracture
Figure 5.5
Joints
 Articulations of bones
 Functions of joints
 Hold bones together
 Allow for mobility
 Ways joints are classified
 Functionally
 Structurally
Functional Classification of Joints
 Synarthroses – immovable joints

 Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable
joints
 Diarthroses – freely moveable joints
Structural Classification of Joints
 Fibrous joints
 Generally immovable
 Cartilaginous joints
 Immovable or slightly moveable
 Synovial joints
 Freely moveable
Fibrous Joints
 Bones united by fibrous tissue –
synarthrosis or largely immovable.
Figure 5.27d, e
Cartilaginous Joints – mostly
amphiarthrosis
 Bones connected by cartilage
 Examples
 Pubic
symphysis
 Intervertebral
joints
Figure 5.27b, c
Synovial Joints
 Articulating
bones are
separated by a
joint cavity
 Synovial fluid
is found in the
joint cavity
Figure 5.27f–h
Features of Synovial Joints-
Diarthroses
 Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
covers the ends of bones
 Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous
articular capsule
 Have a joint cavity filled with synovial
fluid
 Ligaments reinforce the joint
Structures Associated with the
Synovial Joint
 Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs
 Lined with synovial membranes
 Filled with synovial fluid
 Not actually part of the joint
 Tendon sheath
 Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
The Synovial Joint
Figure 5.28
Types of Synovial Joints Based on
Shape
Figure 5.29a–c

Types of Synovial Joints Based on
Shape
Figure 5.29d–f

Inflammatory Conditions
Associated with Joints
 Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually
caused by a blow or friction
 Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
 Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative
diseases of joints
 Over 100 different types
 The most widespread crippling disease in the
United States
Clinical Forms of Arthritis
 Osteoarthritis
 Most common chronic arthritis
 Probably related to normal aging processes
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 An autoimmune disease – the immune system
attacks the joints
 Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of
certain joints
 Often leads to deformities

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The Skeletal System

The Skeletal System

 Support of the body.

 Many open spaces

 Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Bones are remodeled and lengthened

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Forms the longitudinal part of the body

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Two sets of bones

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 The only bone that

 The fetal skull is

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Composed of two bones

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 The thigh has

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 The leg has

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Synarthroses – immovable joints

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

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