Chapter 06 - Bones and Skeletal Tissue

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, University of Kentucky

Bones and Skeletal Tissues

6
Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Functions of Skeletal System
A. Support

B. Protection
C. Movement
D. Mineral Storage (Calcium + Phosphorus)
E. Hematopoiesis (blood cell formation in red marrow)
F. Energy Storage (lipids/fat stored in yellow marrow)

Hyaline Cartilage
 Provides support, flexibility, and resilience
 Is the most abundant skeletal cartilage
 Is present in these cartilages:
Articular – covers the ends of long bones
Costal – connects the ribs to the sternum
Respiratory – makes up the larynx and reinforces air

passages
Nasal – supports the nose

Hyaline Cartilage

Elastic Cartilage
 Similar to hyaline cartilage but contains elastic fibers
 Found in the external ear and the epiglottis

Elastic Cartilage

Fibrocartilage
 Highly compressed with great tensile strength
 Contains collagen fibers
 Found in intervertebral discs

Fibrocartilage

Bones and Cartilages of the Human Body
Figure 6.1
Histology of Skeletal Tissue (Osseous Tissue)
A. Different Cell Types
1. osteoprogenitor cells give rise to osteoblasts

a. found in periosteum, endosteum, and canals
2. osteoblasts secrete proteins, Ca, P
a. found on bone surface (where growth occurs)
3. osteocytes maintain bone integrity
a. in the bone tissue itself, matrix surrounds
4. osteoclasts degrade and absorb bone during growth
a. derived from white blood cells, on surface

B. Chemical Composition
1. 33% collagenous fibers as in connective tissue
2. 67% mineral salts - calcium phosphate +
carbonate
3. hardening depends on correct amount of each

General Anatomy of a Long Bone (eg. humerus)
A. Diaphysis - main shaft of the bone

B. Epiphysis - large end of the bone
C. Metaphysis - where above meet during bone growth
D. Articular Cartilage - covers epiphysis, reduce friction
E. Periosteum - dense, white covering around the bone
a. fibrous layer - blood, lymph, nerves pass through
b. osteogenic layer - where bone cells originate
F. Medullary (marrow) Cavity - adults, yellow marrow
G. Endosteum - lines medullary cavity, houses bone cells

Figure 6.3
Classification of Bones
 Axial skeleton – bones of the skull, vertebral

column, and rib cage
 Appendicular skeleton – bones of the upper and
lower limbs, shoulder, and hip

Classification of Bones: By Shape
 Long bones –
longer than
they are wide
(e.g., humerus)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.2a
 Short bones
 Cube-shaped
bones of the
wrist and
ankle
 Bones that
form within
tendons (e.g.,
patella)
Figure 6.2b
 Flat bones –
thin, flattened,
and a bit
curved (e.g.,
sternum, and
most skull
bones)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.2c
 Irregular
bones –
bones with
complicated
shapes (e.g.,
vertebrae and
hip bones)
Figure 6.2d
Depressions and Openings
fissure - cleft-like opening between adjacent parts of

bones through which vessels & nerves pass
foramen - hole through which blood vessels, nerves,
ligaments can pass
meatus - tunnel-like passageway through a bone
sinus - cavity within a bone with narrow opening
sulcus - groove or depression that accommodates a soft
structure such as vessels, nerve, tendon
fossa - depression in/on a bone; generally at a joint
process - prominent projection or point of attachment

Articular Processes (of the joints)
condyle - large, rounded articular (joint) prominence

head - rounded articular projection supported by a
more constricted portion of a bone
(neck)
facet - smooth, flat surface on a bone

Processes for Attachment
tubercle - small, rounded process

tuberosity - large, rounded, usually rough process
trochanter - large, blunt projection; only on the femur
line - less prominent ridge than a crest
spine - sharp, slender process
epicondyle - prominence found "above" a condyle

Gross Anatomy of Bones: Bone Textures
 Compact bone – dense outer layer
 Spongy bone – honeycomb of trabeculae filled with

yellow or red bone marrow

Structure of Long Bone
Long bones consist of a diaphysis (shaft) and an

epiphysis (head)
Diaphysis(es)
 Tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones
 Composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary
cavity
 Yellow bone marrow (fat) is contained in the medullary
cavity

Structure of Long Bone
Epiphysis(es)
 Expanded ends of long bones
 Exterior is compact bone, and the interior is spongy bone
 Joint surface is covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage
 Epiphyseal line separates the diaphysis from the

epiphyses

Bone Membranes
Periosteum – double-layered protective membrane

 Outer fibrous layer is dense regular connective tissue
 Inner osteogenic layer is composed of osteoblasts and
osteoclasts
 Richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic
vessels, which enter the bone via nutrient foramina
 Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey’s fibers
Endosteum – delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of

bone

Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone
Haversian system, or “osteon” – the structural unit of compact

bone
 Lamella – weight-bearing, column-like matrix tubes
composed mainly of collagen
 Haversian or “central” canal – central channel containing
blood vessels and nerves
 Volkmann’s canals – channels lying at right angles to the
central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the
periosteum to that of the Haversian canal
 Osteocytes – mature bone cells
 Lacunae – small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
 Canaliculi – hair-like canals that connect lacunae to each
other and the central canal

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.6a, b
Chemical Composition of Bone: Inorganic
Hydroxyapatites, or mineral salts

 Sixty-five percent of bone by mass
 Mainly calcium phosphates
 Responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to

compression

Bone Development
Osteogenesis and ossification – the process of bone

tissue formation, which leads to:
 The formation of the bony skeleton in embryos
 Bone growth until early adulthood
 Bone thickness, remodeling, and repair

Formation of the Bony Skeleton
 Begins at week 8 of embryo development
(1) Intramembranous ossification – bone develops from a

fibrous membrane
(2) Endochondral ossification – bone forms by replacing

hyaline cartilage

(1) Intramembranous Ossification
 Formation of most of the flat bones of the skull and

the clavicles
 Fibrous connective tissue membranes are formed by
mesenchymal cells

Stages of Intramembranous Ossification
 An ossification center appears in the fibrous connective

tissue membrane
 Bone matrix is secreted within the fibrous membrane
 Woven bone and periosteum form
 Bone collar of compact bone forms, and red marrow appears
 5 stages for intramembranous ossification

Figure 6.7.1
Figure 6.7.2
Figure 6.7.3
Figure 6.7.4
(2) Endochondral Ossification
 Begins in the second month of development
 Uses hyaline cartilage “bones” as models for bone

construction
 Requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to
ossification

Stages of Endochondral Ossification
 Formation of bone collar
 Invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud, and

spongy bone formation
 Formation of the medullary cavity; appearance of secondary
ossification centers in the epiphyses
 Ossification of the epiphyses, with hyaline cartilage
remaining only in the epiphyseal plates

Stages of Endochondral Ossification
Secondary Articular
ossification cartilage
center
Epiphyseal Spongy
Deteriorating blood vessel bone
Hyaline cartilage matrix
cartilage
Spongy Epiphyseal
bone plate
Primary
formation Medullary cartilage
ossification
center cavity
Bone Blood
collar vessel of
periostea
l bud
1 Formation
of bone 2 Cavitation
collar of the 3 Invasion of
around hyaline internal cavities 4 Formation of the
hyaline cartilage by the medullary cavity as 5 Ossification of the
cartilage within the periosteal bud ossification continues; epiphyses; when
model. cartilage and spongy appearance of completed, hyaline
model. bone formation. secondary ossification cartilage remains
centers in the only in the
epiphyses in epiphyseal plates
preparation for stage 5. and articular
cartilages
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.8
Functional Zones in Long Bone Growth
 Growth zone – cartilage cells undergo mitosis, pushing the

epiphysis away from the diaphysis
 Transformation zone – older cells enlarge, the matrix
becomes calcified, cartilage cells die, and the matrix begins
to deteriorate
 Osteogenic zone – new bone formation occurs

Long Bone Growth and Remodeling
 Growth in length – cartilage continually grows and is

replaced by bone as shown
 Remodeling – bone is resorbed and added by appositional
growth as shown

Appositional Growth of Bone
Central canal of osteon
Periosteal ridge
Artery Periosteum Penetrating canal
1 Osteoblasts beneath 2 As the bony ridges 3 The periosteum 4 As the osteoblasts

the periosteum enlarge and meet, lining the tunnel is beneath the endosteum
secrete bone matrix, the groove transformed into an form new lamellae, a new
forming ridges that containing the endosteum and the osteon is created.
follow the course of blood vessel osteoblasts just Meanwhile new
periosteal blood becomes a tunnel. deep to the tunnel circumferential lamellae
vessels. endosteum secrete are elaborated beneath
bone matrix, the periosteum and the
narrowing the canal. process is repeated,
continuing to enlarge
bone diameter.
Bone Deposition
a. Ca and P in proper amount in diet

b. trace amounts of Boron and Manganese
c. Vitamin D - regulates Ca metabolism
d. Vitamin C - maintenance of bone matrix
e. Vitamin A - osteoclast/blast function
f. Vitamin B12 - osteoblast function
g. Human Growth Hormone (HGH) - pituitary
h. Calcitonin - thyroid, Ca absorption to bone
i. Parathormone - parathyroid, Ca release to blood
j. Sex Hormones - Testosterone + Estrogen
Bone Resorption
 Accomplished by osteoclasts
 Resorption bays – grooves formed by osteoclasts as they

break down bone matrix
 Resorption mostly involves osteoclast secretion of:
--- Lysosomal enzymes that digest organic matrix

Chemical Composition of Bone: Organic
 Osteoblasts – bone-forming cells
 Osteocytes – mature bone cells
 Osteoclasts – large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix

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PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, University of Kentucky

Bones and Skeletal Tissues

D. Mineral Storage (Calcium + Phosphorus)

E. Hematopoiesis (blood cell formation in red marrow)

F. Energy Storage (lipids/fat stored in yellow marrow)

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Is the most abundant skeletal cartilage

 Is present in these cartilages:

Articular – covers the ends of long bones

Costal – connects the ribs to the sternum

Respiratory – makes up the larynx and reinforces air

Nasal – supports the nose

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Similar to hyaline cartilage but contains elastic fibers

 Found in the external ear and the epiglottis

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Highly compressed with great tensile strength

 Contains collagen fibers

 Found in intervertebral discs

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

1. osteoprogenitor cells give rise to osteoblasts

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

A. Diaphysis - main shaft of the bone

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Axial skeleton – bones of the skull, vertebral

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

fissure - cleft-like opening between adjacent parts of

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

condyle - large, rounded articular (joint) prominence

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

tubercle - small, rounded process

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Compact bone – dense outer layer

 Spongy bone – honeycomb of trabeculae filled with

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Long bones consist of a diaphysis (shaft) and an

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Exterior is compact bone, and the interior is spongy bone

 Joint surface is covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage

 Epiphyseal line separates the diaphysis from the

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Periosteum – double-layered protective membrane

Endosteum – delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Haversian system, or “osteon” – the structural unit of compact

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hydroxyapatites, or mineral salts

 Mainly calcium phosphates

 Responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Osteogenesis and ossification – the process of bone

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Begins at week 8 of embryo development

(1) Intramembranous ossification – bone develops from a

(2) Endochondral ossification – bone forms by replacing

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings