Skeletal Sistem

Chapter 5

The Skeletal System

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Skeletal System
Essential Question
What is the purpose of the

skeletal system?
The Skeletal System
 Parts of the skeletal system
 Bones (skeleton)
 Joints
 Cartilages
 Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to
muscle)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.1
The Skeletal System
• Skeleton comes from a Greek word
meaning dried up body.
• Bone appears dead and dried up, but it
is not!
• Bone is living tissue
• Newborn human has 350 bones
• Adult human has 206 bones
Functions of Bones
 Support of the body (framework)

 Protection of soft organs
 Serve as levers (with help from
muscles)
 Storage of minerals and fats (calcium)
 Blood cell formation
Bones of the Human Body
 Two basic types of bone tissue

 Compact bone
 Dense/hard
 Spongy bone
 (Cancellous)
 Many open spaces Figure 5.2b
Decrease wt of bone/contain red bone

marrow Slide 5.3
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Classification of Bones
 Long bones
 Typically longer than wide
 Have a shaft with heads at both ends
 Contain mostly compact bone
 Found in legs and arms
• Examples: Femur, humerus
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.4a
 Short bones
 Generally cube-shape and small
 Contain mostly spongy bone
 Found in wrist, ankles, and toes
 Examples: Carpals, tarsals
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.4b
Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.4c
 Flat bones
 Thin and flattened
 Usually curved
 Cover organs/provide surface for lg. muscle
 Thin layers of compact bone around a layer
of spongy bone
 Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.5a
 Irregular bones
 Irregular shape
 Do not fit into other bone classification
categories
 Example: Vertebrae and hip
Gross Anatomy of a Bone
 Diaphysis
 Shaft
 Composed of
compact bone
 Epiphysis
 Ends of the bone
 Composed mostly
of spongy bone
Structure of a Long Bone
 Periosteum
 Outside covering of the
diaphysis
 Fibrous connective tissue
membrane
Serves as an attachment
for muscle
 Arteries
 Supply bone cells with
nutrients
 Articular cartilage
 Covers the external
surface of the
epiphyses
 Made of hyaline
cartilage
 Decreases friction
at joint surfaces
 Medullary cavity
 Cavity of the shaft
 Contains yellow
marrow (mostly fat)
in adults
 Contains red
marrow (for blood
cell formation) in
infants
Changes in the Human Skeleton
 In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline
cartilage
 During development, much of this cartilage
is replaced by bone
 Cartilage remains in isolated areas
 Bridge of the nose
 Parts of ribs
 Joints
Bone Growth
 Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of

long bone during childhood
 New cartilage is continuously formed
 Older cartilage becomes ossified
 Cartilage is broken down
 Bone replaces cartilage
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Bone Growth
 Bones are remodeled and lengthened

until growth stops
 Grow longitudinally for height
 Bones grow in width to support weight

Epiphyseal Disc
• Refer to figure 8-3
• Growth plate
• The cartilage near the epiphyseal disc
multiplies and eventually becomes
ossified (turns to bone)
• As long as new cartilage continues to
form the bone continues to lengthen.
Epiphyseal Disc (cont.)
• When the growth plate hardens and
becomes ossified, growth stops
• Hormones play a big part in this
• Growth hormone stimulates growth
• Sex hormones stop growth
Bone Width
• Long after longitudinal bone growth has
stopped, bones continue to grow in
thickness and width.
• Bones are continuously being reshaped
Types of Bone Cells
 Osteocytes
 Mature bone cells
 Osteoblasts
 Bone-forming cells
 Osteoclasts
 Bone-destroying cells
 Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium
 Bone remodeling is a process by both
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Bone Remodeling
• A combined action of osteoblasts (bone
forming cells) and osteoclasts (bone
destroying cells)
• Osteoblasts deposit bone on the
external bone surface
• Figure 8-5 (like a brick layer)
• Osteoclasts break down bone from the
inside
• Figure 8-5 (like a sculptor)
Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4a

Bone Fractures
 A break in a bone
 Types of bone fractures
 Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not
penetrate the skin
 Open (compound) fracture – broken bone
penetrates through the skin
 Bone fractures are treated by reduction
and immobilization
 Realignment of the bone
Common Types of Fractures
Table 5.2
Handout #1
Injuries to bones
Dislocation of joint
• Displacement of bones at the joint
• Often caused by impact trauma to that joint
• Can be more damaging and painful than
a fracture
• Damage to the joint capsule and
surrounding ligaments and tendons often
takes much longer to heal than bone
tissue.
Dislocated Finger
In Groups of 4
• Locate the fracture/dislocation
• Identify the type of fracture
Repair of Bone Fractures
 Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is
formed
 Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to
form a soft callus
 Blood vessels grow into the
hematoma
 Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a
bony callus
 Bony callus is remodeled to form a
permanent patch
Stages in the Healing of a Bone
Fracture
Figure 5.5
Skeletal System
• Divided into two divisions
• Axial skeleton ~ bones of the cranium,
face, vertebral column, and bony thorax.
• Appendicular skeleton ~ includes the
bones of the pelvic girdles, the upper
extremities and lower extremities.
The Axial Skeleton
 Forms the longitudinal part of the body

 Divided into three parts
 Skull
 Vertebral column
 Bony thorax

The Axial Skeleton
Figure 5.6
The Skull (28 bones) (18 names!)
 Sits on top of the vertebral column

 Two sets of bones
 Cranium (8 bones)
 Facial bones (14 bones)
 Bones are joined by sutures
 Only the mandible is attached by a
freely movable joint
The Cranium
• Bony structure that encases and
protects the brain.
• 8 bones
• Frontal Bone ~ forehead/upper part
of the bony structure surrounding the
eyes.
The Skull
Figure 5.7

Bones of the Skull
Figure 5.11
Human Skull, Superior View
Figure 5.8
Human Skull, Inferior View
Figure 5.9
The Cranium
• Parietal Bone (2) ~ upper sides of
the head and the roof of the cranial
cavity (top of the head)
The Skull
Figure 5.7

Bones of the Skull
Figure 5.11
Human Skull, Superior View
Figure 5.8
The Cranium
• Temporal Bones (2) ~ sides of the
head, close to ears.
• Commonly called the temples
• Includes the external auditory meatus
• Opening for the ear
• Includes the zygomatic process
• Part of the cheekbone
The Skull (lateral view)
The Skull
The Skull (superior view)
The Cranium
• Occipital Bone ~ back and base of the
cranium
• Includes the foramen magnum
• Foramen means hole
• Large hole for the brainstem/spinal
cord
The Skull
The Cranium
• Sphenoid Bone ~ forms sides of
cranium and parts of orbits of the eyes
• Butterfly shaped
• Includes Sella Turcica (Turk’s Saddle)
• Where pituitary gland sits
The Skull
The Cranium
• Ethmoid Bone ~ irregularly shaped
bone located between the eye orbits
• Major supporting bone of the nasal cavity
The Skull
The Cranium
• That’s it! No more cranium
bones!
• 206 bones - 8 bones = 198

bones to go…
Facial Bones
• 14 bones
• Most of these bones come in
pairs
• Only the mandible and vomer
are single bones
Facial Bones
• Mandible ~ the lower jaw bone
• Carries the lower teeth
• The anterior portion forms the
chin
• Only freely movable joint in
the skull
The Skull
Facial Bones
• Maxilla (2) ~ Upper jaw
• Two bones fused together
• Roof of the mouth
• Also form parts of the nasal
cavity and eye orbits
The Skull
Facial Bones
• Palantine Bones (2) ~ form the
posterior part of the hard palate
and the floor of the nasal cavity.
• Failure of the palatine and/or
maxillary bones to fuse causes a
cleft palate.
The Skull
The Facial Bones
• Zygomatic Bones (2) ~ the
cheekbones
• Also forms a part of the orbits of
the eyes
The Skull
Facial Bones
• Other Facial Bones
• Lacrimal Bones (2) ~ inner wall of eye

sockets
• Nasal Bones (2) ~ bridge of nose
• Vomer ~ nasal septum
• Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
The Skull
Facial Bones
• That’s it! No more facial bones!
• 198 bones - 14 bones = 184

bones to go…
Paranasal Sinuses
 Functions of paranasal sinuses
 Air filled cavities
 Lighten the skull
 Give resonance and amplification to voice
Figure 5.10

The Fetal Skull
 The fetal skull is

large compared
to the infants
total body length
Figure 5.13

The Fetal Skull
 Fontanelles –
fibrous membranes
connecting the
cranial bones
 Allow the brain
to grow
 Convert to bone
within 24 months
after birth
Figure 5.13

The Hyoid Bone
 U shaped
 Found in the upper

neck
 The only bone that

does not articulate with
another bone
 Serves as a moveable
base for the tongue
Figure 5.12
Hyoid Bone
Middle Ear
• 3 Tiny bones ~ transmit vibrations
• All derived from Latin words
• Malleus (hammer)
• Incus (anvil)
• Stapes (stirrup)
• Smallest bone in the body
Middle Ear and Hyoid Bones
• That’s it!
• 184 bones - 4 bones = 180 bones to

go…
The Vertebral Column
• The backbone or spine

• Consists of 26 bones called
vertebrae
The Vertebral Column
 Vertebrae
separated by
intervertebral discs
(act as shock
absorbers)
 The spine has a
normal curvature
 Each vertebrae is
given a name
according to its Figure 5.14
location
Vertebral column
• C1-C7 ~ in the neck
region
• 7 cervical vertebrae
• T1-T12 ~ located in
the chest region
• 12 thoracic vertebrae
• L1-L5 ~ located in
the lower back
• 5 lumbar vertebrae
Vertebral column
• Sacrum ~ curved bone
of the lower back
(posterior wall of the
pelvis)
• fused sacral vertebrae
• 5 vertebrae at birth
• Coccyx ~ the tailbone
• 4 vertebrae at birth
Vertebral Column
• The vertebrae
become larger as
the vertebral column
descends…..WHY?
• Vertebral foramen ~
opening for spinal
cord.
• What is the opening
for the spinal cord in
the skull called?
Vertebral Column
• 180 bones - 26 vertebral column bones
= 154 bones to go!
The Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage)
 The chest
region
 Forms a cage
to protect
major organs
 Composed of
sternum, ribs
and thoracic
vertebrae. Figure 5.19a

Thoracic Cage
• Sternum ~
breastbone.
• Dagger-shaped
bone located along
the midline of the
anterior chest.
Thoracic Cage
• Ribs ~ 12 pairs of
ribs attach
posteriorly to the
thoracic vertebrae
• True ribs ~ first 7
pair
• False ribs ~ last 5
pairs
That is it for the axial skeleton!
• 154 bones - 24 ribs -1 sternum = 129
bones to go!!!
The Appendicular Skeleton
 Limbs (appendages)
 Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
 Pelvic girdle

The Appendicular Skeleton
Figure 5.6c
The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
 Composed of two bones

 Clavicle – collarbone
 Scapula – shoulder blade
 These bones allow the upper limb to
have exceptionally free movement
Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Figure 5.20a, b
Bones of the Upper Limb
 The arm is
formed by a
single bone
 Humerus
 Head of
humerus
allows for
rotation Figure 5.21a, b
• The forearm
has two bones
• Ulna
• Radius
Figure 5.21c
Radius
• Radius ~ locate on
the lateral or thumb
side when the palm
of the hand is facing
forward.
Ulna
• Ulna~ the longer of
the two forearm
bones.
• Located on the
medial or little finger
side of the forearm.
 The hand
 Carpals – wrist
 Metacarpals –
palm
 Phalanges –
fingers
Figure 5.22
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
 Composed of two coxal bones (hip bones)
 Composed of three pair of fused bones
 Ilium
 Ischium
 Pubis
 The total weight of the upper body rests on the
pelvis
 Protects several organs
 Reproductive organs
 Urinary bladder
 Part of the large intestine
The Pelvis
Figure 5.23a

Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Figure 5.23c
Bones of the Lower Limbs
 The thigh has
one bone
 Femur – thigh
bone
Figure 5.35a, b

Bones of the Lower Limb
• Patella ~ knee cap
• Triangular bone
located within a
tendon that passes
over the knee.
 The leg has
two bones
 Tibia ~ shin
bone
 larger
 Fibula
 Long and
thin
Figure 5.35c

 The foot
 Tarsal (7)–
ankle
 Metatarsals
(5)–
sole/instep
 Phalanges
(14) – toes Figure 5.25
Joints
 Articulations of bones
 Functions of joints
 Hold bones together
 Provide flexibility
 Ways joints are classified
 By their function
 By their structure
Functional Classification of Joints
 Synarthroses – immovable joints

 Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable
joints
 Diarthroses – freely moveable joints
Structural Classification of Joints
 Fibrous joints
 Generally immovable
 Cartilaginous joints
 Immovable or slightly moveable
 Synovial joints
 Freely moveable
Fibrous Joints
 Bones united by fibrous tissue –
synarthrosis or largely immovable.
Figure 5.27d, e
Cartilaginous Joints – mostly
amphiarthrosis
 Bones connected by cartilage
 Examples
 Pubic
symphysis
 Intervertebral
joints
Figure 5.27b, c
Synovial Joints
 Articulating
bones are
separated by a
joint cavity
 Synovial fluid
is found in the
joint cavity
 Reinforced by
ligaments Figure 5.27f–h
The Synovial Joint
Figure 5.28
6 Types of Synovial Joints
• Hinge joint
• Movement is like two boards joined
together by a hinge
• Movement in one direction
• Elbow, knees, fingers
Types of Synovial Joints
• Ball and Socket Joint
• When ball-shaped end of one bone fits into
the cup-shaped socket of another
• Bones can move in many directions
• Shoulder, hip
• Pivot Joint
• Allows for rotation around the length of a
bone.
• Allows only for rotation
• Head (side to side “no” action)
• Forearm joints (palms)
supination/pronation
• Saddle Joint
• When the surfaces of both articulation
bones are saddle-shaped
• Concave/convex
• Thumb
• Wide range of motion
• Gliding Joint
• Interaction of flat surfaces of articulating
bones
• Limited but complex movement
• Wrist, ankle
• Condyloid Joint
• Oval-shaped articular surface of one bone
fits into the oval-shaped depression of
another
• Mandible, knuckles
Inflammatory Conditions
Associated with Joints
 Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually
caused by a blow or friction
 Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
 Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative
diseases of joints
 Over 100 different types
 The most widespread crippling disease in the
United States
Clinical Forms of Arthritis
 Osteoarthritis
 Most common chronic arthritis
 Probably related to normal aging processes
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 An autoimmune disease – the immune system
attacks the joints
 Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of
certain joints
 Often leads to deformities
Clinical Forms of Arthritis
 Gouty Arthritis
 Inflammation of joints is caused by a
deposition of urate crystals from the blood
 Can usually be controlled with diet
 Red meat and wine are high in uric acid

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Chapter 5

The Skeletal System

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

What is the purpose of the

 Support of the body (framework)

 Two basic types of bone tissue

Decrease wt of bone/contain red bone

 Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Bones are remodeled and lengthened

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Forms the longitudinal part of the body

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Sits on top of the vertebral column

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

• 206 bones - 8 bones = 198

• Lacrimal Bones (2) ~ inner wall of eye

• That’s it! No more facial bones!

• 198 bones - 14 bones = 184

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 The fetal skull is

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Found in the upper

 The only bone that

• 184 bones - 4 bones = 180 bones to

• The backbone or spine

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Composed of two bones

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Synarthroses – immovable joints

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

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