Marieb ch3c

BODY TISSUES

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Tissues
 Cells with similar structure and function
 Four primary types
 Epithelial tissue
 Connective tissue
 Nervous tissue
 Muscle

Epithelial Tissues
 Location  Functions
 Body coverings  Protection
 Body linings  Absorption
 Glandular tissue  Filtration
 Secretion

Characteristics
 Cells fit closely
together
 Tissue layer always has
one free surface
 The lower surface is
bound by a basement
membrane
 Avascular (have no
blood supply)
 Regenerate easily if
well nourished
Classification
 Number of cell
layers
A. Simple – one layer
B. Stratified – more
than one layer
Figure 3.17a
 Shape of cells
 Squamous – flattened
 Cuboidal – cube-
shaped
 Columnar – column-
like
Figure 3.17b
Examples of Simple Epithelium
 Simple squamous
 Single layer of flat
cells
 Usually forms
membranes
 Lines body cavities
 Lines lungs and
capillaries
Figure 3.18a
 Simple cuboidal
 Single layer of
cube-like cells
 Common in glands
and their ducts
 kidney tubules
 Covers the ovaries
Figure 3.18b
 Simple columnar
 Single layer of tall
cells
 Often includes goblet
cells, which produce
mucus
 Lines digestive tract
Figure 3.18c
 Pseudostratified
 Single layer, but some
cells are shorter than
others
 Often looks like a double
cell layer
 Sometimes ciliated, such
as in the respiratory tract
 May function in
absorption or secretion
Figure 3.18d
Examples of Stratified Epithelium
 Stratified squamous
 Found as a protective
covering where
friction is common
 Skin
 Mouth
 Esophagus
Figure 3.18e
Stratified Epithelium
 Stratified cuboidal
 Two layers of cuboidal cells
 Stratified columnar
 Surface cells are columnar, cells
underneath vary in size and shape
 Stratified cuboidal and columnar
 Rare in human body
 Found mainly in ducts of large glands
Stratified Epithelium
 Transitional
epithelium
 Shape of cells
depends upon the
amount of
stretching
 Lines organs of the
urinary system
Figure 3.18f
Glandular Epithelium
 Gland – one or more cells that secretes a
particular product
 Two major gland types
 Endocrine gland
 Ductless
 Secretions are hormones
 Exocrine gland
 Empty through ducts to the epithelial surface
 Include sweat and oil glands

Connective Tissue
 Found everywhere in the body
 Includes the most abundant and widely
distributed tissues
 Functions
 Binds body tissues together
 Supports the body
 Provides protection

Connective Tissue Characteristics
 Variations in blood supply
 Some tissue types are well vascularized
 Some have poor blood supply or are avascular
 Extracellular matrix
 Non-living material that surrounds living cells

Extracellular Matrix
 Two main elements
 Ground substance – mostly water along with
adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules
 Fibers
 Produced by the cells
 Three types
 Collagen fibers
 Elastic fibers
 Reticular fibers

Type of Connective Tissue
 Bone (osseous tissue)
 Composed of:
 Bone cells in
lacunae (cavities)
 Hard matrix of
calcium salts and
collagen fibers
 Used to protect and
support the body
Figure 3.19a
Cartilage
 Hyaline cartilage
 Most common
cartilage
 Composed of:
 Abundant collagen
fibers
 Rubbery matrix
 Entire fetal skeleton
is hyaline cartilage
Figure 3.19b
 Elastic cartilage
 Provides elasticity
 Example: supports
the external ear
 Fibrocartilage
 Highly compressible
 Example: forms
cushion-like discs
between vertebrae

 Dense connective tissue
 Main matrix element
is collagen fibers
 Cells are fibroblasts
 Examples
 Tendon – attach
muscle to bone
 Ligaments – attach
bone to bone
Figure 3.19d
 Areolar connective
tissue
 Most widely
distributed
connective tissue
 Soft, pliable tissue
 Contains all fiber
types
 Can soak up excess
fluid
Figure 3.19e
 Adipose tissue
 Many cells contain
large lipid deposits
 Functions
 Insulates the body
 Protects some
organs
 Serves as a site of
fuel storage
Figure 3.19f
 Reticular connective
tissue
 Delicate network of
interwoven fibers
 Forms stroma
(internal supporting
network) of
lymphoid organs
 Lymph nodes
 Spleen
 Bone marrow
Figure 3.19g
 Blood
 Blood cells
surrounded by fluid
matrix
 Fibers are visible
during clotting
 Functions as the
transport vehicle for
materials
Figure 3.19h
Muscle Tissue
 Function is to produce movement
 Three types
 Skeletal muscle
 Cardiac muscle
 Smooth muscle

Muscle Tissue
Types:
 Skeletal muscle
 Can be controlled
voluntarily
 Cells are striated
 Cells have more than
one nucleus
Figure 3.20a
 Cardiac muscle
 Involuntary
 Cells are striated
 One nucleus per cell
 Cells are attached to
other cells at
intercalated disks
Figure 3.20b
 Smooth muscle
 Involuntary
 No visible striations
 One nucleus per cell
 Surrounds hollow
organs
Figure 3.20c
Nervous Tissue
 Neurons and nerve

support cells
 Function is to send
impulses to other
areas of the body
 Irritability
 Conductivity
Figure 3.21
Tissue Repair
 Regeneration
 Replacement of destroyed tissue by the
same kind of cells
 Fibrosis
 Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue
(scar tissue)
 Determination of method
 Type of tissue damaged
 Severity of the injury
Events in Tissue Repair
 Capillaries become very permeable
 Introduce clotting proteins
 Wall off injured area
 Formation of granulation tissue
 Regeneration of surface epithelium

Regeneration of Tissues
 Tissues that regenerate easily
 Epithelial tissue
 bones
 Tissues that regenerate poorly
 Skeletal muscle
 Tendons and ligaments
 Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue
 Cardiac muscle
 Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord

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BODY TISSUES

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Neurons and nerve

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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