Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Nelson L. Maglanque, DMD, MAEd.

Lesson 5
The Skeletal System

First City Providential College

The Skeletal System
· Parts of the skeletal system
· Bones (skeleton)
· Joints
· Cartilages
· Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to
muscle)
· Divided into two divisions
· Axial skeleton
· Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle
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Functions of Bones

· Support of the body

· Protection of soft organs
· Movement due to attached skeletal
muscles
· Storage of minerals and fats
· Blood cell formation

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Bones of the Human Body
· The skeleton has 206 bones
· Two basic types of bone tissue
· Compact bone
· Homogeneous
· Spongy bone
· Small needle-like
pieces of bone
· Many open spaces Figure 5.2b

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Classification of Bones

· Long bones
· Typically longer than wide
· Have a shaft with heads at both ends
· Contain mostly compact bone
• Examples: Femur, humerus

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Classification of Bones

· Short bones
· Generally cube-shape
· Contain mostly spongy bone
· Examples: Carpals, tarsals

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Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape

Figure 5.1

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Classification of Bones

· Flat bones
· Thin and flattened
· Usually curved
· Thin layers of compact bone around a layer
of spongy bone
· Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum

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Classification of Bones

· Irregular bones
· Irregular shape
· Do not fit into other bone classification
categories
· Example: Vertebrae and hip

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Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape

Figure 5.1

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Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone

· Diaphysis
· Shaft
· Composed of
compact bone
· Epiphysis
· Ends of the bone
· Composed mostly of
spongy bone
Figure 5.2a

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Structures of a Long Bone
· Periosteum
· Outside covering of
the diaphysis
· Fibrous connective
tissue membrane
· Sharpey’s fibers
· Secure periosteum to
underlying bone
· Arteries
· Supply bone cells
with nutrients Figure 5.2c

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Structures of a Long Bone

· Articular cartilage
· Covers the
external surface of
the epiphyses
· Made of hyaline
cartilage
· Decreases friction
at joint surfaces
Figure 5.2a

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Structures of a Long Bone

· Medullary cavity
· Cavity of the shaft
· Contains yellow
marrow (mostly fat)
in adults
· Contains red marrow
(for blood cell
formation) in infants
Figure 5.2a

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Bone Markings - Page 119
· Surface features of bones
· Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons,
and ligaments
· Passages for nerves and blood vessels
· Categories of bone markings
· Projections and processes – grow out from the
bone surface
· Depressions or cavities – indentations
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
· Osteon (Haversian System)
· A unit of bone
· Central (Haversian) canal
· Opening in the center of an osteon
· Carries blood vessels and nerves
· Perforating (Volkman’s) canal
· Canal perpendicular to the central canal
· Carries blood vessels and nerves

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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

Figure 5.3

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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
· Lacunae
· Cavities containing
bone cells
(osteocytes)
· Arranged in
concentric rings
· Lamellae
· Rings around the
central canal
· Sites of lacunae Figure 5.3

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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

· Canaliculi
· Tiny canals
· Radiate from the
central canal to
lacunae
· Form a transport
system
Figure 5.3

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Changes in the Human Skeleton
· In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline
cartilage
· During development, much of this cartilage
is replaced by bone
· Cartilage remains in isolated areas
· Bridge of the nose
· Parts of ribs
· Joints
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Bone Growth

· Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long

bone during childhood
· New cartilage is continuously formed
· Older cartilage becomes ossified
· Cartilage is broken down
· Bone replaces cartilage

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Bone Growth

· Bones are remodeled and lengthened

until growth stops
· Bones change shape somewhat
· Bones grow in width

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Long Bone Formation and Growth

Figure 5.4a

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Types of Bone Cells
· Osteocytes
· Mature bone cells
· Osteoblasts
· Bone-forming cells
· Osteoclasts
· Bone-destroying cells
· Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium
· Bone remodeling is a process by both
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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Bone Fractures
· A break in a bone
· Types of bone fractures
· Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not
penetrate the skin
· Open (compound) fracture – broken bone
penetrates through the skin
· Bone fractures are treated by reduction
and immobilization
· Realignment of the bone
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Common Types of Fractures

Table 5.2

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Repair of Bone Fractures
· Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is
formed
· Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to
form a callus
· Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a
bony callus
· Bony callus is remodeled to form a
permanent patch
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Stages in the Healing of a Bone
Fracture

Figure 5.5

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The Axial Skeleton

· Forms the longitudinal part of the body

· Divided into three parts
· Skull
· Vertebral column
· Bony thorax

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The Axial Skeleton

Figure 5.6
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The Skull

· Two sets of bones

· Cranium
· Facial bones
· Bones are joined by sutures
· Only the mandible is attached by a
freely movable joint

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The Skull

Figure 5.7

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Bones of the Skull

Figure 5.11

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Human Skull, Superior View

Figure 5.8

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Human Skull, Inferior View

Figure 5.9

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Paranasal Sinuses
· Hollow portions of bones surrounding
the nasal cavity

Figure 5.10

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Paranasal Sinuses
· Functions of paranasal sinuses
· Lighten the skull
· Give resonance and amplification to voice

Figure 5.10

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The Hyoid Bone

· The only bone that

does not articulate
with another bone

· Serves as a
moveable base for
the tongue

Figure 5.12
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The Fetal Skull

· The fetal skull is

large compared
to the infants
total body length

Figure 5.13

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The Fetal Skull
· Fontanelles –
fibrous membranes
connecting the
cranial bones
· Allow the brain
to grow
· Convert to bone
within 24 months
after birth
Figure 5.13

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The Vertebral Column
· Vertebrae
separated by
intervertebral discs
· The spine has a
normal curvature
· Each vertebrae is
given a name
according to its
location Figure 5.14

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Structure of a Typical Vertebrae

Figure 5.16

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The Bony Thorax
· Forms a
cage to
protect
major
organs

Figure 5.19a

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The Bony Thorax
· Made-up of
three parts
· Sternum
· Ribs
· Thoracic
vertebrae

Figure 5.19a

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The Appendicular Skeleton

· Limbs (appendages)
· Pectoral girdle
· Pelvic girdle

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The Appendicular Skeleton

Figure 5.6c
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The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle

· Composed of two bones

· Clavicle – collarbone
· Scapula – shoulder blade
· These bones allow the upper limb to
have exceptionally free movement

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Bones of the Shoulder Girdle

Figure 5.20a, b
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Bones of the Upper Limb

· The arm is
formed by a
single bone
· Humerus

Figure 5.21a, b
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Bones of the Upper Limb

• The forearm
has two bones
• Ulna
• Radius

Figure 5.21c
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Bones of the Upper Limb

· The hand
· Carpals – wrist
· Metacarpals –
palm
· Phalanges –
fingers

Figure 5.22

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Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
· Hip bones
· Composed of three pair of fused bones
· Ilium
· Ischium
· Pubic bone
· The total weight of the upper body rests on the
pelvis
· Protects several organs
· Reproductive organs
· Urinary bladder
· Part of the large intestine

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The Pelvis

Figure 5.23a

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Gender Differences of the Pelvis

Figure 5.23c

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Bones of the Lower Limbs

· The thigh has

one bone
· Femur – thigh
bone

Figure 5.35a, b

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Bones of the Lower Limbs

· The leg has

two bones
· Tibia
· Fibula

Figure 5.35c

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Bones of the Lower Limbs

· The foot
· Tarsus – ankle
· Metatarsals –
sole
· Phalanges –
toes

Figure 5.25

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Joints
· Articulations of bones
· Functions of joints
· Hold bones together
· Allow for mobility
· Ways joints are classified
· Functionally
· Structurally
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Functional Classification of Joints

· Synarthroses – immovable joints

· Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable
joints
· Diarthroses – freely moveable joints

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Structural Classification of Joints

· Fibrous joints
· Generally immovable
· Cartilaginous joints
· Immovable or slightly moveable
· Synovial joints
· Freely moveable

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Fibrous Joints
· Bones united by fibrous tissue –
synarthrosis or largely immovable.

Figure 5.27d, e

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Cartilaginous Joints – mostly
amphiarthrosis
· Bones connected by cartilage
· Examples
· Pubic
symphysis
· Intervertebral
joints

Figure 5.27b, c

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Synovial Joints

· Articulating
bones are
separated by a
joint cavity
· Synovial fluid
is found in the
joint cavity
Figure 5.27f–h

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Features of Synovial Joints-
Diarthroses
· Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
covers the ends of bones
· Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous
articular capsule
· Have a joint cavity filled with synovial
fluid
· Ligaments reinforce the joint
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Structures Associated with the
Synovial Joint
· Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs
· Lined with synovial membranes
· Filled with synovial fluid
· Not actually part of the joint
· Tendon sheath
· Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

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The Synovial Joint

Figure 5.28

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Types of Synovial Joints Based on
Shape

Figure 5.29a–c

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Types of Synovial Joints Based on
Shape

Figure 5.29d–f

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Inflammatory Conditions
Associated with Joints
· Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually
caused by a blow or friction
· Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
· Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative
diseases of joints
· Over 100 different types
· The most widespread crippling disease in the
United States

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Clinical Forms of Arthritis
· Osteoarthritis
· Most common chronic arthritis
· Probably related to normal aging processes
· Rheumatoid arthritis
· An autoimmune disease – the immune system
attacks the joints
· Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of
certain joints
· Often leads to deformities
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Clinical Forms of Arthritis

· Gouty Arthritis
· Inflammation of joints is caused by a
deposition of urate crystals from the blood
· Can usually be controlled with diet

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