6 Muscular

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 6
The Muscular System

Slides 6.1 6.17
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings
The Muscular System
Muscles are responsible for all types of

body movement
Three basic muscle types are found in
the body
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.1

Characteristics of Muscles
Muscle cells are elongated

(muscle cell = muscle fiber)
Contraction of muscles is due to the
movement of microfilaments
All muscles share some terminology
Prefix myo refers to muscle
Prefix mys refers to muscle
Prefix sarco refers to flesh
Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
Most are attached by tendons to bones

Cells are multinucleate
Striated have visible banding
Voluntary subject to conscious control
Cells are surrounded and bundled by
connective tissue

Connective Tissue Wrappings of
Skeletal Muscle
Endomysium
around single
muscle fiber
Perimysium
around a
fascicle
(bundle) of
fibers Figure 6.1
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.4a

Connective Tissue Wrappings of
Skeletal Muscle
Epimysium
covers the
entire skeletal
muscle
Fascia on the
outside of the
epimysium
Figure 6.1
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.4b

Skeletal Muscle Attachments
Epimysium blends into a connective

tissue attachment
Tendon cord-like structure
Aponeuroses sheet-like structure
Sites of muscle attachment
Bones
Cartilages
Connective tissue coverings
Smooth Muscle Characteristics
Has no striations
Spindle-shaped
cells
Single nucleus
Involuntary no
conscious control
Found mainly in
the walls of hollow
organs Figure 6.2a

Cardiac Muscle Characteristics
Has striations
Usually has a
single nucleus
Joined to another
muscle cell at an
intercalated disc
Involuntary
Found only in the
heart Figure 6.2b

Function of Muscles
Produce movement
Maintain posture
Stabilize joints
Generate heat

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle
Cells are multinucleate

Nuclei are just beneath the sarcolemma
Figure 6.3a

Muscle
Sarcolemma specialized plasma
membrane
Sarcoplasmic reticulum specialized
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Figure 6.3a

Muscle
Myofibril
Bundles of myofilaments
Myofibrils are aligned to give distinct bands
I band =
light band
A band =
dark band
Figure 6.3b

Muscle
Sarcomere
Contractile unit of a muscle fiber
Figure 6.3b

Muscle
Organization of the sarcomere
Thick filaments = myosin filaments
Composed of the protein myosin
Has ATPase enzymes
Figure 6.3c

Muscle
Organization of the sarcomere
Thin filaments = actin filaments
Composed of the protein actin
Figure 6.3c

Muscle
Myosin filaments have heads
(extensions, or cross bridges)
Myosin and
actin overlap
somewhat
Figure 6.3d

Muscle
At rest, there is a bare zone that lacks
actin filaments
Sarcoplasmic
reticulum
(SR) for
storage of
calcium
Figure 6.3d

Properties of Skeletal Muscle
Activity
Irritability ability to receive and

respond to a stimulus
Contractility ability to shorten when an
adequate stimulus is received

Nerve Stimulus to Muscles
Skeletal
muscles must
be stimulated
by a nerve to
contract
Motor unit
One neuron
Muscle cells
stimulated by
that neuron Figure 6.4a

Neuromuscular
junctions
association site
of nerve and
muscle
Figure 6.5b

Synaptic cleft
gap between
nerve and
muscle
Nerve and
muscle do not
make contact
Area between
nerve and muscle
is filled with
interstitial fluid Figure 6.5b

Transmission of Nerve Impulse to
Muscle
Neurotransmitter chemical released
by nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse
The neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle is
acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter attaches to receptors
on the sarcolemma
Sarcolemma becomes permeable to
sodium (Na+)
Transmission of Nerve Impulse to
Muscle
Sodium rushing into the cell generates

an action potential
Once started, muscle contraction cannot
be stopped

The Sliding Filament Theory of
Muscle Contraction
Activation by nerve
causes myosin
heads
(crossbridges) to
attach to binding
sites on the thin
filament
Myosin heads then
bind to the next site
of the thin filament Figure 6.7
The Sliding Filament Theory of
Muscle Contraction
This continued
action causes a
sliding of the myosin
along the actin
The result is that the
muscle is shortened
(contracted)
Figure 6.7 Slide 6.17b

Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 6
The Muscular System
Slides 6.18 6.31

The Sliding Filament Theory
Figure 6.8

Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle
Muscle fiber contraction is all or none

Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers
may be stimulated during the same
interval
Different combinations of muscle fiber
contractions may give differing
responses
Graded responses different degrees
of skeletal muscle shortening
Types of Graded Responses
Twitch
Single, brief contraction
Not a normal muscle function
Figure 6.9a, b

Tetanus (summing of contractions)

One contraction is immediately followed by
another
The muscle does
not completely
return to a
resting state
The effects
are added
Figure 6.9a, b

Unfused (incomplete) tetanus

Some relaxation occurs between
contractions
The results are summed
Figure 6.9a, b
Figure 6.9c,d
Fused (complete) tetanus

No evidence of relaxation before the
following contractions
The result is a sustained muscle contraction
Figure 6.9a, b
Figure 6.9c,d
Muscle Response to Strong Stimuli
Muscle force depends upon the number

of fibers stimulated
More fibers contracting results in greater
muscle tension
Muscles can continue to contract unless
they run out of energy

Energy for Muscle Contraction
Initially, muscles used stored ATP for

energy
Bonds of ATP are broken to release energy
Only 4-6 seconds worth of ATP is stored by
muscles
After this initial time, other pathways
must be utilized to produce ATP

Direct phosphorylation
Muscle cells contain creatine
phosphate (CP)
CP is a high-energy
molecule
After ATP is depleted, ADP is
left
CP transfers energy to ADP,
to regenerate ATP
CP supplies are exhausted in
about 20 seconds
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Figure 6.10a Slide 6.24
Aerobic Respiration
Series of metabolic
pathways that occur in
the mitochondria
Glucose is broken down
to carbon dioxide and
water, releasing energy
This is a slower reaction
that requires continuous
oxygen
Figure 6.10c Slide 6.25
Anaerobic glycolysis
Reaction that breaks
down glucose without
oxygen
Glucose is broken down
to pyruvic acid to
produce some ATP
Pyruvic acid is
converted to lactic acid
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Figure 6.10b Slide 6.26a
Anaerobic glycolysis
(continued)
This reaction is not as
efficient, but is fast
Huge amounts of
glucose are needed
Lactic acid produces
muscle fatigue
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Figure 6.10b Slide 6.26b
Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt
When a muscle is fatigued, it is unable to
contract
The common reason for muscle fatigue is
oxygen debt
Oxygen must be repaid to tissue to remove
oxygen debt
Oxygen is required to get rid of accumulated
lactic acid
Increasing acidity (from lactic acid) and lack
of ATP causes the muscle to contract less
Types of Muscle Contractions
Isotonic contractions
Myofilaments are able to slide past each
other during contractions
The muscle shortens
Isometric contractions
Tension in the muscles increases
The muscle is unable to shorten

Muscle Tone
Some fibers are contracted even in a

relaxed muscle
Different fibers contract at different
times to provide muscle tone
The process of stimulating various fibers
is under involuntary control

Muscles and Body Movements
Movement is
attained due to a
muscle moving
an attached
bone
Figure 6.12

Muscles and Body Movements
Muscles are
attached to at
least two points
Origin
attachment to an
immoveable bone
Insertion
attachment to a
movable bone Figure 6.12

Effects of Exercise on Muscle
Results of increased muscle use

Increase in muscle size
Increase in muscle strength
Increase in muscle efficiency
Muscle becomes more fatigue resistant

Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 6
The Muscular System
Slides 6.32 6.44

Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Abduction
Circumduction

Body Movements
Figure 6.13

Special Movements
Dorsifelxion
Plantar flexion
Inversion
Eversion
Supination
Pronation
Opposition
Types of Muscles
Prime mover muscle with the major

responsibility for a certain movement
Antagonist muscle that opposes or
reverses a prime mover
Synergist muscle that aids a prime
mover in a movement and helps prevent
rotation
Fixator stabilizes the origin of a prime
mover
Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Location of the muscles origin and

insertion
Example: sterno (on the sternum)
Shape of the muscle
Example: deltoid (triangular)
Action of the muscle
Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or
extends a bone)
Direction of muscle fibers

Example: rectus (straight)
Relative size of the muscle
Example: maximus (largest)

Location of the muscle

Example: many muscles are named
for bones (e.g., temporalis)
Number of origins
Example: triceps (three heads)

Head and Neck Muscles
Figure 6.14

Trunk Muscles
Figure 6.15
Deep Trunk and Arm Muscles
Figure 6.16
Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh
Figure 6.18c
Muscles of the Lower Leg
Figure 6.19
Superficial Muscles: Anterior
Figure 6.20

Superficial Muscles: Posterior
Figure 6.21

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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Slides 6.1 6.17

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

Muscles are responsible for all types of

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.1

Muscle cells are elongated

Most are attached by tendons to bones

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.3

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.4a

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.4b

Epimysium blends into a connective

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.6

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.7

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.8

Cells are multinucleate

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.9a

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.9b

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.10a

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.10b

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.11a

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.11b

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.12a

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.12b

Irritability ability to receive and

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.13

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.14

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.15a

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.15b

Sodium rushing into the cell generates

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.16b

Figure 6.7 Slide 6.17b

Slides 6.18 6.31

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.18

Muscle fiber contraction is all or none

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.20a

Tetanus (summing of contractions)

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.20b

Unfused (incomplete) tetanus

Fused (complete) tetanus

Muscle force depends upon the number

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.22

Initially, muscles used stored ATP for

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.23

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.28

Some fibers are contracted even in a

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.29

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.30a

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.30b

Results of increased muscle use

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.31

Slides 6.32 6.44

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.32

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.33

Prime mover muscle with the major

Location of the muscles origin and

Direction of muscle fibers

Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings Slide 6.36a

Location of the muscle