Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 8
Special Senses
Slides 8.1 – 8.19
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Senses
General senses of touch
Temperature
Pressure
Pain
Special senses
Smell
Taste
Sight
Hearing
Equilibrium
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.1
The Eye and Vision
70 percent of all sensory receptors are
in the eyes
Each eye has over a million nerve fibers
Protection for the eye
Most of the eye is enclosed in a bony orbit
A cushion of fat surrounds most of the eye
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.2
Accessory Structures of the Eye
Eyelids
Eyelashes
Figure 8.1b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.3a
Accessory Structures of the Eye
Meibomian glands –
modified
sebacious
glands
produce an
oily secretion
to lubricate
the eye
Figure 8.1b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.3b
Accessory Structures of the Eye
Ciliary glands –
modified
sweat glands
between the
eyelashes
Figure 8.1b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.3c
Accessory Structures of the Eye
Conjunctiva
Membrane that lines the eyelids
Connects to the surface of the eye
Secretes mucus to lubricate the eye
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.4a
Accessory Structures of the Eye
Lacrimal
apparatus
Lacrimal gland –
produces lacrimal
fluid
Lacrimal canals –
drains lacrimal
fluid from eyes
Figure 8.1a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.4b
Accessory Structures of the Eye
Lacrimal sac –
provides
passage of
lacrimal fluid
towards nasal
cavity
Figure 8.1a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.4c
Accessory Structures of the Eye
Nasolacrimal
duct – empties
lacrimal fluid into
the nasal cavity
Figure 8.1a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.4d
Function of the Lacrimal Apparatus
Properties of lacrimal fluid
Dilute salt solution (tears)
Contains antibodies and lysozyme
Protects, moistens, and lubricates the
eye
Empties into the nasal cavity
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.5
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Muscles attach to the outer surface of
the eye
Produce eye movements
Figure 8.2
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.6
Structure of the Eye
The wall is composed of three tunics
Fibrous tunic –
outside layer
Choroid –
middle
layer
Sensory
tunic –
inside
layer
Figure 8.3a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.7
The Fibrous Tunic
Sclera
White connective tissue layer
Seen anteriorly as the “white of the eye”
Cornea
Transparent, central anterior portion
Allows for light to pass through
Repairs itself easily
The only human tissue that can be
transplanted without fear of rejection
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.8
Choroid Layer
Blood-rich nutritive tunic
Pigment prevents light from scattering
Modified interiorly into two structures
Cilliary body – smooth muscle
Iris
Pigmented layer that gives eye color
Pupil – rounded opening in the iris
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.9
Sensory Tunic (Retina)
Contains receptor cells (photoreceptors)
Rods
Cones
Signals pass from photoreceptors via a
two-neuron chain
Bipolar neurons
Ganglion cells
Signals leave the retina toward the brain
through the optic nerve
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.10
Neurons of the Retina
Figure 8.4
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.11
Neurons of the Retina and Vision
Rods
Most are found towards the edges of the
retina
Allow dim light vision and peripheral vision
Perception is all in gray tones
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.12a
Neurons of the Retina and Vision
Cones
Allow for detailed color vision
Densest in the center of the retina
Fovea centralis – area of the retina with
only cones
No photoreceptor cells are at the
optic disk, or blind spot
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.12b
Cone Sensitivity
There are three
types of cones
Different cones
are sensitive to
different
wavelengths
Color blindness is
the result of lack
of one cone type
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.6 Slide 8.13
Lens
Biconvex crystal-like structure
Held in place by a suspensory ligament
attached to the ciliary body
Figure 8.3a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.14
Internal Eye Chamber Fluids
Aqueous humor
Watery fluid found in chamber between the
lens and cornea
Similar to blood plasma
Helps maintain intraocular pressure
Provides nutrients for the lens and cornea
Reabsorbed into venous blood through the
canal of Schlemm
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.15a
Internal Eye Chamber Fluids
Vitreous humor
Gel-like substance behind the lens
Keeps the eye from collapsing
Lasts a lifetime and is not replaced
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.15b
Lens Accommodation
Light must be
focused to a point
on the retina for
optimal vision
The eye is set for
distance vision
(over 20 ft away)
The lens must
change shape to
focus for closer
objects
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.9 Slide 8.16
Images Formed on the Retina
Figure 8.10
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.17
Visual Pathway
Photoreceptors of
the retina
Optic nerve
Optic nerve crosses
at the optic chiasma
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.11 Slide 8.18a
Visual Pathway
Optic tracts
Thalamus (axons
form optic radiation)
Visula cortex of the
occipital lobe
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.11 Slide 8.18b
Eye Reflexes
Internal muscles are controlled by the
autonomic nervous system
Bright light causes pupils to constrict
through action of radial and ciliary muscles
Viewing close objects causes
accommodation
External muscles control eye movement
to follow objects
Viewing close objects causes
convergence (eyes moving medially)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.19
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 8
Special Senses
Slides 8.20 – 8.26
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Ear
Houses two senses
Hearing
Equilibrium (balance)
Receptors are mechanoreceptors
Different organs house receptors for
each sense
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.20
Anatomy of the Ear
The ear is divided into three areas
Outer
(external)
ear
Middle
ear
Inner
ear
Figure 8.12
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.21
The External Ear
Involved in
hearing only
Structures of
the external
ear
Pinna
(auricle)
External
auditory canal Figure 8.12
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.22
The External Auditory Canal
Narrow chamber in the temporal bone
Lined with skin
Ceruminous (wax) glands are present
Ends at the tympanic membrane
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.23
Bones of the Tympanic Cavity
Three bones
span the cavity
Malleus
(hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrip)
Figure 8.12
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.25a
The Middle Ear or Tympanic Cavity
Air-filled cavity within the temporal bone
Only involved in the sense of hearing
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.24a
The Middle Ear or Tympanic Cavity
Two tubes are associated with the inner
ear
The opening from the auditory canal is
covered by the tympanic membrane
The auditory tube connecting the middle ear
with the throat
Allows for equalizing pressure during yawning
or swallowing
This tube is otherwise collapsed
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.24b
Bones of the Tympanic Cavity
Vibrations from
eardrum move
the malleus
These bones
transfer sound
to the inner ear
Figure 8.12
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.25b
Inner Ear or Bony Labyrinth
Includes sense organs for hearing and
balance
Filled with
perilymph
Figure 8.12
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.26a
Inner Ear or Bony Labrynth
A maze of bony chambers within the
temporal bone
Cochlea
Vestibule
Semicircular
canals
Figure 8.12
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.26b
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 8
Special Senses
Slides 8.27 – 8.42
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organs of Hearing
Organ of Corti
Located within the cochlea
Receptors = hair cells on the basilar
membrane
Gel-like tectorial membrane is capable of
bending hair cells
Cochlear nerve attached to hair cells
transmits nerve impulses to auditory cortex
on temporal lobe
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.27a
Organs of Hearing
Figure 8.13
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.27b
Mechanisms of Hearing
Vibrations from sound waves move
tectorial membrane
Hair cells are bent by the membrane
An action potential starts in the cochlear
nerve
Continued stimulation can lead to
adaptation
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.28
Mechanisms of Hearing
Figure 8.14
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.29
Organs of Equilibrium
Receptor cells are in two structures
Vestibule
Semicircular canals
Figure 8.16a, b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.30a
Organs of Equilibrium
Equilibrium has two functional parts
Static equilibrium
Dynamic equilibrium
Figure 8.16a, b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.30b
Static Equilibrium
Maculae – receptors in the vestibule
Report on the position of the head
Send information via the vestibular nerve
Anatomy of the maculae
Hair cells are embedded in the otolithic
membrane
Otoliths (tiny stones) float in a gel around
the hair cells
Movements cause otoliths to bend the hair
cells
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.31
Dynamic Equilibrium
Action of angular head
movements
The cupula stimulates the
hair cells
An impulse is sent via the
vestibular nerve to the
cerebellum
Figure 8.16c
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.33b
Function of Maculae
Figure 8.15
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.32
Dynamic Equilibrium
Crista ampullaris –
receptors in the
semicircular canals
Tuft of hair cells
Cupula (gelatinous cap)
covers the hair cells
Figure 8.16c
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.33a
Chemical Senses – Taste and
Smell
Both senses use chemoreceptors
Stimulated by chemicals in solution
Taste has four types of receptors
Smell can differentiate a large range of
chemicals
Both senses complement each other
and respond to many of the same
stimuli
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.34
Olfaction – The Sense of Smell
Olfactory receptors are in the roof of the
nasal cavity
Neurons with long cilia
Chemicals must be dissolved in mucus for
detection
Impulses are transmitted via the
olfactory nerve
Interpretation of smells is made in the
cortex
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.35
Olfactory Epithelium
Figure 8.17
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.36
The Sense of Taste
Taste buds
house the
receptor
organs
Location of
taste buds
Most are on
the tongue
Soft palate
Cheeks Figure 8.18a, b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.37
The Tongue and Taste
The tongue is covered with projections
called papillae
Filiform papillae – sharp with no taste buds
Fungifiorm papillae – rounded with taste
buds
Circumvallate papillae – large papillae with
taste buds
Taste buds are found on the sides of
papillae
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.38
Structure of Taste Buds
Gustatory cells are the receptors
Have gustatory hairs (long microvilli)
Hairs are stimulated by chemicals
dissolved in saliva
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.39a
Structure of Taste Buds
Impulses are carried to the gustatory
complex by several cranial nerves
because taste buds are found in
different areas
Facial nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.39b
Anatomy of Taste Buds
Figure 8.18
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.40
Taste Sensations
Sweet receptors
Sugars
Saccharine
Some amino acids
Sour receptors
Acids
Bitter receptors
Alkaloids
Salty receptors
Metal ions
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.41
Developmental Aspects of the
Special Senses
Formed early in embryonic development
Eyes are outgrowths of the brain
All special senses are functional at birth
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.42
