Chapter 8

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 8
Special Senses

Slides 8.1 – 8.19
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Senses
 General senses of touch
 Temperature
 Pressure
 Pain
 Special senses
 Smell
 Taste
 Sight
 Hearing
 Equilibrium
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.1
The Eye and Vision
 70 percent of all sensory receptors are

in the eyes
 Each eye has over a million nerve fibers
 Protection for the eye
 Most of the eye is enclosed in a bony orbit
 A cushion of fat surrounds most of the eye
Accessory Structures of the Eye
 Eyelids
 Eyelashes
Figure 8.1b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.3a
 Meibomian glands –
modified
sebacious
glands
produce an
oily secretion
to lubricate
the eye
Figure 8.1b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.3b
 Ciliary glands –
modified
sweat glands
between the
eyelashes
Figure 8.1b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.3c
 Conjunctiva
 Membrane that lines the eyelids
 Connects to the surface of the eye
 Secretes mucus to lubricate the eye
 Lacrimal
apparatus
 Lacrimal gland –
produces lacrimal
fluid
 Lacrimal canals –
drains lacrimal
fluid from eyes
Figure 8.1a
 Lacrimal sac –
provides
passage of
lacrimal fluid
towards nasal
cavity
Figure 8.1a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.4c
 Nasolacrimal
duct – empties
lacrimal fluid into
the nasal cavity
Figure 8.1a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.4d
Function of the Lacrimal Apparatus
 Properties of lacrimal fluid

 Dilute salt solution (tears)
 Contains antibodies and lysozyme
 Protects, moistens, and lubricates the
eye
 Empties into the nasal cavity
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
 Muscles attach to the outer surface of
the eye
 Produce eye movements
Figure 8.2
Structure of the Eye
 The wall is composed of three tunics
 Fibrous tunic –
outside layer
 Choroid –
middle
layer
 Sensory
tunic –
inside
layer
Figure 8.3a
The Fibrous Tunic
 Sclera
 White connective tissue layer
 Seen anteriorly as the “white of the eye”
 Cornea
 Transparent, central anterior portion
 Allows for light to pass through
 Repairs itself easily
 The only human tissue that can be
transplanted without fear of rejection
Choroid Layer
 Blood-rich nutritive tunic

 Pigment prevents light from scattering
 Modified interiorly into two structures
 Cilliary body – smooth muscle
 Iris
 Pigmented layer that gives eye color
 Pupil – rounded opening in the iris
Sensory Tunic (Retina)
 Contains receptor cells (photoreceptors)
 Rods
 Cones
 Signals pass from photoreceptors via a
two-neuron chain
 Bipolar neurons
 Ganglion cells
 Signals leave the retina toward the brain
through the optic nerve
Neurons of the Retina
Figure 8.4
Neurons of the Retina and Vision
 Rods
 Most are found towards the edges of the
retina
 Allow dim light vision and peripheral vision
 Perception is all in gray tones
Neurons of the Retina and Vision
 Cones
 Allow for detailed color vision
 Densest in the center of the retina
 Fovea centralis – area of the retina with
only cones
 No photoreceptor cells are at the
optic disk, or blind spot
Cone Sensitivity
 There are three
types of cones
 Different cones
are sensitive to
different
wavelengths
 Color blindness is
the result of lack
of one cone type
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.6 Slide 8.13
Lens
 Biconvex crystal-like structure
 Held in place by a suspensory ligament
attached to the ciliary body
Figure 8.3a
Internal Eye Chamber Fluids
 Aqueous humor
 Watery fluid found in chamber between the
lens and cornea
 Similar to blood plasma
 Helps maintain intraocular pressure
 Provides nutrients for the lens and cornea
 Reabsorbed into venous blood through the
canal of Schlemm
Internal Eye Chamber Fluids
 Vitreous humor
 Gel-like substance behind the lens
 Keeps the eye from collapsing
 Lasts a lifetime and is not replaced
Lens Accommodation
 Light must be
focused to a point
on the retina for
optimal vision
 The eye is set for
distance vision
(over 20 ft away)
 The lens must
change shape to
focus for closer
objects
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.9 Slide 8.16
Images Formed on the Retina
Figure 8.10
Visual Pathway
 Photoreceptors of
the retina
 Optic nerve
 Optic nerve crosses
at the optic chiasma
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.11 Slide 8.18a
Visual Pathway
 Optic tracts
 Thalamus (axons
form optic radiation)
 Visula cortex of the
occipital lobe
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.11 Slide 8.18b
Eye Reflexes
 Internal muscles are controlled by the
autonomic nervous system
 Bright light causes pupils to constrict
through action of radial and ciliary muscles
 Viewing close objects causes
accommodation
 External muscles control eye movement
to follow objects
 Viewing close objects causes
convergence (eyes moving medially)
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 8
Special Senses
Slides 8.20 – 8.26

The Ear
 Houses two senses

 Hearing
 Equilibrium (balance)
 Receptors are mechanoreceptors
 Different organs house receptors for
each sense
Anatomy of the Ear
 The ear is divided into three areas
 Outer
(external)
ear
 Middle
ear
 Inner
ear
Figure 8.12
The External Ear
 Involved in
hearing only
 Structures of
the external
ear
 Pinna
(auricle)
 External
auditory canal Figure 8.12
The External Auditory Canal
 Narrow chamber in the temporal bone

 Lined with skin
 Ceruminous (wax) glands are present
 Ends at the tympanic membrane
Bones of the Tympanic Cavity
 Three bones
span the cavity
 Malleus
(hammer)
 Incus (anvil)
 Stapes (stirrip)
Figure 8.12
The Middle Ear or Tympanic Cavity
 Air-filled cavity within the temporal bone

 Only involved in the sense of hearing
The Middle Ear or Tympanic Cavity
 Two tubes are associated with the inner

ear
 The opening from the auditory canal is
covered by the tympanic membrane
 The auditory tube connecting the middle ear
with the throat
 Allows for equalizing pressure during yawning
or swallowing
 This tube is otherwise collapsed
Bones of the Tympanic Cavity
 Vibrations from
eardrum move
the malleus
 These bones
transfer sound
to the inner ear
Figure 8.12
Inner Ear or Bony Labyrinth
 Includes sense organs for hearing and
balance
 Filled with
perilymph
Figure 8.12
Inner Ear or Bony Labrynth
 A maze of bony chambers within the
temporal bone
 Cochlea
 Vestibule
 Semicircular
canals
Figure 8.12
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 8
Special Senses
Slides 8.27 – 8.42

Organs of Hearing
 Organ of Corti
 Located within the cochlea
 Receptors = hair cells on the basilar
membrane
 Gel-like tectorial membrane is capable of
bending hair cells
 Cochlear nerve attached to hair cells
transmits nerve impulses to auditory cortex
on temporal lobe
Organs of Hearing
Figure 8.13
Mechanisms of Hearing
 Vibrations from sound waves move

tectorial membrane
 Hair cells are bent by the membrane
 An action potential starts in the cochlear
nerve
 Continued stimulation can lead to
adaptation
Mechanisms of Hearing
Figure 8.14
Organs of Equilibrium
 Receptor cells are in two structures
 Vestibule
 Semicircular canals
Figure 8.16a, b
Organs of Equilibrium
 Equilibrium has two functional parts
 Static equilibrium
 Dynamic equilibrium
Figure 8.16a, b
Static Equilibrium
 Maculae – receptors in the vestibule
 Report on the position of the head
 Send information via the vestibular nerve
 Anatomy of the maculae
 Hair cells are embedded in the otolithic
membrane
 Otoliths (tiny stones) float in a gel around
the hair cells
 Movements cause otoliths to bend the hair
cells
Dynamic Equilibrium
 Action of angular head

movements
 The cupula stimulates the
hair cells
 An impulse is sent via the
vestibular nerve to the
cerebellum
Figure 8.16c
Function of Maculae
Figure 8.15
Dynamic Equilibrium
 Crista ampullaris –
receptors in the
semicircular canals
 Tuft of hair cells
 Cupula (gelatinous cap)
covers the hair cells
Figure 8.16c
Chemical Senses – Taste and
Smell
 Both senses use chemoreceptors
 Stimulated by chemicals in solution
 Taste has four types of receptors
 Smell can differentiate a large range of
chemicals
 Both senses complement each other
and respond to many of the same
stimuli
Olfaction – The Sense of Smell
 Olfactory receptors are in the roof of the
nasal cavity
 Neurons with long cilia
 Chemicals must be dissolved in mucus for
detection
 Impulses are transmitted via the
olfactory nerve
 Interpretation of smells is made in the
cortex
Olfactory Epithelium
Figure 8.17
The Sense of Taste
 Taste buds
house the
receptor
organs
 Location of
taste buds
 Most are on
the tongue
 Soft palate
 Cheeks Figure 8.18a, b
The Tongue and Taste
 The tongue is covered with projections
called papillae
 Filiform papillae – sharp with no taste buds
 Fungifiorm papillae – rounded with taste
buds
 Circumvallate papillae – large papillae with
taste buds
 Taste buds are found on the sides of
papillae
Structure of Taste Buds
 Gustatory cells are the receptors

 Have gustatory hairs (long microvilli)
 Hairs are stimulated by chemicals
dissolved in saliva
Structure of Taste Buds
 Impulses are carried to the gustatory

complex by several cranial nerves
because taste buds are found in
different areas
 Facial nerve
 Glossopharyngeal nerve
 Vagus nerve
Anatomy of Taste Buds
Figure 8.18
Taste Sensations
 Sweet receptors
 Sugars
 Saccharine
 Some amino acids
 Sour receptors
 Acids
 Bitter receptors
 Alkaloids
 Salty receptors
 Metal ions
Developmental Aspects of the
Special Senses
 Formed early in embryonic development

 Eyes are outgrowths of the brain
 All special senses are functional at birth

Chapter 8

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 8

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 8

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Slides 8.1 – 8.19

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

 70 percent of all sensory receptors are

 Properties of lacrimal fluid

 Blood-rich nutritive tunic

Slides 8.20 – 8.26

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

 Houses two senses

 Narrow chamber in the temporal bone

 Air-filled cavity within the temporal bone

 Two tubes are associated with the inner

Slides 8.27 – 8.42

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

 Vibrations from sound waves move

 Action of angular head

 Gustatory cells are the receptors

 Impulses are carried to the gustatory

 Formed early in embryonic development

You might also like