The Skeletal System: Essentials

5 The Skeletal System

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University

ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
EIGHTH EDITION

ELAINE N. MARIEB
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Skeletal System
 Parts of the skeletal system
1. Bones (skeleton) 3. Ligaments
2. Joints 4. Cartilages
 Divided into two divisions
1. Axial skeleton head, neck, & trunk
2. Appendicular skeleton limbs,
pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle.

Functions of Bones
 Support framework for body
 Protection of soft organs by skull, rib cage,
vertebrae
 Movement by attached muscles
 Storage of minerals & fats; most important
minerals are Ca+ & Phosphorus
 Blood cell formation – hematopoiesis, in
marrow

Bones of the Human Body
 The adult skeleton has 206 bones
 Two basic types of bone tissue
1. Compact bone
 Homogeneous - dense
2. Spongy bone
 Small needle-like pieces of bone
 Many open spaces
Figure 5.2b
Classification of Bones on the Basis of
Shape
Figure 5.1
Classification of Bones
 Long bones
a. Typically longer than wide
b. Have a shaft with heads at both ends and a
medullary cavity
c. Contain mostly compact bone
 Examples: femur, ulna, tibia, fibula,
phalanges (fingers & toes), metacarpals
(palm)

 Short bones
a. Generally cube-shape
b. Contain mostly spongy bone, no cavity
 Examples: carpals (wrist), tarsals (ankle)
 Sesamoid – special type of short bone
 a. Develop within tendons
 Example: patella (kneecap)

 Flat bones
a. Thin and flattened
b. Usually curved
c. Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of
spongy bone
 Examples: skull, ribs, sternum

 Irregular bones
a. Irregular shape
b. Do not fit into other bone classification
categories
 Example: vertebrae, coxal (hip), scapula
c. Two or more different shapes; not
specifically long or short.

Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
 Diaphysis
a. shaft
b. Composed of compact
bone
 Epiphysis
a. Ends of the bone
b. Composed mostly of
spongy bone
Figure 5.2a
Structures of a Long Bone
 Periosteum
a. Outside covering of
diaphysis
b. Fibrous connective tissue
membrane
 Sharpey’s fibers
a. Secure periosteum to
underlying bone
 Arteries
a. Supply bone cells with
nutrients
Figure 5.2c
 Articular cartilage
a. Covers the external
surface of the epiphyses
b. Made of hyaline
cartilage (slippery
surface)
c. Decreases friction at
joint surfaces
Figure 5.2a
 Medullary cavity
a. Cavity of the shaft
b. Contains yellow
marrow (stores fat) in
adults
c. Contains red marrow
(for blood cell
formation) in infants
Figure 5.2a
Bone Markings
 Surface features of bones
 Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, &
ligaments
 Passages for nerves & blood vessels
 Categories of bone markings
 Projections and processes – grow out from the
bone surface
 Depressions or cavities – indentations

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
 Osteon (Haversian System)
a. A unit of bone
 Central (Haversian) canal
a. Opening in the center of an osteon
b. Carries blood vessels and nerves
 Perforating (Volkman’s) canal
a. Canal perpendicular to the central canal
b. Carries blood vessels and nerves

Figure 5.3
 Lacunae
 Cavities containing bone
cells (osteocytes)
 Arranged in concentric
rings
 Lamellae
 Rings around the central
canal
 Sites of lacunae
Detail of Figure 5.3

 Canaliculi
 Tiny canals through
which bone cells
indirectly receive
nourishment
 Radiate from the
central canal to
lacunae
 Form a transport
system
Detail of Figure 5.3
Changes in the Human Skeleton
 In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline
cartilage
 During development, much of this cartilage is
replaced by bone
 Cartilage remains in isolated areas
a. Bridge of the nose
b. Parts of ribs
c. Joints

Developmental Aspects of the Skeletal System
 At birth, the skull bones are incomplete
 Bones are joined by fibrous membranes
called fontanelles (soft spots )
 Fontanelles are completely replaced with
bone within two years after birth.

Bone Growth
 Epiphyseal plates allow for growth (in length) of long bone
during childhood
a. New cartilage is continuously formed
b. Older cartilage becomes ossified
 Cartilage is broken down
 Bone replaces cartilage
 Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops
a. Bones change shape somewhat
b. Bones grow in width

Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4a
Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4b
Types of Bone Cells
 Osteocytes
a. Mature bone cells
 Osteoblasts
a. Bone-forming cells
 Osteoclasts
a. Bone-destroying cells
b. Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of
calcium (activity of osteoclasts increase when Ca+ levels
in blood drop.)
 Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and
osteoclasts.
Repair of Bone Fractures
1. Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed
(Blood Clot)
2. Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a
callus
3. Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony
callus
4. Bony callus is remodeled to form a
permanent patch

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Figure 5.5
The Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
 Axial - Forms the  Appendicular
longitudinal part of the
body 1. Limbs (appendages)
 Divided into three parts 2. Pectoral Girdle
1. Skull a. clavicle
2. Vertebral column b. scapula
3. Bony thorax (ribs, 3. Pelvic Girdle – (hips)

sternum) a. ilium
(4).Hyoid b. ischium
c. pubic

The Axial Skeleton
Figure 5.6

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5 The Skeletal System

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Detail of Figure 5.3

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Divided into three parts 2. Pectoral Girdle

2. Vertebral column b. scapula

3. Bony thorax (ribs, 3. Pelvic Girdle – (hips)

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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