Muscular System

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Chapter 6
The Muscular System

Slides 6.1 – 6.17

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry

L. Cook
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Learning Objectives: After the discussion the students will be able to:
● Describe similarities and differences in the structure and function of the

three types of muscle tissue, and indicate where they are found in the
body.
● Define and explain the role of the following: endomysium, perimysium,
epimysium, tendon, and aponeurosis.
● Describe the microscopic structure of skeletal muscle, and explain the
role of actin- and myosin containing myofilaments.
● Explain how an action potential is initiated in a muscle cell.
● Define origin, insertion, prime mover, antagonist, synergist, and fixator
as they relate to muscles.
● Demonstrate or identify the different types of body movements.
● List some criteria used in naming muscles.
The Muscular System
∙ Muscles are responsible for all types of

body movement
∙ Three basic muscle types are found in
the body
∙ Skeletal muscle
∙ Cardiac muscle
∙ Smooth muscle
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 6.1
Characteristics of Muscles
∙ Muscle cells are elongated
(muscle cell = muscle fiber)
∙ Contraction of muscles is due to the
movement of microfilaments
∙ All muscles share some terminology
∙ Prefix myo refers to muscle
∙ Prefix mys refers to muscle
∙ Prefix sarco refers to flesh
Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
∙ Most are attached by tendons to bones

∙ Cells are multinucleate
∙ Striated – have visible banding
∙ Voluntary – subject to conscious control
∙ Cells are surrounded and bundled by
connective tissue
Connective Tissue Wrappings of
Skeletal Muscle
∙ Endomysium –
around single
muscle fiber
∙ Perimysium –
around a
fascicle
(bundle) of
fibers Figure 6.1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 6.4a
Connective Tissue Wrappings of
Skeletal Muscle
∙ Epimysium –
covers the
entire skeletal
muscle
∙ Fascia – on the
outside of the
epimysium
Figure 6.1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 6.4b
Skeletal Muscle Attachments
∙ Epimysium blends into a connective

tissue attachment
∙ Tendon – cord-like structure
∙ Aponeuroses – sheet-like structure
∙ Sites of muscle attachment
∙ Bones
∙ Cartilages
∙ Connective tissue coverings
Smooth Muscle Characteristics
∙ Has no striations
∙ Spindle-shaped
cells
∙ Single nucleus
∙ Involuntary – no
conscious control
∙ Found mainly in
the walls of hollow
organs
Figure 6.2a
Cardiac Muscle Characteristics
∙ Has striations
∙ Usually has a
single nucleus
∙ Joined to another
muscle cell at an
intercalated disc
∙ Involuntary
∙ Found only in the
heart Figure 6.2b
Function of Muscles
∙ Produce movement
∙ Maintain posture
∙ Stabilize joints
∙ Generate heat
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle
∙ Cells are multinucleate

∙ Nuclei are just beneath the sarcolemma
Figure 6.3a
Muscle
∙ Sarcolemma – specialized plasma
membrane
∙ Sarcoplasmic reticulum – specialized
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Figure 6.3a
Muscle
∙ Myofibril
∙ Bundles of myofilaments
∙ Myofibrils are aligned to give distrinct bands
∙ I band =
light band
∙ A band =
dark band
Figure 6.3b
Muscle
∙ Sarcomere
∙ Contractile unit of a muscle fiber
Figure 6.3b
Muscle
∙ Organization of the sarcomere
∙ Thick filaments = myosin filaments
∙ Composed of the protein myosin
∙ Has ATPase enzymes
Figure 6.3c
Muscle
∙ Organization of the sarcomere
∙ Thin filaments = actin filaments
∙ Composed of the protein actin
Figure 6.3c
Muscle
∙ Myosin filaments have heads
(extensions, or cross bridges)
∙ Myosin and
actin overlap
somewhat
Figure 6.3d
Muscle
∙ At rest, there is a bare zone that lacks
actin filaments
∙ Sarcoplasmic
reticulum
(SR) – for
storage of
calcium
Figure 6.3d
Properties of Skeletal Muscle
Activity
∙ Irritability – ability to receive and

respond to a stimulus
∙ Contractility – ability to shorten when an
adequate stimulus is received
Nerve Stimulus to Muscles
∙ Skeletal
muscles must
be stimulated
by a nerve to
contract
∙ Motor unit
∙ One neuron
∙ Muscle cells
stimulated by
that neuron Figure 6.4a
∙ Neuromuscular
junctions –
association site
of nerve and
muscle
Figure 6.5b
∙ Synaptic cleft –
gap between
nerve and
muscle
∙ Nerve and
muscle do not
make contact
∙ Area between
nerve and muscle
is filled with
interstitial fluid Figure 6.5b
The Sliding Filament Theory of
Muscle Contraction
∙ Activation by nerve
causes myosin
heads
(crossbridges) to
attach to binding
sites on the thin
filament
∙ Myosin heads then
bind to the next site
of the thin filament
Figure 6.7 Slide 6.17a
The Sliding Filament Theory of
Muscle Contraction
∙ This continued
action causes a
sliding of the myosin
along the actin
∙ The result is that the
muscle is shortened
(contracted)
Figure 6.7 Slide 6.17b

The Sliding Filament Theory
Figure 6.8
Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle
∙ Muscle fiber contraction is “all or none”
∙ Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers
may be stimulated during the same
interval
∙ Different combinations of muscle fiber
contractions may give differing
responses
∙ Graded responses – different degrees
of skeletal muscle shortening
Types of Graded Responses
∙ Twitch
∙ Single, brief contraction
∙ Not a normal muscle function
Figure 6.9a, b
∙ Tetanus (summing of contractions)

∙ One contraction is immediately followed by
another
∙ The muscle does
not completely
return to a
resting state
∙ The effects
are added
Figure 6.9a, b
∙ Unfused (incomplete) tetanus
∙ Some relaxation occurs between
contractions
∙ The results are summed
Figure 6.9a, b
Figure 6.9c,d
∙ Fused (complete) tetanus
∙ No evidence of relaxation before the
following contractions
∙ The result is a sustained muscle contraction
Figure 6.9a, b
Figure 6.9c,d
Muscle Response to Strong Stimuli
∙ Muscle force depends upon the number

of fibers stimulated
∙ More fibers contracting results in greater
muscle tension
∙ Muscles can continue to contract unless
they run out of energy
Energy for Muscle Contraction
∙ Initially, muscles used stored ATP for

energy
∙ Bonds of ATP are broken to release energy
∙ Only 4-6 seconds worth of ATP is stored by
muscles
∙ After this initial time, other pathways
must be utilized to produce ATP
∙ Direct phosphorylation
∙ Muscle cells contain creatine
phosphate (CP)
∙ CP is a high-energy
molecule
∙ After ATP is depleted, ADP is
left
∙ CP transfers energy to ADP,
to regenerate ATP
∙ CP supplies are exhausted in
about 20 seconds
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.10a Slide 6.24
∙ Aerobic Respiration
∙ Series of metabolic
pathways that occur in
the mitochondria
∙ Glucose is broken down
to carbon dioxide and
water, releasing energy
∙ This is a slower reaction
that requires continuous
oxygen
Figure 6.10c Slide 6.25
∙ Anaerobic glycolysis
∙ Reaction that breaks
down glucose without
oxygen
∙ Glucose is broken down
to pyruvic acid to
produce some ATP
∙ Pyruvic acid is
converted to lactic acid
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.10b Slide 6.26a
∙ Anaerobic glycolysis
(continued)
∙ This reaction is not as
efficient, but is fast
∙ Huge amounts of
glucose are needed
∙ Lactic acid produces
muscle fatigue
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.10b Slide 6.26b
Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt
∙ When a muscle is fatigued, it is unable to
contract
∙ The common reason for muscle fatigue is
oxygen debt
∙ Oxygen must be “repaid” to tissue to remove
oxygen debt
∙ Oxygen is required to get rid of accumulated
lactic acid
∙ Increasing acidity (from lactic acid) and lack
of ATP causes the muscle to contract less
Types of Muscle Contractions
∙ Isotonic contractions
∙ Myofilaments are able to slide past each
other during contractions
∙ The muscle shortens
∙ Isometric contractions
∙ Tension in the muscles increases
∙ The muscle is unable to shorten
Muscle Tone
∙ Some fibers are contracted even in a

relaxed muscle
∙ Different fibers contract at different
times to provide muscle tone
∙ The process of stimulating various fibers
is under involuntary control
Muscles and Body Movements
∙ Movement is
attained due to a
muscle moving
an attached
bone
Figure 6.12
Muscles and Body Movements
∙ Muscles are
attached to at
least two points
∙ Origin –
attachment to a
moveable bone
∙ Insertion –
attachment to an
immovable bone
Figure 6.12
Effects of Exercise on Muscle
∙ Results of increased muscle use

∙ Increase in muscle size
∙ Increase in muscle strength
∙ Increase in muscle efficiency
∙ Muscle becomes more fatigue resistant
Types of Ordinary Body Movements
∙ Flexion
∙ Extension
∙ Rotation
∙ Abduction
∙ Circumduction
Body Movements
Figure 6.13
Special Movements
∙ Dorsifelxion
∙ Plantar flexion
∙ Inversion
∙ Eversion
∙ Supination
∙ Pronation
∙ Opposition
Types of Muscles
∙ Prime mover – muscle with the major

responsibility for a certain movement
∙ Antagonist – muscle that opposes or
reverses a prime mover
∙ Synergist – muscle that aids a prime
mover in a movement and helps prevent
rotation
∙ Fixator – stabilizes the origin of a prime
mover
Naming of Skeletal Muscles
∙ Direction of muscle fibers

∙ Example: rectus (straight)
∙ Relative size of the muscle
∙ Example: maximus (largest)
∙ Location of the muscle

∙Example: many muscles are named
for bones (e.g., temporalis)
∙ Number of origins
∙Example: triceps (three heads)
∙ Location of the muscles origin and
insertion
∙ Example: sterno (on the sternum)
∙ Shape of the muscle
∙ Example: deltoid (triangular)
∙ Action of the muscle
∙ Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or
extends a bone)
Head and Neck Muscles
Figure 6.14
Trunk Muscles
Figure 6.15
Deep Trunk and Arm Muscles
Figure 6.16
Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh
Figure 6.18c
Muscles of the Lower Leg
Figure 6.19
Superficial Muscles: Anterior
Figure 6.20
Superficial Muscles: Posterior
Figure 6.21

Muscular System

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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Slides 6.1 – 6.17

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry

● Describe similarities and differences in the structure and function of the

∙ Muscles are responsible for all types of

∙ Most are attached by tendons to bones

∙ Epimysium blends into a connective

∙ Cells are multinucleate

∙ Irritability – ability to receive and

Figure 6.7 Slide 6.17b

∙ Tetanus (summing of contractions)

∙ Muscle force depends upon the number

∙ Initially, muscles used stored ATP for

∙ Some fibers are contracted even in a

∙ Results of increased muscle use

∙ Prime mover – muscle with the major

∙ Direction of muscle fibers

∙ Location of the muscle

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