The Muscular System: Essentials

6

PART A
The Muscular System

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University

ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
EIGHTH EDITION
ELAINE N. MARIEB
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Muscular System
 Muscles are responsible for all types of body
movement
 Three basic muscle types are found in the
body
 Skeletal muscle
 Cardiac muscle
 Smooth muscle

Characteristics of Muscles
 Muscle cells are elongated
(muscle cell = muscle fiber)
 Contraction of muscles is due to the
movement of microfilaments
 All muscles share some terminology
 Prefix myo refers to muscle
 Prefix mys refers to muscle
 Prefix sarco refers to flesh

Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
 Most are attached by tendons to bones
 Cells are multinucleate
 Striated – have visible banding
 Voluntary – subject to conscious control
 Cells are surrounded and bundled by
connective tissue

Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal
Muscle
 Endomysium –
around single muscle
fiber
 Perimysium – around
a fascicle (bundle) of
fibers
Figure 6.1
Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal
Muscle
 Epimysium – covers
the entire skeletal
muscle
 Fascia – on the
outside of the
epimysium
Figure 6.1
Skeletal Muscle Attachments
 Epimysium blends into a connective tissue
attachment
 Tendon – cord-like structure
 Aponeuroses – sheet-like structure
 Sites of muscle attachment
 Bones
 Cartilages
 Connective tissue coverings

Smooth Muscle Characteristics
 Has no striations
 Spindle-shaped cells
 Single nucleus
 Involuntary – no
conscious control
 Found mainly in the
walls of hollow
organs
Figure 6.2a
Cardiac Muscle Characteristics
 Has striations
 Usually has a single
nucleus
 Joined to another
muscle cell at an
intercalated disc
 Involuntary
 Found only in the
heart
Figure 6.2b
Function of Muscles
 Produce movement
 Maintain posture
 Stabilize joints
 Generate heat

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
 Cells are multinucleate
 Nuclei are just beneath the sarcolemma
Figure 6.3a
 Sarcolemma – specialized plasma membrane
 Sarcoplasmic reticulum – specialized smooth
endoplasmic reticulum
Figure 6.3a
 Myofibril
 Bundles of myofilaments
 Myofibrils are aligned to give distinct
bands
 I band =
light band
 A band =
dark band
Figure 6.3b
 Sarcomere
 Contractile unit of a muscle fiber
Figure 6.3b
 Organization of the sarcomere
 Thick filaments = myosin filaments
 Composed of the protein myosin
 Has ATPase enzymes
Figure 6.3c
 Organization of the sarcomere
 Thin filaments = actin filaments
 Composed of the protein actin
Figure 6.3c
 Myosin filaments have heads (extensions, or
cross bridges)
 Myosin and
actin overlap
somewhat
Figure 6.3d
 At rest, there is a bare zone that lacks actin
filaments
 Sarcoplasmic
reticulum
(SR) – for
storage of
calcium
Figure 6.3d
Properties of Skeletal Muscle Activity
 Irritability – ability to receive and respond to
a stimulus
 Contractility – ability to shorten when an
adequate stimulus is received

Nerve Stimulus to Muscles
 Skeletal muscles
must be stimulated
by a nerve to
contract
 Motor unit
 One neuron
 Muscle cells
stimulated by
that neuron
Figure 6.4a
 Neuromuscular junctions – association site of
nerve and muscle
Figure 6.5b
 Synaptic cleft – gap
between nerve and
muscle
 Nerve and
muscle do not
make contact
 Area between
nerve and muscle
is filled with
interstitial fluid
Figure 6.5b
Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle
 Neurotransmitter – chemical released by
nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse
 The neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle is
acetylcholine
 Neurotransmitter attaches to receptors on the
sarcolemma
 Sarcolemma becomes permeable to sodium
(Na+)

Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle
 Sodium rushing into the cell generates an
action potential
 Once started, muscle contraction cannot be
stopped

The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle
Contraction
 Activation by nerve
causes myosin heads
(crossbridges) to
attach to binding sites
on the thin filament
 Myosin heads then
bind to the next site
of the thin filament
Figure 6.7
The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle
Contraction
 This continued action
causes a sliding of the
myosin along the
actin
 The result is that the
muscle is shortened
(contracted)
Figure 6.7
The Sliding Filament Theory
Figure 6.8
Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle
 Muscle fiber contraction is “all or none”
 Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers may
be stimulated during the same interval
 Different combinations of muscle fiber
contractions may give differing responses
 Graded responses – different degrees of
skeletal muscle shortening

Types of Graded Responses
 Twitch
 Single, brief contraction
 Not a normal muscle function
Figure 6.9a–b
 Tetanus (summing of contractions)
 One contraction is immediately followed
by another
 The muscle does
not completely
return to a
resting state
 The effects
are added
Figure 6.9a–b
 Unfused (incomplete) tetanus
 Some relaxation occurs between
contractions
 The results are summed
Figure 6.9c–d
 Fused (complete) tetanus
 No evidence of relaxation before the
following contractions
 The result is a sustained muscle
contraction
Figure 6.9c–d
Muscle Response to Strong Stimuli
 Muscle force depends upon the number of
fibers stimulated
 More fibers contracting results in greater
muscle tension
 Muscles can continue to contract unless they
run out of energy

Energy for Muscle Contraction
 Initially, muscles used stored ATP for energy
 Bonds of ATP are broken to release
energy
 Only 4-6 seconds worth of ATP is stored
by muscles
 After this initial time, other pathways must be
utilized to produce ATP

 Direct phosphorylation
 Muscle cells contain
creatine phosphate (CP)
 CP is a high-energy
molecule
 After ATP is depleted,
ADP is left
 CP transfers energy to
ADP, to regenerate ATP
 CP supplies are exhausted
in about 20 seconds
Figure 6.10a
 Aerobic Respiration
 Series of metabolic
pathways that occur in
the mitochondria
 Glucose is broken down
to carbon dioxide and
water, releasing energy
 This is a slower reaction
that requires continuous
oxygen
Figure 6.10b
 Anaerobic glycolysis
 Reaction that breaks
down glucose without
oxygen
 Glucose is broken down
to pyruvic acid to
produce some ATP
 Pyruvic acid is
converted to lactic acid
Figure 6.10c
 Anaerobic glycolysis
(continued)
 This reaction is not as
efficient, but is fast
 Huge amounts of
glucose are needed
 Lactic acid produces
muscle fatigue
Figure 6.10c
Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt
 When a muscle is fatigued, it is unable to
contract
 The common reason for muscle fatigue is
oxygen debt
 Oxygen must be “repaid” to tissue to
remove oxygen debt
 Oxygen is required to get rid of
accumulated lactic acid
 Increasing acidity (from lactic acid) and lack
of ATP causes the muscle to contract less
Types of Muscle Contractions
 Isotonic contractions
 Myofilaments are able to slide past each
other during contractions
 The muscle shortens
 Isometric contractions
 Tension in the muscles increases
 The muscle is unable to shorten

Muscle Tone
 Some fibers are contracted even in a relaxed
muscle
 Different fibers contract at different times to
provide muscle tone
 The process of stimulating various fibers is
under involuntary control

Muscles and Body Movements
 Movement is attained
due to a muscle
moving an attached
bone
Figure 6.12
Muscles and Body Movements
 Muscles are attached
to at least two points
 Origin –
attachment to a
moveable bone
 Insertion –
attachment to an
immovable bone
Figure 6.12
Effects of Exercise on Muscle
 Results of increased muscle use
 Increase in muscle size
 Increase in muscle strength
 Increase in muscle efficiency
 Muscle becomes more fatigue resistant

Types of Ordinary Body Movements
 Flexion
 Extension
 Rotation
 Abduction
 Circumduction

Body Movements
Figure 6.13a–c
Body Movements
Figure 6.13d
Special Movements
 Dorsifelxion
 Plantar flexion
 Inversion
 Eversion
 Supination
 Pronation
 Opposition

Types of Muscles
 Prime mover – muscle with the major
responsibility for a certain movement
 Antagonist – muscle that opposes or reverses
a prime mover
 Synergist – muscle that aids a prime mover in
a movement and helps prevent rotation
 Fixator – stabilizes the origin of a prime
mover

Naming of Skeletal Muscles
 Direction of muscle fibers
 Example: rectus (straight)
 Relative size of the muscle
 Example: maximus (largest)

 Location of the muscle
 Example: many muscles are named for
bones (e.g., temporalis)
 Number of origins
 Example: triceps (three heads)

 Location of the muscle’s origin and insertion
 Example: sterno (on the sternum)
 Shape of the muscle
 Example: deltoid (triangular)
 Action of the muscle
 Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or
extends a bone)

Head and Neck Muscles
Figure 6.15
Trunk Muscles
Figure 6.16
Deep Trunk and Arm Muscles
Figure 6.17
Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh
Figure 6.19c
Muscles of the Lower Leg
Figure 6.20
Superficial Muscles: Anterior
Figure 6.21
Superficial Muscles: Posterior
Figure 6.22

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6

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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