Notes Skeletal System

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 5
The Skeletal System

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Skeletal System
• Parts of the skeletal system
• Bones (skeleton)
• Joints
• Cartilages
• Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to
muscle)
• Divided into two divisions
• Axial skeleton
• Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.1
Functions of Bones
• Support of the body

• Protection of soft organs
• Movement due to attached skeletal
muscles
• Storage of minerals and fats
• Blood cell formation
Bones of the Human Body
• The skeleton has 206 bones
• Two basic types of bone tissue
• Compact bone
• Homogeneous
• Spongy bone
• Small needle-like
pieces of bone
Figure 5.2b
• Many open spaces

Classification of Bones
• Long bones
• Typically longer than wide
• Have a shaft with heads at both ends
• Contain mostly compact bone
• Examples: Femur, humerus
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.4a
• Short bones
• Generally cube-shape
• Contain mostly spongy bone
• Examples: Carpals, tarsals
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.4b
• Flat bones
• Thin and flattened
• Usually curved
• Thin layers of compact bone around a layer
of spongy bone
• Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
• Irregular bones
• Irregular shape
• Do not fit into other bone classification
categories
• Example: Vertebrae and hip
Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.5c
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
• Diaphysis
• Shaft
• Composed of
compact bone
• Epiphysis
• Ends of the bone
• Composed mostly of
spongy bone
Figure 5.2a
Structures of a Long Bone
• Periosteum
• Outside covering of
the diaphysis
• Fibrous connective
tissue membrane
• Sharpey’s fibers
• Secure periosteum to
underlying bone
• Arteries
• Supply bone cells Figure 5.2c
with nutrients
• Articular cartilage
• Covers the
external surface of
the epiphyses
• Made of hyaline
cartilage
• Decreases friction
at joint surfaces Figure 5.2a
• Medullary cavity
• Cavity of the shaft
• Contains yellow
marrow (mostly fat)
in adults
• Contains red marrow
(for blood cell
formation) in infants Figure 5.2a
Bone Markings
• Surface features of bones
• Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons,
and ligaments
• Passages for nerves and blood vessels
• Three broad categories of bone markings
• Projections for muscle attachment
• Surfaces that form joints
• Depressions or cavities – indentations
Bone Markings
Table 5.1 (1 of 2)
Bone Markings
Table 5.1 (2 of 2)
Microscopy Anatomy of Bone
Bone Histology
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PY5r_SJIG-A
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
• Osteon (Haversian System)
• A unit of bone
• Central (Haversian) canal
• Opening in the center of an osteon
• Carries blood vessels and nerves
• Perforating (Volkman’s) canal
• Canal perpendicular to the central canal
• Carries blood vessels and nerves
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
Figure 5.3

• Lacunae
• Cavities containing
bone cells
(osteocytes)
• Arranged in
concentric rings
• Lamellae
• Rings around the
central canal
• Sites of lacunae Figure 5.3

• Canaliculi
• Tiny canals
• Radiate from the
central canal to
lacunae
• Form a transport
system
Figure 5.3

Changes in the Human Skeleton
• In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline
cartilage
• During development, much of this cartilage
is replaced by bone
• Cartilage remains in isolated areas
• Bridge of the nose
• Parts of ribs
• Joints
Bone Growth
• Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of

long bone during childhood
• New cartilage is continuously formed
• Older cartilage becomes ossified
• Cartilage is broken down
• Bone replaces cartilage

Bone Growth
• Bones are remodeled and lengthened

until growth stops
• Bones change shape somewhat
• Bones grow in width

Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4a

Types of Bone Cells
• Osteocytes
• Mature bone cells
• Osteoblasts
• Bone-forming cells
• Osteoclasts
• Bone-destroying cells
• Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium
• Bone remodeling is a process by both
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Bone Fractures
• A break in a bone
• Types of bone fractures
• Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not
penetrate the skin
• Open (compound) fracture – broken bone
penetrates through the skin
• Bone fractures are treated by reduction
and immobilization
• Realignment of the bone
Common Types of Fractures
Table 5.2
Fractures are also categorized based on the shape of the break.
There are eight main shapes or kinds of bone fractures.
• Transverse fractures: go more or less straight across the
bone.
• Oblique fractures: are diagonal breaks across the bone.
• Spiral fractures: happen when one or both halves of the bone
are twisted.
• Comminuated fractures: break the bone into more than two
pieces.
• Avulsion fractures: mean pieces of the bone have been pulled
apart.
• Impacted fractures: are the opposite of avulsion fractures.
These happen when a piece of bone is pushed down into
another piece of bone.
• Fissure fractures: are cracks in the bone.
• Greenstick fractures: happen when the bone bends and
breaks partially, but not completely.
• Transverse fractures: go more or less straight across the
bone.
• Oblique fractures: are diagonal breaks across the bone.
• Spiral fractures: happen when one or both halves of the bone
are twisted.
• Comminuated fractures: break the bone into more than two
pieces.
• Avulsion fractures: mean pieces of the bone have been pulled
apart.
• Impacted fractures: are the opposite of avulsion fractures.
These happen when a piece of bone is pushed down into
another piece of bone.
• Fissure fractures: are cracks in the bone.
• Greenstick fractures: happen when the bone bends and
breaks partially, but not completely.
Repair of Bone Fractures
• Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is
formed
• Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to
form a callus
• Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a
bony callus
• Bony callus is remodeled to form a
permanent patch
Stages in the Healing of a Bone
Fracture
Figure 5.5
The Axial Skeleton
• Forms the longitudinal part of the body

• Divided into three parts
• Skull
• Vertebral column
• Bony thorax

The Axial Skeleton
Figure 5.6
The Skull
• Two sets of bones

• Cranium
• Facial bones
• Bones are joined by sutures
• Only the mandible is attached by a
freely movable joint

The Skull
Figure 5.7

Bones of the Skull
Figure 5.11
Human Skull, Superior View
Figure 5.8
Human Skull, Inferior View
Figure 5.9
Paranasal Sinuses
• Hollow portions of bones surrounding
the nasal cavity
Figure 5.10

Paranasal Sinuses
• Functions of paranasal sinuses
• Lighten the skull
• Give resonance and amplification to voice
Figure 5.10

The Hyoid Bone
• The only bone that

does not articulate
with another bone
• Serves as a
moveable base for
the tongue
Figure 5.12
The Fetal Skull
• The fetal skull is

large compared
to the infants
total body length
Figure 5.13

The Fetal Skull
• Fontanelles –
fibrous membranes
connecting the
cranial bones
• Allow the brain
to grow
• Convert to bone
within 24 months
after birth
Figure 5.13

The Vertebral Column
• Vertebrae
separated by
intervertebral discs
• The spine has a
normal curvature
• Each vertebrae is
given a name
according to its
location Figure 5.14
Structure of a Typical Vertebrae
Figure 5.16
The Bony Thorax
• Forms a
cage to
protect
major
organs
Figure 5.19a

The Bony Thorax
• Made-up of
three parts
• Sternum
• Ribs
• Thoracic
vertebrae
Figure 5.19a

The Appendicular Skeleton
• Limbs (appendages)
• Pectoral girdle
• Pelvic girdle

The Appendicular Skeleton
Figure 5.6c
The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
• Composed of two bones

• Clavicle – collarbone
• Scapula – shoulder blade
• These bones allow the upper limb to
have exceptionally free movement
Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Figure 5.20a, b
Bones of the Upper Limb
• The arm is
formed by a
single bone
• Humerus
Figure 5.21a, b
• The forearm
has two bones
• Ulna
• Radius
Figure 5.21c
• The hand
• Carpals – wrist
• Metacarpals –
palm
• Phalanges –
fingers
Figure 5.22
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
• Hip bones
• Composed of three pair of fused bones
• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubic bone
• The total weight of the upper body rests on the
pelvis
• Protects several organs
• Reproductive organs
• Urinary bladder
• Part of the large intestine
The Pelvis
Figure 5.23a

Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Figure 5.23c
Bones of the Lower Limbs
• The thigh has

one bone
• Femur – thigh
bone
Figure 5.35a, b

• The leg has

two bones
• Tibia
• Fibula
Figure 5.35c

• The foot
• Tarsus – ankle
• Metatarsals –
sole
• Phalanges –
toes
Figure 5.25
Joints
• Articulations of bones
• Functions of joints
• Hold bones together
• Allow for mobility
• Ways joints are classified
• Functionally
• Structurally
Functional Classification of Joints
• Synarthroses – immovable joints

• Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable
joints
• Diarthroses – freely moveable joints
Structural Classification of Joints
• Fibrous joints
• Generally immovable
• Cartilaginous joints
• Immovable or slightly moveable
• Synovial joints
• Freely moveable
Fibrous Joints
• Bones united by fibrous tissue –
synarthrosis or largely immovable.
Figure 5.27d, e
Cartilaginous Joints – mostly
amphiarthrosis
• Bones connected by cartilage
• Examples
• Pubic
symphysis
• Intervertebral
joints
Figure 5.27b, c
Synovial Joints
• Articulating
bones are
separated by a
joint cavity
• Synovial fluid
is found in the
joint cavity
Figure 5.27f–h
Features of Synovial Joints-
Diarthroses
• Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
covers the ends of bones
• Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous
articular capsule
• Have a joint cavity filled with synovial
fluid
• Ligaments reinforce the joint
Structures Associated with the
Synovial Joint
• Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs
• Lined with synovial membranes
• Filled with synovial fluid
• Not actually part of the joint
• Tendon sheath
• Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
The Synovial Joint
Figure 5.28
Types of Synovial Joints Based on
Shape
Figure 5.29a–c

Types of Synovial Joints Based on
Shape
Figure 5.29d–f

Inflammatory Conditions
Associated with Joints
• Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually
caused by a blow or friction
• Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
• Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative
diseases of joints
• Over 100 different types
• The most widespread crippling disease in the
United States
Clinical Forms of Arthritis
• Osteoarthritis
• Most common chronic arthritis
• Probably related to normal aging processes
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• An autoimmune disease – the immune system
attacks the joints
• Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of
certain joints
• Often leads to deformities
Clinical Forms of Arthritis
• Gouty Arthritis
• Inflammation of joints is caused by a
deposition of urate crystals from the blood
• Can usually be controlled with diet

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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Support of the body

• Many open spaces

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

• Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

• Bones are remodeled and lengthened

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

• Forms the longitudinal part of the body

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

• Two sets of bones

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

• The only bone that

• The fetal skull is

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

• Composed of two bones

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

• The thigh has

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

• The leg has

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

• Synarthroses – immovable joints

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

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