Skeletal System 1

Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

Fifth edition
Seeley, Stephens and Tate

Chapter 6: Skeletal System,

Bones and Joints
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 2.1
The Skeletal System
 Components of the skeletal system

 Bones (skeleton)
 Joints
 Cartilages
 Ligaments
The Skeletal System
 Two subdivisions
 Axial skeleton
 Appendicular
skeleton
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Functions of Bones
 Support of the body

 Protection of soft organs
 Movement due to attached skeletal
muscles: “passive”
 Storage of minerals and fats
 Blood cell formation
Bones of the Human Body
 The skeleton has ~206 bones
 Two basic types of bone tissue
 Compact bone
 Dense
 Spongy bone
 Small needle-like
pieces of bone
Figure 5.2b
 Many open spaces

Classification of Bones
 Long bones
 Typically longer than wide
 Have a shaft with heads at both ends
 Contain mostly compact bone
• Examples: Femur, humerus
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.4a
 Short bones
 Generally cube-shape
 Contain mostly spongy bone
 Examples: Carpals, tarsals
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.4b
Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.4c
 Flat bones
 Thin and flattened
 Usually curved
 Thin layers of compact bone around a layer
of spongy bone
 Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
 Irregular bones
 Irregular shape
 Do not fit into other bone classification
categories
 Example: Vertebrae and hip
Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.5c
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
 Diaphysis
 Shaft
 Made of compact bone
 Epiphysis
 Expanded ends of long
bones
 Covered with dense bone
 Internal structure is spongy
bone
Figure 5.2a
Structures of a Long Bone
 Periosteum
 Outside covering of
the diaphysis
 Fibrous connective
tissue membrane
 Arteries
 Supply bone cells
with nutrients
Figure 5.2c
 Articular cartilage
 Covers surface of
epiphyses
 Hyaline cartilage
 Decreases friction
at joint surfaces
Figure 5.2a
 Medullary cavity
 Cavity in shaft
 Contains yellow
marrow in adults
 Contains red marrow
in infants
Figure 5.2a
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
 Osteon (Haversian System)

 A subunit of compact bone
 Central (Haversian) canal
 Opening in the center of an osteon
 Carries blood vessels and nerves
Slide
5.10a
Figure 5.3
Slide
5.10b
 Lacuna(e)
 Cavities containing
osteocytes
 Arranged in
concentric rings
 Lamella(e)
 Rings of compact
bone
 Lacunae lie between
rings Figure 5.3
Slide
5.11a
 Canaliculi (-us)
 Tiny canals
 Radiate from the
central canal to
lacunae
 Form a transport
system
Figure 5.3
Slide
5.11b
Types of Bone Cells
 Osteocytes
 Mature bone cells (bone maintenance)
 Osteoblasts
 Bone-forming cells
 Osteoclasts
 Bone-destroying cells
 Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium
Bone Growth: Endochondral
1) A cartilage model is produced by

chondrocytes
It is surrounded by perichondrium, a membrane
2) A bone “collar” is produced by

osteocytes
The perichondrium of the diaphysis is now termed
periosteum
Slide
5.13a
Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4a
Slide
5.14a
3) Chondrocytes hypertrophy (enlarge) and

cartilage is calcified
4) A primary ossification center forms
 Blood vessels and osteoblasts invade the
calcified cartilage
 Osteoblasts lay down bone matrix
 Trabeculae are formed
Slide
5.13a
Figure 5.4a
Slide
5.14a
5) Around the time of birth, secondary

ossification centers form in the epiphyses
 Bone formation is incomplete at birth
 The skeleton is not complete until the late
teens (females) or early twenties (males)
Slide
5.13a
Figure 5.4a
Slide
5.14a
 Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of

long bone during childhood
 New cartilage is continuously formed
 Older cartilage becomes ossified
 Cartilage is broken down
 Bone replaces cartilage
Slide
5.13a
Figure 5.4b
Slide
5.14b
 Bones are remodeled and lengthened

until growth stops
 Bones change shape (how?? DNA!!!)
 Bones grow in width (osteoblasts)
 Bones are remodeled by osteoclasts
Slide
5.13b
Figure 5.4a
Slide
5.14a
Changes in the Human Skeleton
 In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline
cartilage
 During development, much of this cartilage
is replaced by bone
 Cartilage remains in:
 Anterior portion of the nose
 Parts of ribs
 Joints
Bone Growth: Intramembranous
Fig. 6.4
•“Between
membranes”
•Compact Bone
•Spongy Bone
•Trabeculae
•Cross-
section of a
trabecula
Bone Formation: Intramembranous
 Membranous
bones are Fig. 6.5a
incomplete at birth
 Fontanelles: regions of
the skull that remain
as membranes
 “Little fountains”
 Bone formation
complete by age ~2

Bone Fractures
 A break in a bone
 Types of bone fractures
 Closed (simple) fracture –does not penetrate
the skin
 Open (compound) fracture – broken bone
penetrates through the skin
 Bone fractures are treated by reduction
and immobilization
Common Types of Fractures
Fig. 6B
Table 5.2
Repair of Bone Fractures
 Hematoma (blood clot) is formed
 Break is splinted by fibrocartilage
forms a callus (chondroblasts, other
cells, and vessels)
 Callus is replaced by a bone
(osteoblasts)
 Bony callus is remodeled (osteoclasts)
Repair of Bone Fractures
Fig. 6.8
 Fracture Repair
 Hematoma
formation (A)
 Callus formation
(B)
 Bone replacement A B C D
(C )
 Bone remodeling
(D)
Bone Fractures: Osteoporosis
 Most common in post-menopausal women
 Also occurs in males
 Due to decrease in estrogen levels
 Estrogen receptors on osseous tissue affect
calcium deposition
 Bone becomes porous, brittle
 Weight-bearing exercise, calcium
supplements, estrogen will help prevent
osteoporosis

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Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

Chapter 6: Skeletal System,

 Components of the skeletal system

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Support of the body

 Many open spaces

 Osteon (Haversian System)

1) A cartilage model is produced by

2) A bone “collar” is produced by

3) Chondrocytes hypertrophy (enlarge) and

5) Around the time of birth, secondary

 Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of

 Bones are remodeled and lengthened

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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