SISTEM GERAK PADA MANUSIA

STANDAR KOMPETENSI
SK/KD/INDIKATOR Menjelaskan struktur dan fungsi organ
manusia dan hewan tertentu,
kelainan/penyakit yang mungkin terjadi serta
MATERI implikasinya pada salingtemas.

KOMPETENSI DASAR
KUIS Menjelaskan keterkaitan antara struktur,
fungsi, dan proses serta kelainan/penyakit
yang dapat terjadi pada sistem gerak pada
LINK manusia

INDIKATOR
Mengidentifikasi struktur dan fungsi tulang
dan otot dalam sistem gerak

Mengurutkan proses terjadinya sebuah

gerakan.
Interesting Facts about the Skeletal System
• Do we have more bones when we are a baby or when we are all
grown up?
Baby has 305 bones and an adult has 206 bones. This is because as
we grown some of our bones join together to form one bone.

• The longest bone in our bodies is the femur (thigh bone).

• The smallest bone is the stirrup bone inside the ear.

• Each hand has 26 bones in it.

• our nose and ears are not made of bone; they are made of
cartilage, a flexible substance that is not as hard as bone.

Differences between males and females: Males and females

have slightly different skeletons, including a different elbow angle.
Males have slightly thicker and longer legs and arms; females have
a wider pelvis and a larger space within the pelvis, through which
babies travel when they are born.
Lets look at the skeleton

The Skeleton is the name

given to the collection of
bones that holds our body
up.

Without the trunk and

branches of a tree,
were would the leaves be?

Without your skeleton,

where would you be?
Types of Skeletons
Exo-skeleton: animals that
have shells

Endo-skeleton: hard
structure inside the animal.

Hydrostatic skeleton:
Fluid held inside the
body

No skeleton
Understanding bone strength
Bone Strength Activity

In your groups……..

1. Take a sheet of paper and curl it up.

2. Put a piece of sticking tape on to hold it.

3. Place as many weights on this hollow

structure as possible

How much weight do you think it will hold?

Skeletal System

Bone
Function Classificatio Composition Part
n

Appendicular
Protection Long Bones Hard Bone
Skeleton

Axial
Framework Short Bones Cartilage
Skeleton

Movement Flat Bones

Mineral Irregular
Storage Bones

Blood Cell
Formation
• Support- framework that supports
body and cradles its soft organs
• Protection- for delicate organs, heart,
lungs, brain
• Movement- bones act as levers for
muscles
• Mineral storage- calcium & phosphate
• Blood cell formation- hematopoiesis
The Skeletal System
 Parts of the skeletal system
 Bones (skeleton)
 Joints
 Cartilages

 Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle)

 Divided into two divisions

 Axial skeleton
 Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle
• Long Bones- metacarples,
metatarsals, phelangies, humerus,
ulna, radius, tibia, fibula
• Short Bones- carpals, tarsals
• Flat Bones- rib, scapula, skull,
sternum
• Irregular Bones- vertebrae, some
facial bones
• Sesamoid- patella
Classification of Bones

 Long bones
 Typically longer than wide
 Have a shaft with heads at both ends
 Contain mostly compact bone
• Examples: Femur, humerus

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone

 Diaphysis
 Shaft
 Composed of
compact bone
 Epiphysis
 Ends of the bone
 Composed mostly of
spongy bone
Figure 5.2a

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

275 bones
12 weeks (6-9
inches long)
Fetus: Endochondral Ossification
1st 2
months

2o
ossification
center

bone
cartilage
calcified
Just
cartilage before
birth

epiphyseal
epiphyse
line
al plate
Childhoo Adul
Osteoblast Builds new bone

Mature bone cell

Osteocyte

Osteoclast
Eats bone
Structures of a Long Bone
 Periosteum
 Outside covering of
the diaphysis
 Fibrous connective
tissue membrane
 Sharpey’s fibers
 Secure periosteum to
underlying bone
 Arteries
 Supply bone cells Figure 5.2c
with nutrients
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Classification of Bones

 Short bones
 Generally cube-shape
 Contain mostly spongy bone
 Examples: Carpals, tarsals

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Classification of Bones

 Flat bones
 Thin and flattened
 Usually curved
 Thin layers of compact bone around a layer
of spongy bone
 Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Classification of Bones

 Irregular bones
 Irregular shape
 Do not fit into other bone classification
categories
 Example: Vertebrae and hip

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Surface features of bones
 Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons,
and ligaments
 Passages for nerves and blood vessels
 Categories of bone markings
 Projections and processes – grow out from the bone surface
 Depressions or cavities – indentations

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Sesamoid Bones
 Extra Bones Found in Certain
Tendons i.e. Patella
Types of Bone Cells
 Osteocytes
 Mature bone cells
 Osteoblasts
 Bone-forming cells
 Osteoclasts
 Bone-destroying cells
 Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium
 Bone remodeling is a process by both
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of Bone Cells
 Osteocytes
 Mature bone cells
 Osteoblasts
 Bone-forming cells
 Osteoclasts
 Bone-destroying cells
 Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium
 Bone remodeling is a process by both
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Changes in the Human Skeleton
 In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline
cartilage
 During development, much of this cartilage
is replaced by bone
 Cartilage remains in isolated areas
 Bridge of the nose
 Parts of ribs
 Joints

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Changes in the Human Skeleton
Initially collagen fibers secreted by
fibroblasts
Cartilage deposited between the fibers

Skeleton fully formed by 2nd month of

fetal development (all cartilage)
Ossification begins after 8th week of
fetal development

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bone Growth

 Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of

long bone during childhood
 New cartilage is continuously formed
 Older cartilage becomes ossified
 Cartilage is broken down
 Bone replaces cartilage

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bones of the Human Body
 The skeleton has 206 bones
 Two basic types of bone tissue
 Compact bone
 Homogeneous
 Spongy bone
 Small needle-like
pieces of bone
Figure 5.2b

 Many open spaces

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

Figure 5.3

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Based on the substance
composition, the bone can be
divided into hard bone and
cartilage.
• Based on the characteristic of its
motion, articulation is difference as

–sinartrosis (dead joints)=sutura

– amfiartrosis (stiff joints)=
columnar vertebrate
–diartrosis (joint motion)= the joint
between femur and tibia
• Relations between the bones with one
another are called articulation or joint.
• According to the direction of motion, joint
is distinguished as

– bullets joint=shoulder with upper arm

– hinge joints=elbow or knees
– swivel joints=atlas bone with axis bone
– saddle joints=finger and palm
– sliding joints=palm and sool
– joints kondiloid= hand wrist
• Based on the substance
composition, the bone can be
divided into hard bone and
cartilage.
• Based on the characteristic of its
motion, articulation is difference as

–sinartrosis (dead joints)=sutura

– amfiartrosis (stiff joints)=
columnar vertebrate
–diartrosis (joint motion)= the joint
between femur and tibia
• Relations between the bones with one another are called
articulation or joint.
• According to the direction of motion, joint is distinguished as

– bullets joint=shoulder with upper arm

– hinge joints=elbow or knees
– swivel joints=atlas bone with axis bone
– saddle joints=finger and palm
– sliding joints=palm and sool
– joints kondiloid= hand wrist
MATERI
STRUKTUR DAN
FUNGSI TULANG

STRUKTUR DAN
FUNGSI OTOT
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI TULANG

FUNGSI TULANG

 Sebagai pembentuk rangka tubuh

 Sebagai sistem gerak pasif karena adanya sendi
 Sebagai penyimpan Kalsium, Fosfor, Natrium dan elemen
lain
 Sebagai penghasil sel-sel darah
 Proteksi terhadap organ tubuh yang lemah
 Pembentuk Limfosit B sebagai sistem immunologis tubuh

LANJUT
Rangka manusia terdiri atas
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI TULANG RANGKA AKSIAL dan
RANGKA APENDIKULER

TENGKORAK = 28 BUAH

TULANG SERVIK = 7 BUAH

TULANG TORAKAL = 12 BUAH

TULANG LUMBAL = 5 BUAH

TULANG SAKRUM = 5 BUAH

TULANG KOKSIGEA = 4 BUAH

TULANG RUSUK SEJATI = 7 PS

TULANG RUSUK PALSU = 3 PS

TULANG
TULANGRUSUK
RUSUKMELAYANG
MELAYANG=2 PS

TULANG DADA = 3 BUAH

Kembali RANGKA AKSIAL LANJUT

STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI TULANG

Rangka Apendikuler atau rangka tam-

bahan Merupakan rangka pendukung
gerak/lokomosi. Terdiri atas Tungkai
Atas dan Tungkai Bawah

TUNGKAI ATAS

TUNGKAI BAWAH

RANGKA APENDIKULER

KEMBAL
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI TULANG

BAGIAN-BAGIAN TUNGKAI ATAS

Klavikula = 1 ps

Skapula = 1 ps
1
Humerus = 1 ps
2
Ulna = 1 ps
3 Radius = 1 ps

4 Carpal = 1 ps
5
Metacarpal = 4 ps
6
7 Phalanges = 5 ps
8

KEMBAL
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI TULANG

BAGIAN-BAGIAN TUNGKAI BAWAH

KOKSEA = 1 PASANG

PETALA = 1 PASANG

FEMUR = 1 PASANG

1 FIBULA = 1 PASANG

TIBIA = 1 PASANG
2
TARSAL = 1 PASANG
3
4
METATARSAL = 4 PASANG
5
PALANGES = 5 PASANG
6
7
8
KEMBALI
BAGIAN–BAGIAN PENYUSUN TULANG

Bagian Penyusun Tulang

Sumber :www.homepage.mac.com

Endosteum 3
Epipise Proksimal 1 Garis 2 Tulang Kompak
1 Epipise
2
Sumsum 4 Sumsum Kuning
Merah
3 Tulang
Periosteum
Spon 1
Tulang Kompak

2 2
Diapisis
4
Arteri
Tulang
Spon
3
5 Medula 1
Cavity Periosteum
Garis
Epipise
6

Episise Distal 3
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI TULANG

BAGIAN – BAGIAN TULANG TENGKORAK

Sumber : www.infovisual.info

TULANG-TULANG TENGKORAK

KEMBAL
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI TULANG

Bagian Penyusun Tulang Dada

Sumber :www.medicalook.com/systems_images

Penghubung Jugular
Klaikula 1
2
Manubrium 3

Sternal 4
Angle
Tautan rusuk

5 7
Badan

Kipoid 6

KEMBAL
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI OTOT

FUNGSI OTOT

 Sebagai alat gerak aktif karena memiliki kemampuan

Kontraksi, Ektensi dan Relaksasi
 Sebagai Penyimpan gula dalam bentuk glikogen otot

MACAM OTOT
STRUKTUR OTOT
KONTRAKSI OTOT
ANIMASI KONTRAKSI OTOT

ANIMASI AKTIVASI OTOT

Kembali
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI OTOT

MACAM
MACAMOTOT
OTOT
OTOT POLOS OTOT RANGKA OTOT JANTUNG

Ciri dan fungsi Ciri dan fungsi Ciri dan fungsi

a. Fusiform shape a. voluntary a. involuntary
b. Involuntary b. Has not branch b. Has branch
c. One nuclei in the c. Composed of miofibril c. Nuclei located in
centre the middle
Kembali
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI OTOT

STRUKTUR OTOT
Tendon
Selaput otot

Epimisium

Fasikulus

Endomisium

Sarkolema
Sarkoplasma
Mio
fibril
Perimisium

Serabut Otot
Nukleus

Kembali
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI OTOT

KONTRAKSI OTOT

Otot Berektensi
1. Zona H memanjang
2. Zona I memanjang Lanjut
3. Band A melebar
Miosin aktin

Otot Relaksasi
1. Zona H normal
Lanjut
aktin 2. Zona I normal
Miosin 3. Band A normal

Otot Berkontraksi
1. Zona H menyempit
2. Zona I memendek
aktin
3. Band A memendek
Miosin
Kembali