Skeletal System

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 5
The Skeletal System

Slides 5.1 – 5.77
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal
System
 Parts of the skeletal
system  Bones (skeleton)
 Joints
 Cartilages
 Ligaments
 Divided into two
divisions  Axial skeleton
 Appendicular skeleton
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.2
Functions of BonesFunctions of Bones
 Support of the body

 Protection of soft organs
 Movement due to attached skeletal
muscles
 Storage of minerals (Ca and P) and
fats  Blood cell formation -
hematopoiesis
Bones of the Human BodyBones of

the Human Body
 The adult skeleton has 206 bones  Two
basic types of osseous - bone tissue
Compact bone
 Dense and Homogeneous
Spongy bone
 Small needle-like
pieces of bone
 Many open spaces
Figure 5.2b
Classification of BonesClassification of
Bones
 Bones are classifies according to
shape into four groups:
 Long bones
Typically longer than wide
Have a shaft with heads at both
ends Contain mostly compact bone
• Examples: Femur, humerus
Bones
 Short bones
Generally cube-shape
Contain mostly spongy bone
Examples: Carpals, tarsals
Sesamoid bones – form within
tendons Examples: patella or kneecap
Classification of Bones on the

BasisClassification of Bones on the
Basis of Shapeof Shape
Figure 5.1
Bones
 Flat bones
Thin and flattened
Usually curved
Thin layers of compact bone around a
layer of spongy bone
Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
Bones
 Irregular bones
 Irregular shape
Do not fit into other bone
classification categories
Example: Vertebrae and hip
Classification of Bones on the
BasisClassification of Bones on the
Basis of Shapeof Shape
Figure 5.1
Gross Anatomy of a Long BoneGross
Anatomy of a
Long Bone
 Diaphysis
Shaft - length
Composed of
compact bone
 Epiphysis
Ends of the bone
Composed mostly
of
spongy bone
Figure 5.2a
Structures of a Long BoneStructures

of a Long Bone
 Periosteum
 Outside covering of
the diaphysis
 Fibrous connective
tissue membrane
 Sharpey’s fibers
 Secure periosteum
to
underlying bone
 Arteries
 Supply bone cells
with nutrientsFigure 5.2c

of a Long Bone
 Articular cartilage
Covers the
external surface of
the epiphyses
 Made of hyaline
cartilage
Decreases
friction
at joint surfaces Figure 5.2a

of a Long Bone
 Medullary cavity
Cavity of the shaft
Contains yellow
marrow (mostly
fat)
in adults
Contains red
marrow
(for blood cell
formation) in infants Figure 5.2a
Bone MarkingsBone Markings

 Surface features of bones
 Sites of attachments for muscles,
tendons, and ligaments
 Passages for nerves and blood vessels
 Categories of bone markings
 Projections or processes – grow out from
the bone surface
 Depressions or cavities – indentations
Microscopic Anatomy of
BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone
 Osteon (Haversian System)
 A unit of bone
 Central (Haversian) canal
 Opening in the center of an osteon
 Carries blood vessels and nerves 
Perforating (Volkman’s) canal  Canal
perpendicular to the central canal  Carries
blood vessels and nerves
BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of
Bone
Figure 5.3
 Lacunae
 Cavities
containing
bone cells
(osteocytes)
 Arranged in
concentric rings
 Lamellae
 Rings around
the
central canal
 Sites of
lacunae Figure 5.3
 Canaliculi
Tiny canals
Radiate from the
central canal
to
lacunae
Form a
transport
system
Figure 5.3
Changes in the Human

SkeletonChanges in the Human
Skeleton
 In embryos, the skeleton is primarily
hyaline cartilage
 During development, much of this
cartilage is replaced by bone
 Cartilage remains in isolated
areas  Bridge of the nose
 Parts of ribs
 Joints
Bone GrowthBone Growth

 Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of
long bone during childhood
New cartilage is continuously
formed Older cartilage becomes
ossified
Cartilage is broken down
Bone replaces cartilage
 Process of bone formation – ossification
done by bone-forming cells called osteoblasts
Bone GrowthBone Growth

 Bones are remodeled and lengthened
until growth stops
Bones change shape somewhat
Bones grow in width – appositional
growth Bones grow in width –
appositional growth
Growth due to growth hormones and
sex hormones
Bones are remodeled continually in response to:
Calcium levels in blood and pull of gravity
and muscles on the bones
Long Bone Formation and

GrowthLong Bone Formation and
Growth
Figure 5.4a
Long Bone Formation and
GrowthLong Bone Formation and
Growth
Figure 5.4b
Types of Bone CellsTypes of Bone

Cells
 Osteocytes
 Mature bone cells
 Osteoblasts
 Bone-forming cells
 Osteoclasts
 Bone-destroying cells
 Break down bone matrix for remodeling
and release of calcium
 Bone remodeling is a process by
both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Bone FracturesBone Fractures

 A break in a bone
 Types of bone fractures
 Closed (simple) fracture – break that does
not penetrate the skin
 Open (compound) fracture – broken
bone penetrates through the skin
 Bone fractures are treated by reduction
and immobilization
 Realignment of the bone – either by
physician’s hands or surgery
Common Types of
FracturesCommon Types of
Fractures
Table 5.2
Repair of Bone FracturesRepair of

Bone Fractures
 Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is
formed due to broken blood vessels
 Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a
callus – cartilage matrix, bony matrix,
collagen fibers – capillaries also form again
 Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a
bony callus made of spongy bone
 Bony callus is remodeled to form
a permanent patch
Stages in the Healing of a

BoneStages in the Healing of a
Bone FractureFracture
Figure 5.5
The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton

 Forms the longitudinal part of the
body  Divided into three parts
Skull
Vertebral
column Bony
thorax
The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton

Figure 5.6
The SkullThe Skull

 Two sets of
bones Cranium
Facial bones
 Bones are joined by sutures
– interlocking, immovable
joints
 Only the mandible is attached by
a freely movable joint
The SkullThe Skull

Figure
5.7
Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull

Figure 5.11
Human Skull, Superior ViewHuman

Skull, Superior View
Figure 5.8
Human Skull, Inferior ViewHuman

Skull, Inferior View
Figure 5.9
Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses

 Hollow portions of bones
surrounding the nasal cavity
Figure 5.10
Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses

 Functions of paranasal sinuses
 Lighten the skull
 Give resonance and amplification to voice
Figure 5.10
The Hyoid BoneThe Hyoid Bone

 The only bone that
does not articulate with
another bone
 Serves as a moveable
base for the tongue and
as an attachment point
for neck muscles that
raise and lower the
larynx when we swallow
and speak Figure 5.12
The Fetal
SkullThe Fetal
Skull
 The infant’s face is
very small
compared
to the size of the
cranium
 The fetal skull is
large
compared to the
infants total body
length
 Skull is unfinished at
birthFigure 5.13
The Fetal
SkullThe Fetal
Skull
 Fontanelles –
fibrous membranes
connecting the
cranial bones
Soft spots
Allow the brain to
grow
and for easier
delivery
 Convert to bone within
24 months after birth
Figure 5.13
The Vertebral ColumnThe Vertebral

Column – Spine
 Vertebrae separated
by
intervertebral discs
 The spine has a
normal
curvature
 Each vertebrae is
given a name
according to its
location
 Before birth 33 :
then 9 fuse Figure 5.14
Structure of a Typical
VertebraeStructure of a Typical
Vertebrae
Figure 5.16
Regional Characteristics of
VertebraeRegional Characteristics of
Vertebrae
Figure 5.17a, b
Regional Characteristics of
VertebraeRegional Characteristics of
Vertebrae
Figure 5.17c, d
The Bony ThoraxThe Bony Thorax

 Forms a
cage to
protect
major
organs
Figure 5.19a
The Bony ThoraxThe Bony Thorax

 Made-up
of
three parts
Sternu
m
Ribs
Thorac
ic
vertebrae
Figure 5.19a
The Appendicular SkeletonThe

Appendicular Skeleton
 126 bones of the:

 Limbs (appendages)
 Pectoral
girdle  Pelvic
girdle
The Appendicular SkeletonThe

Appendicular Skeleton
Figure 5.6c
The Pectoral (Shoulder)

GirdleThe Pectoral (Shoulder)
Girdle  Composed of two bones
 Clavicle – collarbone and Scapula – shoulder blade
 These bones allow the upper limb to
have exceptionally free movement due to:
 Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton
at only one point
 Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide
back and forth against the thorax as muscles act
 The glenoid cavity is shallow, and the shoulder joint
is poorly reinforces by ligaments
Slide 5.50
Bones of the Shoulder GirdleBones

of the Shoulder Girdle
Figure 5.20a, b
Bones of the Shoulder GirdleBones

of the Shoulder Girdle
Figure 5.20c, d
Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the

Upper Limb
 The arm is
formed by a
single bone
Humerus Figure 5.21a, b
Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the

Upper Limb
• The forearm
has two bones
• Ulna
• Radius
Figure 5.21c
Bones of the
Upper
LimbBones of
the Upper
Limb
 The hand
Carpals – wrist

Metacarpals –
palm
Phalanges –
fingers
Figure 5.22
Bones of the Pelvic GirdleBones of the

Pelvic Girdle
 Hip bones
 Composed of three pair of fused bones
 Ilium
 Ischium
 Pubic bone
 The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
 Protects several organs
 Reproductive organs
 Urinary bladder
 Part of the large intestine
The PelvisThe Pelvis

Figure 5.23a
The PelvisThe Pelvis

Figure 5.23b
Gender Differences of the

PelvisGender Differences of the
Pelvis
Figure 5.23c
Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the

Lower Limbs
 The thigh
has
one bone
Femur – thigh
Femur –
thigh
bone
The
heaviest
and
strongest bone
in the body
Figure 5.35a, b
Bones of the Lower

LimbsBones of the
Lower Limbs
 The leg has two bones

Tibia
Fibula
Figure 5.35c
Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the

Lower Limbs
 The foot
Tarsus – ankle
 Metatarsals – sole
 Metatarsals – sole
Phalanges – toes
Figure 5.25
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin

Cummings Slide 5.62
Arches of the FootArches of the Foot
 Bones of the
foot are arranged
to
form three
strong arches
Two longitudinal
One transverse
Figure 5.26
Joints
 Articulations of
bones  Functions of
joints Hold bones
together
Allow for mobility
 Ways joints are
classified Functionally
Structurally
Functional Classification of
JointsFunctional Classification of
Joints
 Synarthroses – immovable joints 
Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable
 Amphiarthroses – slightly
moveable joints
 Diarthroses – freely moveable joints
Structural Classification of
JointsStructural Classification of Joints
 Fibrous joints
Generally immovable
 Cartilaginous joints
 Immovable or slightly
moveable  Synovial joints
Freely moveable
Fibrous JointsFibrous Joints

 Bones united by fibrous
tissue  Examples
Sutures in skull
Syndesmos
es
 Allows more
movement
than
sutures
because
fibers are longer
 Example: distal
end of tibia and
fibula Figure 5.27d, e
Cartilaginous JointsCartilaginous
Joints
 Bones connected
by cartilage 
Examples
Pubic
symphysis -
pelvis
 Intervertebral
joints – spinal
column
Figure 5.27b, c
Synovial
JointsSynovial Joints
 Articulating
bones are
separated by a
joint cavity
 Synovial
fluid
is found in
the
joint cavity
Figure 5.27f–h
Features of Synovial JointsFeatures of

Synovial Joints
 Articular cartilage (hyaline

cartilage) covers the ends of bones
 Joint surfaces are enclosed by a
fibrous articular capsule
 Have a joint cavity filled with
synovial fluid
 Ligaments reinforce the joint
Structures Associated with the

SynovialStructures Associated with the
Synovial Joint
 Bursae – flattened fibrous
sacs  Lined with synovial
membranes
 Filled with synovial fluid
 Not actually part of the joint and common
where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or
bones rub together
 Tendon sheath
Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
The Synovial JointThe Synovial Joint

Figure 5.28
Types of Synovial Joints Based

onTypes of Synovial Joints Based
on Shape
Figure
5.29a–c
Types of Synovial Joints Based

onTypes of Synovial Joints Based
on Shape
Figure
5.29d–f
Inflammatory Conditions
AssociatedInflammatory Conditions
Associated with Jointswith Joints
 Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually
caused by a blow or friction to the knee
 Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
- sprain
 Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative
diseases of joints
 Over 100 different types
 The most widespread crippling disease in
the United States
Clinical Forms of ArthritisClinical
Forms of Arthritis
 Osteoarthritis – wear-and-tear
arthritis  Most common chronic arthritis
 Probably related to normal aging
processes  Rheumatoid arthritis
 An autoimmune disease – the immune
system attacks the joints
 Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation
of certain joints
 Often leads to deformities
Clinical Forms of ArthritisClinical

Forms of Arthritis
 Gouty Arthritis - Gout

 Inflammation of joints is caused by an
accumulation in blood and deposition
of urate crystals (uric acid) from the
blood
Usually affects only one joint
Can usually be controlled with diet

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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Slides 5.1 – 5.77

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

Functions of BonesFunctions of Bones

 Support of the body

Bones of the Human BodyBones of

Classification of Bones on the

Structures of a Long BoneStructures

Structures of a Long BoneStructures

Structures of a Long BoneStructures

Bone MarkingsBone Markings

BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone

Changes in the Human

Bone GrowthBone Growth

Bone GrowthBone Growth

Long Bone Formation and

Types of Bone CellsTypes of Bone

Bone FracturesBone Fractures

Repair of Bone FracturesRepair of

Stages in the Healing of a

The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton

The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton

The SkullThe Skull

The SkullThe Skull

Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull

Human Skull, Superior ViewHuman

Human Skull, Inferior ViewHuman

Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses

Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses

The Hyoid BoneThe Hyoid Bone

The Vertebral ColumnThe Vertebral

The Bony ThoraxThe Bony Thorax

The Bony ThoraxThe Bony Thorax

The Appendicular SkeletonThe

 126 bones of the:

The Appendicular SkeletonThe

The Pectoral (Shoulder)

Bones of the Shoulder GirdleBones

Bones of the Shoulder GirdleBones

Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the

Humerus Figure 5.21a, b

Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the

Bones of the Pelvic GirdleBones of the

The PelvisThe Pelvis

The PelvisThe Pelvis

Gender Differences of the

Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the

Bones of the Lower

 The leg has two bones

Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin

Arches of the FootArches of the Foot

Fibrous JointsFibrous Joints

Features of Synovial JointsFeatures of

 Articular cartilage (hyaline

Structures Associated with the

The Synovial JointThe Synovial Joint

Types of Synovial Joints Based

Types of Synovial Joints Based

Clinical Forms of ArthritisClinical