The Skeletal System: Elaine N. Marieb

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 5
The Skeletal System

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Skeletal System
 Parts of the skeletal system
 Bones (skeleton)
 Joints
 Cartilages
 Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to
muscle)
 Divided into two divisions
 Axial skeleton
 Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.1
Functions of Bones
 Support of the body

 Protection of soft organs
 Movement due to attached skeletal
muscles
 Storage of minerals and fats
 Blood cell formation
Bones of the Human Body
 The skeleton has 206 bones
 Two basic types of bone tissue
 Compact bone
 Homogeneous
 Spongy bone
 Small needle-like
pieces of bone
Figure 5.2b
 Many open spaces

Classification of Bones
 Long bones
 Typically longer than wide
 Have a shaft with heads at both ends
 Contain mostly compact bone
• Examples: Femur, humerus
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.4a
 Short bones
 Generally cube-shape
 Contain mostly spongy bone
 Examples: Carpals, tarsals
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.4b
Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.4c
 Flat bones
 Thin and flattened
 Usually curved
 Thin layers of compact bone around a layer
of spongy bone
 Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.5a
 Irregular bones
 Irregular shape
 Do not fit into other bone classification
categories
 Example: Vertebrae and hip
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.5b
Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.5c
Gross Anatomy of a Bone
 Diaphysis
 Shaft
 Composed of
compact bone
 Epiphysis
 Ends of the bone
 Composed mostly of
spongy bone
Structure of a Long Bone
 Periosteum
 Outside covering of the
diaphysis
 Fibrous connective tissue
membrane
Serves as an attachment for
muscle
 Arteries
 Supply bone cells with
nutrients
 Articular cartilage
 Covers the external
surface of the
epiphyses
 Made of hyaline
cartilage
 Decreases friction at
joint surfaces
 Medullary cavity
 Cavity of the shaft
 Contains yellow
marrow (mostly fat)
in adults
 Contains red marrow
(for blood cell
formation) in infants
Changes in the Human Skeleton
 In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline
cartilage
 During development, much of this cartilage
is replaced by bone
 Cartilage remains in isolated areas
 Bridge of the nose
 Parts of ribs
 Joints
Bone Growth
 Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of

long bone during childhood
 New cartilage is continuously formed
 Older cartilage becomes ossified
 Cartilage is broken down
 Bone replaces cartilage
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Bone Growth
 Bones are remodeled and lengthened

until growth stops
 Grow longitudinally for height
 Bones grow in width to support weight

Epiphyseal Disc
• Refer to figure 8-3
• Growth plate
• The cartilage near the epiphyseal disc
multiplies and eventually becomes ossified
(turns to bone)
• As long as new cartilage continues to form
the bone continues to lengthen.
Epiphyseal Disc (cont.)
• When the growth plate hardens and
becomes ossified, growth stops
• Hormones play a big part in this
– Growth hormone stimulates growth
– Sex hormones stop growth
Bone Width
• Long after longitudinal bone growth has
stopped, bones continue to grow in
thickness and width.
• Bones are continuously being reshaped
Types of Bone Cells
 Osteocytes
 Mature bone cells
 Osteoblasts
 Bone-forming cells
 Osteoclasts
 Bone-destroying cells
 Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium
 Bone remodeling is a process by both
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Bone Remodeling
• A combined action of osteoblasts (bone
forming cells) and osteoclasts (bone
destroying cells)
• Osteoblasts deposit bone on the external
bone surface
– Figure 8-5 (like a brick layer)
• Osteoclasts break down bone from the
inside
– Figure 8-5 (like a sculptor)
Bone Growth
 Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of

long bone during childhood
 New cartilage is continuously formed
 Older cartilage becomes ossified
 Cartilage is broken down
 Bone replaces cartilage

Bone Growth
 Bones are remodeled and lengthened

until growth stops
 Bones change shape somewhat
 Bones grow in width

Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4a

Bone Fractures
 A break in a bone
 Types of bone fractures
 Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not
penetrate the skin
 Open (compound) fracture – broken bone
penetrates through the skin
 Bone fractures are treated by reduction
and immobilization
 Realignment of the bone
Common Types of Fractures
Table 5.2
Repair of Bone Fractures
 Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is
formed
 Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to
form a callus
 Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a
bony callus
 Bony callus is remodeled to form a
permanent patch
Stages in the Healing of a Bone
Fracture
Figure 5.5
Skeletal System
• Divided into two divisions
– Axial skeleton ~ bones of the cranium, face,
vertebral column, and bony thorax.
– Appendicular skeleton ~ includes the bones of
the pelvic girdles, the upper extremities and
lower extremities.
The Axial Skeleton
 Forms the longitudinal part of the body

 Divided into three parts
 Skull
 Vertebral column
 Bony thorax

The Axial Skeleton
Figure 5.6
The Skull
 Two sets of bones

 Cranium
 Facial bones
 Bones are joined by sutures
 Only the mandible is attached by a
freely movable joint

The Cranium
• Bony structure that encases and protects the
brain.
• 8 bones
– Frontal Bone ~ forehead/upper part of
the bony structure surrounding the eyes.
The Cranium
• Parietal Bone (2) ~ upper sides of the
head and the roof of the cranial cavity
(top of the head)
The Cranium
• Temporal Bones (2) ~ sides of the head,
close to ears.
– Commonly called the temples
– Includes the external auditory meatus
• Opening for the ear
– Includes the zygomatic process
• Part of the cheekbone
The Cranium
• Occipital Bone ~ back and base of the
cranium
– Includes the foramen magnum
• Foramen means hole
• Large hole for the brainstem/spinal
cord
The Cranium
• Sphenoid Bone ~ forms sides of cranium
and parts of orbits of the eyes
• Butterfly shaped
– Includes Sella Turcica (Turk’s Saddle)
• Where pituitary gland sits
The Cranium
• Ethmoid Bone ~ irregularly shaped bone
located between the eye orbits
– Major supporting bone of the nasal cavity
The Skull
Figure 5.7

The Cranium
• That’s it! No more cranium
bones!
• 206 bones - 8 bones = 198

bones to go…
Facial Bones
• 14 bones
• Most of these bones come in pairs
• Only the mandible and vomer are
single bones
Facial Bones
• Mandible ~ the lower jaw bone
–Carries the lower teeth
–The anterior portion forms the
chin
–Only freely movable joint in the
skull
Facial Bones
• Maxilla (2) ~ Upper jaw
– Two bones fused together
– Roof of the mouth
– Also form parts of the nasal cavity
and eye orbits
The Facial Bones
• Zygomatic Bones (2) ~ the cheekbones
– Also forms a part of the orbits of the
eyes
Facial Bones
• Other Facial Bones
• Lacrimal Bones (2) ~ inner wall of eye

sockets
• Nasal Bones (2) ~ bridge of nose
• Vomer ~ nasal septum
• Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
Bones of the Skull
Figure 5.11
Human Skull, Superior View
Figure 5.8
Human Skull, Inferior View
Figure 5.9
Paranasal Sinuses
 Hollow portions of bones surrounding
the nasal cavity
Figure 5.10

Paranasal Sinuses
 Functions of paranasal sinuses
 Lighten the skull
 Give resonance and amplification to voice
Figure 5.10

The Fetal Skull
 The fetal skull is

large compared
to the infants
total body length
Figure 5.13

The Fetal Skull
 Fontanelles –
fibrous membranes
connecting the
cranial bones
 Allow the brain
to grow
 Convert to bone
within 24 months
after birth
Figure 5.13

The Hyoid Bone
 The only bone that

does not articulate
with another bone
 Serves as a
moveable base for
the tongue
Figure 5.12
Hyoid Bone
Middle Ear
• 3 Tiny bones ~ transmit vibrations
• All derived from Latin words
• Malleus (hammer)
• Incus (anvil)
• Stapes (stirrup)
– Smallest bone in the body
Middle Ear and Hyoid Bones
• That’s it!
• 184 bones - 4 bones = 180 bones to go…

The Vertebral Column
• The backbone or spine

• Consists of 26 bones called
vertebrae
The Vertebral Column
 Vertebrae
separated by
intervertebral discs
 The spine has a
normal curvature
 Each vertebrae is
given a name
according to its
location Figure 5.14
Structure of a Typical Vertebrae
Figure 5.16
The Bony Thorax
 Forms a
cage to
protect
major
organs
Figure 5.19a

The Bony Thorax
 Made-up of
three parts
 Sternum
 Ribs
 Thoracic
vertebrae
Figure 5.19a

Thoracic Cage
• Ribs ~ 12 pairs of ribs
attach posteriorly to
the thoracic vertebrae
• True ribs ~ first 7 pair
• False ribs ~ last 5 pairs
The Appendicular Skeleton
 Limbs (appendages)
 Pectoral girdle
 Pelvic girdle

The Appendicular Skeleton
Figure 5.6c
The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
 Composed of two bones

 Clavicle – collarbone
 Scapula – shoulder blade
 These bones allow the upper limb to
have exceptionally free movement
Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Figure 5.20a, b
Bones of the Upper Limb
 The arm is
formed by a
single bone
 Humerus
Figure 5.21a, b
• The forearm
has two bones
• Ulna
• Radius
Figure 5.21c
 The hand
 Carpals – wrist
 Metacarpals –
palm
 Phalanges –
fingers
Figure 5.22
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
 Hip bones
 Composed of three pair of fused bones
 ilium
 Ischium
 Pubic bone
 The total weight of the upper body rests on the
pelvis
 Protects several organs
 Reproductive organs
 Urinary bladder
 Part of the large intestine
The Pelvis
Figure 5.23a

Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Figure 5.23c
Bones of the Lower Limbs
 The thigh has

one bone
 Femur – thigh
bone
Figure 5.35a, b

 The leg has

two bones
 Tibia
 Fibula
Figure 5.35c

 The foot
 Tarsus – ankle
 Metatarsals –
sole
 Phalanges –
toes
Figure 5.25
Types of Synovial Joints
• Saddle Joint
– When the surfaces of both articulation bones
are saddle-shaped
• Concave/convex
– Thumb
– Wide range of motion
• Gliding Joint
– Interaction of flat surfaces of articulating bones
– Limited but complex movement
– Wrist, ankle
• Condyloid Joint
– Oval-shaped articular surface of one bone fits
into the oval-shaped depression of another
– Mandible, knuckles
Inflammatory Conditions
Associated with Joints
 Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually
caused by a blow or friction
 Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
 Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative
diseases of joints
 Over 100 different types
 The most widespread crippling disease in the
United States
Clinical Forms of Arthritis
 Osteoarthritis
 Most common chronic arthritis
 Probably related to normal aging processes
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 An autoimmune disease – the immune system
attacks the joints
 Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of
certain joints
 Often leads to deformities
Clinical Forms of Arthritis
 Gouty Arthritis
 Inflammation of joints is caused by a
deposition of urate crystals from the blood
 Can usually be controlled with diet
 Red meat and wine are high in uric acid

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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Support of the body

 Many open spaces

 Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Bones are remodeled and lengthened

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Bones are remodeled and lengthened

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Forms the longitudinal part of the body

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Two sets of bones

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

• 206 bones - 8 bones = 198

• Lacrimal Bones (2) ~ inner wall of eye

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 The fetal skull is

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 The only bone that

• 184 bones - 4 bones = 180 bones to go…

• The backbone or spine

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Composed of two bones

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 The thigh has

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 The leg has

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

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