Skeletal System

The Skeletal

System:
Structure, Function, and
Diseases
of the bones and joints
The Skeletal System
 Parts of the skeletal system
 Bones (skeleton)
 Joints
 Cartilages
 Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to
muscle)
 Divided into two divisions
 Axial skeleton- skull, spinal column
 Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Functions of Bones

 Support of the body

 Protection of soft organs
 Movement due to attached skeletal
muscles
 Storage of minerals and fats
 Blood cell formation
Bones of the Human Body
 The skeleton has 206 bones
 Two basic types of bone tissue
 Compact bone
 Homogeneous
 Spongy bone
 Small needle-like
pieces of bone
Figure 5.2b
 Many open spaces

Bones are classified by their
shape:
1.Long- bones are longer than
they are wide (arms, legs)
2.Short- usually square in shape,
cube like (wrist, ankle)
3.Flat- flat , curved (skull,
Sternum)
4.Irregular- odd shapes
(vertebrae, pelvis)
SHORT bones include the carpals of the wrist
and tarsals of the ankle.
FLAT bones include the skull,
sternum (breastbone), and scapula
(shoulder bone).
IRREGULAR bones include the vertebrae (spine),
and pelvic.
Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1

Types of Bone Cells
 Osteocytes
 Mature bone cells
 Osteoblasts
 Bone-forming cells
 Osteoclasts
 Bone-destroying cells
 Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium
 Bone remodeling is a process by both
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Bone The features in this long bone
structure…
illustrate those found in all bones.
Epiphysis (ĭ PIF ah siss) -

growing end
Diaphysis (dye AF ah siss) -
shaft
Periosteum (peri OSS tee um) -
outside covering
Medullary (MED ul air ee)-
inner space containing
bone marrow
Endosteum (en DOS tee um)-
lining of medullary cavity
Changes in the Human Skeleton
 In embryos, the skeleton is primarily
hyaline cartilage
 During development, much of this cartilage
is replaced by bone
 Cartilage remains in isolated areas
 Bridge of the nose
 Parts of ribs
 Joints
Axial skeleton supports and protects
organs of head, neck and trunk
Axial skeleton:
skull (cranium and facial bones)
hyoid bone (anchors tongue and
muscles
associated with swallowing)
vertebral column (vertebrae and
disks)
bony thorax (ribs and sternum)
Appendicular skeleton includes
bones of limbs and
bones that anchor them to the
axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton:
pectoral girdle (clavicle,
scapula)
upper limbs (arms)
pelvic girdle (sacrum, coccyx)
lower limbs (legs)
Articulation- where joints meet,
connect, and are formed.
The Axial Skeleton
 Forms the longitudinal part of the body

 Divided into three parts
 Skull
 Vertebral Column
 Rib Cage
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

The Axial Skeleton
Figure 5.6
The Skull
•8 sutured bones in cranium
•Facial bones: 13 sutured
bones 1 mandible
Cranium
encases brain
attachments for muscles
sinuses
Bones of the Skull
Figure 5.11

Allows for
growth
Paranasal Sinuses
 Hollow portions of bones surrounding
the nasal cavity
Figure 5.10

The Hyoid Bone
 The only bone that

does not articulate
with another bone
 Serves as a
moveable base for
the tongue, and
other muscle
attachments
Figure 5.12
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.26
The Vertebral Column
 Vertebrae
separated by
intervertebral discs
made of cartilage
 The spine has a
normal S curvature
 Each vertebrae is
given a name
according to its
location Figure 5.14
The vertebral column…
The cervical curve contains the first 7 vertebrae;

the thoracic curve contains the next 12; the
lumbar curve contains 5. The sacral curve does
not contain vertebrae. It contains the sacrum and
coccyx (KOCK siks) or tailbone.
The male and female pelvis…
The pelvis is the lower portion of the trunk of the
body. The hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx form the
pelvic basin. Hip bones include the ilium (Ĭl ee um),
pubis (PYU bus), and ischium (ISS kee um).
Male Female
The male pelvis is shaped like a funnel and is
heavier and stronger than the female. The female
pelvis is oval to round, and wider than the male.
Thoracic cage
ribs
thoracic
Vertebrae
sternum
costal cartilages
•True ribs are directly

attached to the
sternum
(first seven pairs)
•Three false ribs are
joined to the 7th rib
•Two pairs of floating
ribs
Joints
A joint, or articulation, is the place where two
bones come together. The manner in which they
connect determines the type of movement allowed at
that joint.
• Fibrous- Immovable:connect bones, no movement.
(skull and pelvis).
• Cartilaginous- slightly movable, bones are attached
by cartilage, a little movement (spine or ribs).
• Synovial- freely movable, much more movement
than cartilaginous joints. Cavities between bones
are filled with synovial fluid. This fluid helps lubricate
and protect the bones.
Joints…
A synarthrosis
(sĭn ahrTHROW siss)
is a joint that
allows no
movement. An
example would be
a cranial suture.
A amphiarthrosis
(am fee ahr THROW siss) is Joints…
a joint that allows slight
movement. An example
would be a vertebra.
A diarthrosis (dye ahr THROW siss) is a joint that

allows free movement in a variety of directions,
such as knee, hip, elbow, wrist, and foot.
Types of body movements at
diarthrotic joints…
Flexion:
Abduction: moving a body bending a limb
part away from the middle. Extension:
Adduction: moving a body straightening a
part toward the middle. flexed limb
Supination: lying supine or

face upward; or turning the Circumduction:
palm or foot upward. moving a body
Pronation: lying prone or part in a circular
face downward; or turning motion
the palm downward.
Dorsiflexion:
Protraction: moving a body
bending a body
forward.
part backwards.
Retraction: moving a body
part backward.
Rotation:
Inversion: turning inward. moving a body
Eversion: turning outward. part around a
central axis
Trendelenburg
Lateral
Fowler’s position: sitting recumbent:
straight up or reclining slightly; lying on your
legs straight or bent. left or right side
Trendelenburg position:
(TREN duh len burg) lying
supine with head lower than feet.
The Synovial Joint
Figure 5.28
Types of Synovial Joints Based on
Shape
Figure 5.29a–c

Types of Synovial Joints Based on
Shape
Figure 5.29d–f

Types of Joints
Hinge- A hinge joint allows extension
and retraction of an appendage. (Elbow,
Knee)
Ball and Socket- A ball and socket
joint allows for radial movement in
almost any direction. They are found in
the hips and shoulders. (Hip, Shoulder)
Gliding- In a gliding or plane joint bones
slide past each other. Mid-carpal and mid-
tarsal joints are gliding joints. (Hands,
Feet)
Saddle- This type of joint occurs when the
touching surfaces of two bones have both
concave and convex regions with the
shapes of the two bones complementing
one other and allowing a wide range of
movement. (Thumb)
Bone growth and resorption…
Bone is continually remodeled. It is
broken down by osteoclasts in a
process called resorption, and
formed again by osteoblasts. Bone
formation and healing slow down as
part of the aging process.
Osteoporosis is an
age-related loss of
bone mass or density.

Skeletal System

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The Skeletal

 Support of the body

 Many open spaces

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Epiphysis (ĭ PIF ah siss) -

 Forms the longitudinal part of the body

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 The only bone that

The cervical curve contains the first 7 vertebrae;

•True ribs are directly

A diarthrosis (dye ahr THROW siss) is a joint that

Supination: lying supine or

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

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