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    1. Anatomy of MSS

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    MSS

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    1. Anatomy of MSS

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    Rupali
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    MSS

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    MSS

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    1 views45 pages

    1. Anatomy of MSS

    Uploaded by

    Rupali
    MSS

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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    5

    PART A
    The Skeletal System
    PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University

    ESSENTIALS
    OF HUMAN
    ANATOMY
    & PHYSIOLOGY
    EIGHTH EDITION

    ELAINE N. MARIEB
    Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
    The Skeletal System
    Divided into two divisions
     Axial skeleton
     Appendicular skeleton
    Parts of the skeletal system
     Bones (skeleton)
     Joints
     Cartilages
     Ligaments
    Functions of the Bones
    • Support of the body
    • Protection of soft organs
    • Movement due to attached skeletal
    muscles
    • Storage of minerals and fats
    • Blood cell formation
    Classification of Bones
    • The adult skeleton has 206 bones
    • Two basic types of osseous tissue
     Compact bone
    Is dense and looks smooth
    Homogenous
     Spongy bone
    Small needle-like
    pieces of bone
    Many open
    spaces
    Classification of Bones on the
    Basis of Shape
    Classification of Bones
    Long bones
     Typically longer than wide
     Have a shaft with heads at both ends
     Contain mostly compact bone
    • Examples: Femur, humerus
    Classification of Bones

    Short bones
     Generally cube-shape
     Contain mostly spongy bone
    • Examples: Carpals, tarsals
    Classification of Bones
    Flat bones
     Thin and flattened
     Usually curved
     Thin layers of compact bone around a
    layer of spongy bone
    • Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
    Classification of Bones
    Irregular bones
     Irregular shape
     Do not fit into other bone classification
    categories
    • Example: Vertebrae and hip
    Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
    Diaphysis
     Shaft
     Composed of
    compact bone
    Epiphysis
     Ends of the
    bone
     Composed mostly of
    spongy bone
    Structures of a Long Bone
     Periosteum
     Outside covering
    of the diaphysis
     Fibrous connective
    tissue membrane
     Sharpey’s fibers
     Secure periosteum
    to underlying bone
     Arteries
     Supply bone
    cells with
    nutrients
    Structures of a Long Bone
     Articular cartilage
     Covers the
    external surface of
    the epiphyses
     Made of hyaline
    cartilage
     Decreases friction
    at joint surfaces
    Structures of a Long Bone
     Medullary cavity
     Cavity of the shaft
     Contains yellow
    marrow (mostly fat)
    in adults
     Contains red
    marrow (for blood
    cell formation) in
    infants
    Bone Formation, Growth
    and Remodeling
    • In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline
    cartilage
    • During development, much of this cartilage is
    replaced by bone
    • Cartilage remains in isolated areas
    – Bridge of the nose
    – Parts of ribs
    – Joints
    Bone Formation, Growth
    and Remodeling
    • Ossification
    – is the process of bone formation
    • It involves two major phases:
    – First, the hyaline cartilage model is completely
    covered with bone matrix by bone forming
    cells called osteoblasts.
    – Then, the enclosed hyaline cartilage model is
    digested away, opening up a medullar cavity
    within the newly formed bone.
    Long Bone Formation
    and Growth
    Types of Bone Cells
    • Osteocytes
    – Mature bone cells
    • Osteoblasts
    – Bone-forming cells
    • Osteoclasts
    – Bone-destroying cells
    – Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
    release of calcium
    • Bone remodeling is a process by both
    osteoblasts and osteoclasts
    Bone Remodeling

    • Is essential if bones are retain normal


    proportions and strength during long-bone
    growth as the body increases in size and
    weight.
    • Bones become thicker and form large
    projections to increase their strength in
    areas where bulky muscles are attached.
    Axial Skeleton
     Forms the longitudinal axis of the body
     Divided into three parts:
     Skull
     Vertebral column
     Bony thorax
    The Skull
     Two sets of bones
     Cranium
     Facial bones
     Bones are joined by sutures
     Only the mandible is attached by a freely
    movable joint.
    THANK YOU

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