Articulationst

Articulations

• Articulations
• Where two bones interconnect
• Immovable joints
• Synarthroses, or bony
• Slightly moveable joints
• Amphiarthroses, or fibrous / cartilagenous
• Freely moveable joints
• Diarthroses, or synovial

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Synarthroses (immovable joints)
• Four major types

• Suture = skull bones bound together by dense
connective tissue
• Gomphosis = teeth bound to bony sockets by
periodontal ligaments
• Synchondrosis = two bones bound by rigid
cartilaginous bridge
• Syntosis = two bones completely fused

Amphiarthroses (slightly movable joints)
• Two major types

• Syndesmosis = bones connected by a ligament
• Symphysis = bone separated by fibrocartilage

Diarthroses (freely movable joints)
• Bony surfaces enclosed within articular capsule

• Bony surfaces covered by articular cartilage
• Bony surfaces lubricated by synovial fluid
• Structures include
• Menisci
• Fat pads
• Accessory ligaments
• Bursae

Figure 9.1 The Structure of a Synovial Joint
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.1
Dynamic motion
• Dynamic motion
• Linear motion
• Angular motion
• Rotation
• Joints classified based on type of motion
permitted
• Monaxial
• Biaxial
• Triaxial

Figure 9.2 A Simple Model of Articular Motion
Types of movement
• Gliding motion
• Two surfaces slide past one another
• Angular motion
• Flexion, extension, hyperextension
• Abduction, adduction
• Circumduction

Figure 9.3 Angular Movements
PLAY Animation: Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension

Rotational movement
• Left or right
• Medial (internal) or lateral (external)
• Pronation or supination in the bones of the
forearm only

Figure 9.4 Rotational Movements
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.4a,b
Figure 9.4 Rotational Movements
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.4c
Special movement
• Movements of the foot

• Inversion and eversion
• Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion
• Movements of the thumb

• Opposition

Other movements
• Protraction moves a structure anteriorly

• Retraction moves a structure posteriorly
• Elevation moves a structure superiorly
• Depression moves a structure inferiorly
• Lateral flexion bends the vertebrae to one side

Figure 9.5 Special Movements
Structural classification of joints
• Gliding joints permit movement in a single plane

• Hinge joints are monaxial joints permitting
angular motion in one plane
• Pivot joints are monaxial joints that permit
rotation
• Ellipsoid joints are biaxial joints that pit one bone
in an oval depression of another
• Saddle joints are biaxial joints with one concave
and one convex bone face
• Ball-and-socket joints are triaxial joints that
permit rotation and other movements
Figure 9.6 A Functional Classification of
Synovial Joints
Figure 9.6 A Functional Classification of
Synovial Joints
PLAY Animation: Joint Motion

Intervertebral articulations
• Gliding joints
• Vertebral bodies form symphyseal joints
cushioned by intervertebral discs
• Outer anulus fibrosus and inner nucleus
pulposus
• Stabilized by ligaments

Figure 9.7 Intervertevbral Articulations
Figure 9.8 Damage to the Intervertebral Discs
Shoulder joint (glenohumoral joint)
• Glenoid cavity and head of humerus

• Ball and socket diarthroses
• Stabilized by ligaments
• Strength and stability sacrificed for range of
motion

Figure 9.9 The Shoulder Joint
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.9a
Figure 9.9 The Shoulder Joint
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.9b
The elbow joint
• Permits only flexion and extension

• Hinge diarthroses
• Reinforced with strong ligaments
PLAY Animation: Clavicle & Scapula

Hip joint
• Ball and socket diarthroses

• Acetabulum and head of femur
• Permits flexion/extension, abduction/ adduction,
circumduction, rotation
• Stabilized by numerous ligaments

Figure 9.11 The Hip Joint
Knee joint
• Hinge joint with incomplete articular

capsule
• Formed by the condyles of the femur and the
condylar surfaces of the tibia
• Accessory structures help stabilize lateral
movements
• Permits flexion/extension, limited rotation
• Supported by ligaments
PLAY Animation: Hip

Figure 9.12 The Knee Joint
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.12a, b
Figure 9.12 The Knee Joint
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.12c, d
Joint problems with aging
• Joint problems associated with aging

• Relatively common
• Rheumatism – general term for pain and
stiffness in muscular and skeletal elements
• Arthritis – all rheumatic diseases affecting
synovial joints

Articulationst

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Articulations

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Four major types

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Two major types

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Bony surfaces enclosed within articular capsule

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PLAY Animation: Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Movements of the foot

• Movements of the thumb

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Protraction moves a structure anteriorly

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Gliding joints permit movement in a single plane

PLAY Animation: Joint Motion

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Glenoid cavity and head of humerus

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Permits only flexion and extension

PLAY Animation: Clavicle & Scapula

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Ball and socket diarthroses

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Hinge joint with incomplete articular

PLAY Animation: Hip

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Joint problems associated with aging

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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