DR. YULIANA, S.KED, M.

BIOMED
The Skeletal System

• Skeletal Function
• Bone Surface Markings
• Divisions of the Skeletal System
• Axial Skeleton
• Appendicular Skeleton

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

SKELETAL FUNCTION

• 1. SUPPORT
• 2. PROTECTION
• 3. MOVEMENT
• 4. MINERAL STORAGE
• 5. BLOOD CELL FORMATION
Bone Surface Markings
• Bones have characteristic surface markings
– Structural features adapted for specific functions
• There are two major types of surface markings:
– 1) Depressions and openings
• Allow the passage of blood vessels and nerves or form joints
– 2) Processes
• Projections or outgrowths that form joints or serve as
attachment points for ligaments and tendons

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Depression & Openings: Processes:
• Fissure • Condyle
• Foramen • Facet
• Fossa • Head
• Sulcus • Crest
• Meatus • Epicondyle
• Line
• Spinous process
• Trochanter
• Tubercle
• Tuberocity
Divisions of the Skeletal System

• Axial skeleton
– Skull
– Auditory ossicles and hyoid bone
– Vertebral column
– Thoracic cage
• Appendicular skeleton
– Pectoral and pelvic girdles
– Upper and lower limbs
Axial skeleton

Appendicular
skeleton

Tampak depan Tampak belakang

AXIAL
SKELETON
The Axial Skeleton
• Functions of the Axial Skeleton
– Supports and protects organs in body cavities
– Forms large and several smaller cavities (Nasal cavity,
Orbits, Paranasal sinuses, Small cavities which house organs involved in
hearing and equilibrium).

– Attaches to muscles of
• Head, neck, and trunk
• Respiration
• Appendicular skeleton
The Axial Skeleton

Figure 7.1b
Cranium
Cranial Bones/Brain Box /Neurocranium → enclose the
cranial cavity that contains: brain and its fluids, meninges,
blood vessels, nerves, and membranes.
FACIAL BONES/ VISCEROCRANIUM → form facies.
surround and protect the entrances to the
respiratory and digestive tracts
Cranial Bones

• one occipital bone • two temporal bones

– foramen magnum • auditory ossicles
• two parietal bones • one sphenoid
• one frontal bone • one ethmoid
– frontal sinuses
Facial bones

• Maxillary bones • Inferior nasal conchae

• Mandible • Zygomatic bones
• Palatine bones • Lacrimal bones
• Nasal bones • Hyoid
• Vomer
Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull

Figure 7.2
Skull (Cranial Bones)
• Frontal Bone
– Forms the forehead
• Parietal Bones
– Form the sides and roof of the cranial cavity
• Temporal Bones
– Form the lateral aspects and floor of the cranium
• Occipital Bone
– Forms the posterior part and most of the base of the cranium
• Sphenoid Bone
– Lies at the middle part of the base of the skull
• Ethmoid Bone
– Located on the midline in the anterior part of the cranial floor medial to the
orbits
– A major superior supporting structure of the nasal cavity
– Contain thin projections called conchae which are lined by mucous
membranes
– Increased surface area in the nasal cavity helps to humidify inhaled air
trapping inhaled particles

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Skull (Facial Bones)
• Nasal Bones
– Form the bridge of the nose
• Maxillae
– Form the upper jawbone
– Form most of the hard palate
• Separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
• Zygomatic Bones
– commonly called cheekbones, form the prominences of the cheeks
• Lacrimal Bones
– Form a part of the medial wall of each orbit
• Palatine Bones
– Form the posterior portion of the hard palate
• Inferior Nasal Conchae
– Form a part of the inferior lateral wall of the nasal cavity

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Skull (Facial Bones)
• Vomer
– Forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum
• Mandible
– Lower jawbone
– The largest, strongest facial bone
– The only movable skull bone
• Nasal Septum
– Divides the interior of the nasal cavity into right and left sides
– “Broken nose,” in most cases, refers to septal damage rather than the
nasal bones themselves
• Orbits
– Eye socket
• Foramina
– Openings for blood vessels , nerves , or ligaments of the skull

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Skull
• Unique Features of the Skull
– Sutures, Paranasal sinuses, Fontanels
• Sutures
– an immovable joint that holds most skull bones together
• Paranasal Sinuses
– Cavities within cranial and facial bones near the nasal cavity
– Secretions produced by the mucous membranes which line the sinuses, drain
into the nasal cavity
– Serve as resonating chambers that intensify and prolong sounds
• Fontanels
– Areas of unossified tissue
– Eventually, they are replaced with bone to become sutures
– Provide flexibility to the fetal skull, allowing the skull to change shape as it
passes through the birth canal

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

The Adult Skull- Anterior View

Figure 7.3d
The Adult Skull – lateral view

Tympanic region
of temporal bone

Figure 7.3c
The Adult Skull – Posterior and Superior View

Figure 7.3a, b
The Adult Skull-Inferior View

Figure 7.3e
The Adult Skull-Cranial Base
Paranasal Sinuses
• Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
• Functions of paranasal sinuses:
• Lighten the skull
• Give resonance and amplification to voice

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Figure 7.12 The Mandible and Hyoid
Bones

Figure 7.12a
Fontanelles

Figure 7–15b The Skull of an Infant.

The Hyoid Bone
 The only bone that
does not articulate
with another bone
 Serves as a moveable
base for the tongue
 Supports the larynx
 Attaches muscles of
the larynx, pharynx,
and tongue

Figure 5.12
Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty
Udayana University Slide 5.26
32
The Vertebral Column
VERTEBRAE :

 Each typical vertebra consist of:

 Body
 Arch
 Spinous proc.
 Transverse proc.
 Articular proc. (Superior and inferior).
 Vertebral foramen
Structure of a Typical Vertebrae

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Vertebral Anatomy

Figure 7.18
Sacrum

• Protects reproductive, digestive and

urinary organs
• Articulates with pelvic girdle and fused
elements of coccyx
Figure 7.22 The Sacrum and Coccyx

Figure 7.22
Parts of avertebra
Corpus (1)
Pedicle (4)
Arcus vertebralis
Lamina (6)
Foramen vertebralis (5)
Facies articularis (7)
Processus transversus (3)
Processus spinosus (2)

The lesser load the

smaller in size

Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty

42
Udayana University
Thoracic cage

• Thoracic vertebrae
• Ribs
• Sternum

– Ribs and sternum forms the rib cage

The Thoracic Cage
• Functions of the Thoracic Cage
– Protects organs of the thoracic cavity
• Heart, lungs, and thymus
– Attaches muscles
• For respiration
• Of the vertebral column
• Of the pectoral girdle
• Of the upper limbs
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Department of Anatomy, Medical
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Faculty Udayana University
The Thoracic Cage
• Ribs
– Are mobile
– Can absorb shock
– Functions of ribs
• Rib movements (breathing):
– affect width and depth of thoracic cage
– changing its volume

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Education, Inc., publishing as
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The Thoracic Cage

Figure 7–24c The Ribs.

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Education, Inc., publishing as
Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Thoracic Cage
• Ribs (costae)
– Are 12 pairs of long, curved, flat bones
– Extending from the thoracic vertebrae
– Ribs are divided into three types
• True ribs
• False ribs
• Floating ribs

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Education, Inc., publishing as
Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Thoracic Cage

Figure 7–23 The Thoracic Cage.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc., publishing as
Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Thoracic Cage

Figure 7–24a The Ribs.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc., publishing as
Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Thoracic Cage

Figure 7–24b The Ribs.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc., publishing as
Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Thoracic Cage
• The sternum
– A flat bone
– In the midline of the thoracic wall
– Three parts of the sternum
• The manubrium
• The sternal body
• The xiphoid process

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Education, Inc., publishing as
Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Department of Anatomy, Medical
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Faculty Udayana University
KEY CONCEPT
• The axial skeleton:
– protects the brain, spinal cord, and visceral organs
of the chest
• Vertebrae:
– conduct body weight to the lower limbs
• Lower vertebrae are larger and stronger:
– because they bear more weight
The Appendicular Skeleton
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
The Appendicular Skeleton
• 2 pairs of limbs and 2 girdles
• Pectoral (shoulder) girdle attaches
upper limbs
• Pelvic (hip) girdle secures lower
limbs
• 3-Segmented limbs
– Upper = arm
• Arm
• Forearm
• Hand
– Lower = leg
• Thigh
• Leg
• Foot
UPPER LIMB
Pectoral
Girdle
(Shoulder Girdle)

• Clavicle – anterior: collar bone

– Sternal end attaches to the manubrium medially
– Acromial end articulates with the scapula laterally
• Scapula – posterior: shoulder blade
Scapulae: triangular, paired, but don’t connect
in back (adds thoracic flexibility)
capula
• Glenoid cavity
articulates with
the humerus
• Acromion
articulates with
clavicle
• Coracoid process
projects anteriorly
Upper extremity
• Arm or Brachium =
upper arm
– Between shoulder and
elbow (humerus)
• Forearm or
Antebrachium
– Radius & ulna
• Hand includes:
– Wrist (carpus)
– Palm (metacarpus)
– Fingers (phalanges)
ARM
Arm
– Humerus is the only
bone
– Head of humerus fits
into glenoid cavity of
scapula
– Distal & medially,
trochlea articulates with
the ulna
– Distal & laterally
capitulum articulates
with the radius
– Medial & lateral
epicondyles
Right
humerus,
anterior view
Right humerus,
posterior view
Radius is thinner proximally, like
Forearm a spool of thread, and wide
distally; ulna is slightly longer
and looks like a monkey wrench
• 2 bones: articulate with each (supposedly!)
other proximally and distally
• Interosseous membrane
between them
• Ulna
– Olecranon hinges with the
humerus forming elbow
– Styloid process distally
• Radius
– Contributes to wrist joint
– Styloid process anchors a ligament
to wrist (thumb side)
Right forearm bones,
anterior view
Right forearm bones,
posterior view
In the anatomical position,
the radius is lateral
Left forearm (thumb side); with
pronation the palm faces
posteriorly and the bones
cross

prone Anatomic Prone: body lying face

al down
position Suppine: body lying face up

pronation moves the forearm into

(you can remember prone if you think
the prone position and supination about how you would fall forward onto
moves it back to the anatomical your face if you passed out)

position
Proximal and distal joints of the forearm

proximal ulna
Hand
• Proximal is “wrist” – 8 carpal bones
• Palm of hand - 5 metacarpals
• Fingers (or digits) consist of miniature long bones called
phalanges: thumb (“pollex”) has 2; fingers have 3: proximal,
middle, distal
Right hand, 2 views:
Lower limb

• Thigh: femur

• Leg (lower
leg)
– Tibia
– Fibula

• Foot
Pelvic Girdle
(Hip Girdle)

• Strongly attached to axial

skeleton (sacrum)
• Deep sockets
• More stable than pectoral
(shoulder) girdle
• Less freedom of movement
• Made up of the paired hip bones
– “Bony pelvis” is basin-like
structure: hip bones plus the
axial sacrum and coccyx
Hip bone (os coxae): 3 separate bones
in childhood which fuse

• Ilium

• Ischium

• Pubis
Ilium
ilium
• Iliac crest
• Anterior superior
iliac spine
• Greater sciatic
notch
• Forms part of
“acetabulum”
(hip socket)
which receives ilium
ball-shaped head
of femur
Ischium

• Body
• Ramus
• Ischial spine
ischium
• Ischial
tuberosity
• Part of socket

ischium
Pubis

• Joins medially
in pubic
symphysis
• Forms
pubis
“obturator
foramen”
(large hole)
with ischium
• Part of socket
pubis
Hip bones with labels
False (greater) and
true (lesser) pelvis
Ligaments
Pelvis and childbearing

• Male/female differences
– Large & heavy vs light & delicate
– Heart shaped pelvic inlet vs oval
– Narrow deep true pelvis vs wide & shallow
– Narrow outlet vs wide
– Less than 90 degree pubic arch vs more than 90 degree
• Birth canal changes shape as baby descends: head turns ¼
– Higher: pelvic inlet (brim) - side to side largest
– Lower: pelvic outlet - largest in AP direction
Thigh

• Femur is largest, longest

and strongest bone in the
body
• Head fits in socket
(acetabulum) of pelvis
• Neck is weakest
• Greater trochanter
• Distal: lateral & medial
condyles and epicondyles
• Patella: sesmoid bone
Right femur, anterior
view
Right femur,
posterior view
Coxa valga

Coxa vara
Leg

• Tibia: shin bone

– Medial and lateral
condyles
– Tibial tuberosity
– Distal medial malleolus
(medial ankle)
• Fibula
– Distal lateral malleolus
(lateral ankle)
• Interosseous membrane
Right lower
leg, anterior
view
Foot
• Tarsus: 7 tarsal bones
– Talus: articulates with tibia
and fibula anteriorly and
calcaneus posteriorly
– Calcaneus: heel bone
– Smaller cuboid, navicular,
and 3 cuneiforms (medial,
intermediate and lateral)
• 5 metatarsals
• 14 phalanges
– Great toe is hallux
Right foot, superior (dorsal) view and inferior (plantar) view
Right foot,
lateral and
medial views
Arches