Diethyl Ether Report

PREFACE

As a good analyst, we have to always improve our knowledge about
chemical materials, especially organic compounds. We live in around of organic
compounds. We are organic compounds itself. So, it’s so important to know
more about it.
This paper is made to fulfill the task of Organic Chemistry. And this
paper describe about Diethyl ether.
Diethyl ether is the organic compound with the formula (CH3‐CH2)2O. It
is the most common member of a class of chemical compounds known
generically as ethers. It is a common solvent and was once used as a general
anesthetic.
We hope this paper can be useful for us individually, and for the reader.
We are waiting for the suggestion so we can make and improve a better work.

Writers

Arief Rahman | Rania Fardyani | 11‐6 |54th |Diethyl Ether |
1
AUTHENTICATION

Writers,

Rania Fardyani Arief Rahman
NIS. 08.54.06287 NIS. 08.54.06129
Parents,

Didi Supardi, S.I.P Elin Roslina, S.Pd

The Teacher of Subjects

Rusman, M.Si
NIP. 19781113 2005 02 1 1001
2
CONTENTS
PREFACE ________________________________________________________ 1
AUTHENTICATION _________________________________________________ 2
CONTENTS _______________________________________________________ 3
LIST OF TABLE ____________________________________________________ 4
LIST OF PICTURE __________________________________________________ 5
ENCLOSURE LIST __________________________________________________ 6
DIETHYL ETHER ___________________________________________________ 7
I. BRIEF HISTORY ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 8
II. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF DIETHYL ETHER ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 9
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 9
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 10
III. PRODUCTION OF DIETHYL ETHER IN INDUSTRIAL AND LABORATORY SCALE ‐‐‐‐ 12
LABORATORY SCALE ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 12
1. SYNTESHIS DIETHYL ETHER FROM ETHANOL ______________________________ 12
2. WILLIAMSON SYNTHESIS ______________________________________________ 13
3. REACTION OF ALKYL HALIDES WITH DRY SILVER OXIDE ______________________ 13
INDUSTRIAL SCALE ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 14
IV. DIETHYL ETHER IN NATURE AND APPLICATIONS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15
AS A SOLVENT ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15
ANESTHETIC USE ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 15
RECREATIONAL USE ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 16
V. THE DANGER OF DIETHYL ETHER ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 17
HAZARDOUS POTENTIALS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 17
PHYSICAL DANGERS ______________________________________________________ 17
CHEMICAL DANGERS _____________________________________________________ 17
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS __________________________________________ 17
TOXICITY _______________________________________________________________ 18
ROUTES OF EXPOSURE ____________________________________________________ 18
HEALTY RISK ____________________________________________________________ 18
EFFECTS OF SHORT‐TERM EXPOSURE ________________________________________ 18
EFFECTS OF LONG‐TERM OR REPEATED EXPOSURE _____________________________ 18
HANDLING AND STORAGE ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 19
EMERGENCY TREATMENT ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 20
WASTE TREATMENT ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 20
VI. DIETHYL ETHER IN OUR LIFE ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 21
DIETHYL ETHER AS AN ANASTHETIC ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 21
DIETHYL ETHER FOR HPLC ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 21
DIETHYL ETHER EXTRACT OF SUKUN WOOD FOR ANTI‐BREAST CANCER ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 22
DIETHYL ETHER IN SYNTETHIC FOOD COLOR PREPARATIONS ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 22
DIETHYL ETHER AS ORGANIC SOLVENT IN CAFFEINE EXTRACTION ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 23
REFERENCES ____________________________________________________ 24

3
LIST OF TABLE

Table 1 Physical Properties of Diethyl Ether ____________________________ 9
Table 2 Emergency Treatment of Diethyl Ether ________________________ 20
4
LIST OF PICTURE

Picture 1 3‐Dimentional Model of Diethyl Ether _________________________ 7
Picture 2 Condensed Structure of Diethyl Ether _________________________ 7
Picture 3 Complete Structure of Diethyl Ether __________________________ 7
Picture 4 Raymundus Lullus _________________________________________ 8
Picture 5 Valerius Cordus ___________________________________________ 8
Picture 6 Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim a.k.a Paracelsus _______ 8
Picture 7 Vapor Pressure ___________________________________________ 9
Picture 8 Preparation of Diethyl Ether Diagram ________________________ 14
Picture 9 Diethyl Ether As Solvent and Anesthetic ______________________ 15
Picture 10 Ether Dome in Boston ____________________________________ 15
Picture 11 William T.G. Morton _____________________________________ 16
Picture 12 Hazardous Signs of Diethyl Ether ___________________________ 19
Picture 13 Anesthetic Pack _________________________________________ 21
Picture 14 Anesthetic Concentration in 1 Atmosphere __________________ 21
Picture 15 Diethyl Ether for HPLC ___________________________________ 21
Picture 16 The Graph of Sukun Wood Extract __________________________ 22
Picture 17 Caffeine Extraction ______________________________________ 23
Picture 18 Caffeine Calibration Curve ________________________________ 23
5
ENCLOSURE LIST
- ANAESTHETIC ETHER, SOLVENT ETHER. British Pharmaceutical Codex, page
310‐312
- Diethyl Ether Safety Manual, page 178‐179
- Ethers. Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
page113‐115
- Introduction, HPLC chromatogram of Sukun wood extract.
Anti‐Cancer Properties of Diethylether Extract of Wood from Sukun
(Artocarpus altilis) in Human Breast Cancer (T47D) Cellsm, page 2 and 6
- PROPERTIES OF ETHERS, PREPARATIONS OF ETHERS. Module Organic
Chemistry, page 93‐95
- Web Page: Chemical Safety Data: Diethyl Ether
- Web Page: Diethyl Ether Cases As An Anesthetic
- Web Page: Diethyl Ether Information
- Web Page: Diethyl Ether Safety Sheet
- Web Page: Diethyl Ether, Wikipedia
- Web Page: Inhalation Anesthesia
- Web Page: Preparation of Diethyl Ether In Laboratory Scale
- Web Page: Preparation of Diethyl Ether In Industrial Scale

6
DIETHYL ETHER
Diethyl ether, also known as ether, is the organic compound with the formula
(CH3‐CH2)2O. It is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a low boiling point and a
characteristic odor. It is the most common member of a class of chemical compounds
known generically as ethers. It is a common solvent and was once used as a general
anesthetic.
The IUPAC name is ETHOXY ETHANE. Other names are diethyl ether, ethyl ether,
ethyl oxide3‐oxapentane.
Molecular formula C4H10O C2H5OC2H5

Picture 1 3‐Dimentional Model of Diethyl Ether

Picture 2 Condensed Structure of Diethyl Ether

Picture 3 Complete Structure of Diethyl Ether

7
I. BRIEF HISTORY
Alchemist Raymundus Lullus is credited with
discovering the compound in 1275 AD, although there
is no contemporary evidence of this. It was first
synthesized in 1540 by Valerius Cordus, who called it
“oil of sweet vitriol” (oleum dulcis vitrioli) – the name
Picture 4 Raymundus Lullus reflects the fact that it is obtained by distilling a
mixture of ethanol and sulfuric acid (then known as oil
of vitriol) – and noted some of its medicinal properties. At about the same
time, Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, better known as Paracelsus,
discovered ether’s analgesic properties. The name ether was given to the
substances in 1730 by August Siegmund Frobenius. (en.wikipedia.org)

Picture 6 Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim
a.k.a Paracelsus Picture 5 Valerius Cordus
8
II. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF DIETHYL
ETHER
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
C4H10O
1. Molecular Formula
C2H5OC2H5
2. Molecular Weight 74.12
3. Boiling point 34.6°C
4. Melting point ‐116.3°C
5. Flash point ‐45°C
6. Relative density (water = 1) 0.7134
Solubility in water, g/100 ml at 6.9 %
7.
20°C
8. Vapor pressure, kPa at 20°C 58.6
9. Viscosity 0.224 cP (25°C)
Stable, but may react with oxygen in
10. Stability
the air to form unstable peroxides
11. Relative vapor density (air = 1) 2.6
Relative density of the air‐ 1.9
12.
mixture at 20°C (air = 1)
13. Auto‐ignition temperature 160‐180°C
Octanol/water partition 0.89
14.
coefficient as log Pow
clear gas, colorless liquid, slightly
ethereal, with a sweet,
15. Appearance
characteristic smell, hygroscopic,
very volatile, highly flammable
16. Explosion Limit 1.7 – 48 %
Table 1 Physical Properties of Diethyl Ether
The auto‐ignition temperature is kindling point of a

substance is the lowest temperature at which it will
spontaneously ignite in a normal atmosphere without
external source of ignition, such as a flame or spark.
Picture 7 Vapor Pressure
9
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1. Formation of Peroxide (Air‐Oxidation)
On exposure to sunlight, diethyl ether slowly react with oxygen from the
air to form explosive peroxides.

Diethyl ether Peroxide of diethyl ether

This oxidation can be avoided by storing diethyl ether in dark well‐
sealed bottle.

2. Cleavage of Diethyl Ether by Acids
Diethyl ether undergo cleavage by strong acids (HI or HBr) at high
temperatures to give a alcohol and alkyl halide.

Diethyl ether Ethanol Ethyl bromide

If an excess of acid is used, the alcohol initially produces is also
converted to an alkyl halide.

Diethyl ether Ethyl bromide

3. Reaction with PCl5
Diethyl react with phosphorus pentachloride to form alkyl chlorides.

Diethyl ether Ethyl chloride

4. Formation of Oxonium Salts
Diethyl ether reacts with clod concentrated H2SO4 or HCl to form
oxonium salts. Diethyl ether donates a pair of electrons to form these
10
salts. The oxonium salts once formed are soluble in the acid solution.
Diethyl ether can be regenerated from the oxonium salts by treatment
with water.

..
..
Diethyl ether Oxonium salt of diethyl ether
11
III.PRODUCTION OF DIETHYL ETHER IN INDUSTRIAL AND
LABORATORY SCALE
LABORATORY SCALE
LABORATORY SCALE
There are some techniques to prepare diethyl ether in laboratory scale.
1. SYNTESHIS DIETHYL ETHER FROM ETHANOL
1) By Heating Ethyl Alcohol and Concentrated Sulfuric Acid.
a. Set up the apparatus as shown in the Figure.
b. Place 50ml of ethyl alcohol into the distillation flask.
c. Add 20ml of conc. sulfuric acid into the same distillation flask.
d. Put 25ml of ethyl alcohol into the tap funnel.
e. Heat the distillation flask on asbestos‐covered wire gauze.
f. Add ethyl alcohol from the tap funnel at the same rate at which
ether distils.
g. Boil 5 more minutes after ethyl alcohol has finished in the tap
funnel.
h. Stop boiling.

12
2) By Passing Alcohol Vapor Over Alumina
Vapor‐phase dehydration of ethanol over some alumina catalysts can
give diethyl ether yields of up to 95%.

2. WILLIAMSON SYNTHESIS
Both symmetrical and unsymmetrical ethers can be prepared by using this
method. It involves the treatment of primary alkyl halides with sodium salt of
an alcohol. In the example of diethyl ether preparation below, we use sodium
ethoxide and ethyl bromide to form diethyl ether plus sodium bromide.
3. REACTION OF ALKYL HALIDES WITH DRY SILVER OXIDE
This method principle is changing the halides attached to alkyl (ethyl in this
example) with oxygen that will be act as a “bridge” for each other alkyl.
Because of its principle, this method is only useful for producing symmetrical
ethers.
13
INDUSTRIAL SCALE
Dry (anhydrous) or nearly dry ethyl alcohol is allowed to flow into a
mixture of alcohol and sulfuric acid heated to 130°c‐140°c. The vapors are
collected, and ether and some alcohol and water condense out. The sulfuric
acid is a catalyst, but since it becomes more and more diluted as a
consequence of the water produced by the reaction, the process becomes
inefficient (which is why anhydrous ethanol is the best).The temperature of
the reaction should be controlled carefully. At temperatures below 130°c,
the reaction is too slow and mostly ethanol will distill. Over 150°c, the ethyl
sulfuric acid decomposes, forming ethylene instead of combining with
ethanol to form ether.
Picture 8 Preparation of Diethyl Ether Diagram
95% ethanol may be recovered from water + CH3CH2OH pulled from the
bottom of the fractioning column (marked 'out') by connecting it to another
column and distilling it.
This may be converted to 100% ethanol by mixing the 95% with calcium
oxide and distilling ‐ the water is used up to make Calcium hydroxide. This in
turn can be re‐fed to the "FEED TANK" after cooling.
14
IV. DIETHYL ETHER IN NATURE AND APPLICATIONS
Picture 9 Diethyl Ether As Solvent and Anesthetic
AS A SOLVENT
Diethyl ether is a common laboratory solvent. It has limited solubility of
water, thus it is commonly used for liquid‐liquid extraction. Being less dense
than water, the ether layer is usually on top. Diethyl ether is a common
solvent for the Grignard Reaction, and for many other reactions involving
organometallic reagent.
It is particularly important as a solvent in the production of cellulose
plastics such as cellulose acetate.
It is a widely used solvent for bromine, iodine, most fatty and resinous
substances, volatile oils, pure rubber, and certain vegetable alkaloids.

ANESTHETIC USE
The William T.G. Morton participated in a
public demonstration of ether anesthesia on
October 16, 1846 at Ether Dome in Boston,
Massachusetts. However, Crawford Williamson
Long, M.D., is known to have demonstrated its
use privately as a general anesthetic in surgery
Picture 10 Ether Dome in Boston
15
to officials in Georgia, as early as March 30, 1842, and Long publicly
demonstrated ether’s use as a surgical anesthetic on numerous occasions
before 1846.
Ether was sometimes used in place of chloroform because it had a
higher therapeutic index, a larger difference between the recommended
dosage and a toxic overdose. Ether is still the
preferred anesthetic in some developing nations
due to its high therapeutic index (~1.5 – 2.2) and
low price.
Therapeutic index is a comparison of the
amount of a therapeutic agent that causes the
therapeutic effect to the amount death.
Picture 11 William T.G. Morton
RECREATIONAL USE
The anesthetic effects of ether have made it a recreational drug,
although not a popular one. Diethyl ether is not as toxic as other solvents
used as recreational drugs.
Ether, mixed with ethanol, was marketed in the 19th century as a cure‐
all and recreational drug during one of Western society's temperance
movements. At the time, it was considered improper for women to consume
alcoholic beverages at social functions, and sometimes ether‐containing
drugs would be consumed instead. A cough medicine called Hoffmann's
Drops was marketed at the time as one of these drugs, and contained both
ether and alcohol in its capsules. Ether tends to be difficult to consume
alone, and thus was often mixed with drugs like ethanol for recreational use.
Ether may also be used as an inhalant.
Ether is a traditional and still relatively popular recreational drug among
Lemkos It is usually consumed in a small quantity (kropka, or “dot”) poured
over milk, water with sugar or orange juice in a shot glass.
16
V. THE DANGER OF DIETHYL ETHER
HAZARDOUS POTENTIALS
PHYSICAL DANGERS
The vapor is heavier than air and may travel along the ground; distant
ignition possible. As a result of flow, agitation, etc., electrostatic charges
can be generated.
Slow oxidation occurs, on long standing container, or exposed to
sunlight in bottles. This unstable peroxides sometimes formed may explode
spontaneously or when heated.
Because of the low flash point a naked flame is not required for
ignition, a hot plate or even a hot radiator may be sufficient.
CHEMICAL DANGERS
The substance can form explosive peroxides under the influence of
light and air. Reacts violently with halogens, interhalogens, sulfur
compounds and oxidants causing fire and explosion hazard. Attacks plastic
and rubber.
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS
& TLV: 400 ppm as TWA
& 500 ppm as STEL (ACGIH 2001)
& EU OEL: 100 ppm
& 308 mg/m³ as TWA
& 200 ppm, 616 mg/m³ as STEL (EU 2000)
& TDL: orl‐ralt LD50 : 2200mg/kg; ipr‐rat LDL0 : 2000mg/kg

17
TOXICITY
1 Acute : conjunctivitis, irritation of respiratory tract, defatting
dermatitis, headache, dizziness, anorexia, nausea,
vomiting, paralysis, albuminuria.
1 Chronic : headache, dizziness, feeling of weakness, lack of appetite,
nausea, physic disturbances.
ROUTES OF EXPOSURE
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapor
and by ingestion.
HEALTY RISK
L A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly
on evaporation of this substance at 20°C.
L Disturbance of central nervous system by inhalation and
absorption through skin.
L Irritative to skin and mucous membranes.
L Skin contact from clothing wet with the chemical may cause burns.
L Cough, sore throat, vomiting, labored breathing, and
unconsciousness by inhalation
EFFECTS OF SHORT‐TERM EXPOSURE
The substance is irritating to the eyes and the respiratory tract. If this
liquid is swallowed, aspiration into the lungs may result in chemical
pneumonitis. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous
system, resulting in narcosis.
EFFECTS OF LONG‐TERM OR REPEATED EXPOSURE
The liquid defeats the skin. The substance may have effects on the
central nervous system. Caution, may cause addiction.
18
HANDLING AND STORAGE
AND STORAGE

Remove any source of ignition from the working area, including hot
plates, Bunsen burners, hot air guns and electrical equipment. Only work in
very well ventilated areas. Wear safety glasses, chemical cartridge
respirator, and rubber gloves. The shoes should be conductive and non
sparking. If using ether from a container that has been open for some time,
test the liquid for the presence of peroxides before use. Store under an inert
in atmosphere.
Easily ignites by nitric acid or fuming sulfuric acid or by mixing with
liquid oxygen or liquid air, resulting in explosion hazard. Protect containers
against physical damage. Detached outdoor storage is preferred. Indoor
storage should be in standard flammable liquid storage room. Isolate from
other combustible materials. Avoid direct sunlight. Protect against static
electricity and lightning. For large quantity storage rooms, protect with
automatic sprinkler systems and total flooding carbon dioxide systems, the
floors of the storage room should be conductive so as to ground out any
possible static charge of the individuals working in the room.
If spills, absorb with paper. Evaporate completely all splits surface.
Dispose by burning the paper after complete ventilation of vapor.

Picture 12 Hazardous Signs of Diethyl Ether

19
EMERGENCY TREATMENT

Exposure Hazards Prevention First Aid

Cough. Sore throat.
Drowsiness. Vomiting. Fresh air, rest. Artificial
Ventilation, local exhaust,
Inhalation Headache. Laboured respiration may be needed.
or breathing protection.
breathing. Refer for medical attention.
Unconsciousness.
Remove contaminated
Skin Dry or burn skin Protective Gloves clothes. Rinse skin with
plenty of water or shower.
First rinse with plenty of
water for several minutes
Eyes Redness. Pain. Irritating Safety Goggles (remove contact lenses if
easily possible), then take to
a doctor.
Rinse mouth. Do NOT
induce vomiting. Give one
Dizziness. Drowsiness. Do not eat, drink, or smoke
Ingestion or two glasses of water to
Vomiting. during work.
drink. Refer for medical
attention.
NO open flames, NO sparks,
Alcohol‐resistant foam.
Fire Extremely flammable. and NO smoking. NO
Powder. Carbon dioxide.
contact with hot surfaces.
Closed system, ventilation,
explosion‐proof electrical
equipment and lighting.
Prevent build‐up of
In case of fire: keep drums,
Vapor/air mixtures are electrostatic charges (e.g.,
Explosion etc., cool by spraying with
explosive. by grounding). Do NOT use
water.
compressed air for filling,
discharging, or handling.
Use non‐sparking hand
tools.
Table 2 Emergency Treatment of Diethyl Ether
WASTE TREATMENT
a. Place on ground in an open are. Evaporate or burn igniting form a safe
distance.
b. Dissolve in benzene, petroleum ether or higher alcohol such as butanol.
Dispose by burning the solution.
c. Do not attempt to flush this material down a sink. Dangerous levels of
vapour can build up in the sink or within sewers. Store in a waste solvent
container for disposal.
20
VI. DIETHYL ETHER IN OUR LIFE
DIETHYL ETHER AS AN ANASTHETIC
Anesthesia for Caesarean sections
performed during 1982‐83 at the
Women's Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal
is reviewed. In a twelve‐month period
535 Caesarean sections were performed,
representing 7.36 per cent of 7,263
deliveries. Many pregnant women in
Picture 13 Anesthetic Pack Nepal do not have antenatal care and the
mean hemoglobin of these mothers was
86 g X L‐1. In the absence of an on‐call anesthetist for obstetrics, more than
90 per cent of the anesthetics were given by junior obstetric residents, using
open drop diethyl ether without endotracheal intubation. Eleven patients
developed postoperative chest infection; in none of these was there any
suggestion of inhalation of gastric contents and all recovered uneventfully. Of
the 18 maternal deaths in the 7,263 deliveries during this period, one
occurred during Caesarean section. This was due to uncontrollable
hemorrhage and was not attributable to the anesthetic. For poor risk patients,
and in unskilled hands, diethyl ether remains a remarkably safe anesthetic.
Picture 14 Anesthetic Concentration in 1 Atmosphere
DIETHYL ETHER FOR HPLC

Picture 15 Diethyl Ether for HPLC
21

DIETHYL ETHER EXTRACT OF SUKUN WOOD FOR ANTI‐
BREAST CANCER

Diethylether (DE) extract of Sukun (A. altilis) wood has the anti‐cancer
propertied. Previous studies have shown that the DE extracts of the wood
contain artocarpin, a prenylated flavonoid compound, which has various
biological activities such as inhibition of 5a‐ reductase8,9 and melanin
biosynthesis in B16 melanoma cells10. The activity of Sukun wood extract
was assessed by investigating cell viability, observing the nuclear
morphology of cells and examining the cell cycle process after treatment
with Sukun wood extract.

Picture 16 The Graph of Sukun Wood Extract
DIETHYL ETHER IN SYNTETHIC FOOD COLOR
PREPARATIONS

Diethyl ether is used as diluent or filler material in synthetic food color
preparations. Most diethyl ether is produced as a byproduct of the vapor‐
phase hydration of ethylene to make ethanol. This process uses solid‐
supported phosphoric acid catalysts and can be adjusted to make more
ether if the need arises.Vapor‐phase dehydration of ethanol over some
alumina catalysts can give diethyl ether yields of up to 95% . Diethyl ether
can be prepared both in laboratories and on an industrial scale by the acid
ether synthesis.

22
DIETHYL ETHER AS ORGANIC SOLVENT IN CAFFEINE
EXTRACTION

Picture 17 Caffeine Extraction
Picture 18 Caffeine Calibration Curve
23
REFERENCES
Aldington, A, F.P.S., A.R.P.S. 1968. British Pharmaceutical Codex. London: London
The Pharmaceutical Press. Page 310 – 312.
Arung, Tangke Ines. 2009. Anti‐Cancer Properties of Diethylether Extract of Wood
from Sukun (Artocarpus altilis) in Human Breast Cancer (T47D) Cells. Page
2 and 6.
Rusman, M.Si., Riandari, Dwika, M.Si. 2009. Module Organic Chemistry. Bogor:
Ministry of Industry Center For Industrial Education and Training Bogor
High School of Chemical Analyst. Page 93 – 96.
Taranomon – Tachikawa. 1975. Toxic and Hazardous Industrial Chemical Safety
Manual for Handling and Disposal with Toxicity and Hazardous Data.
Tokyo: The International Technical Information Institute. Page 178 – 179.
Wilson, Charles O, Ph.D. Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical
Chemistry. 4th edition. Montreal Philadelphia: J.BG. Lippicott Company.
answers.yahoo.com
bkairdolf.tripod.com/Caffeine_Extraction
cartwright.chem.ox.ac.uk
chemicalland21.com/petrochemical
en.wikipedia.org
www.alibaba.com
www.bakersfieldcollege.edu
www.bis.org.in
www.chemicalbook.com
www.erowid.org
www.inchem.org
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
www.siraze.net/chemistry

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Diethyl Ether Report

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PREFACE

The auto‐ignition temperature is kindling point of a

Picture 8 Preparation of Diethyl Ether Diagram

Exposure Hazards Prevention First Aid

Picture 17 Caffeine Extraction

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