2.cells and Tissues

3

PART C
Cells and Tissues

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University

ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
EIGHTH EDITION
ELAINE N. MARIEB
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Body Tissues
 Cells are specialized for particular functions
 Tissues
 Groups of cells with similar structure and function
 Four primary types
 Epithelium
 Connective tissue
 Nervous tissue
 Muscle

Epithelial Tissues
 Found in different areas
 Body coverings
 Body linings
 Glandular tissue
 Functions
 Protection
 Absorption
 Filtration
 Secretion

Epithelium Characteristics
 Cells fit closely together
 Tissue layer always has one free surface
 The lower surface is bound by a basement membrane
 Avascular (have no blood supply)
 Regenerate easily if well nourished

Classification of Epithelium
 Number of cell layers
 Simple – one layer
 Stratified – more
than one layer
Figure 3.17a
Classification of Epithelium
 Shape of cells
 Squamous –
flattened
 Cuboidal – cube-
shaped
 Columnar –
column-like
Figure 3.17b
Simple Epithelium
 Simple squamous
 Single layer of flat
cells
 Usually forms
membranes
 Lines body
cavities
 Lines lungs and
capillaries
Figure 3.18a
Simple Epithelium
 Simple cuboidal
 Single layer of
cube-like cells
 Common in
glands and their
ducts
 Forms walls
of kidney tubules
 Covers the
ovaries
Figure 3.18b
Simple Epithelium
 Simple columnar
 Single layer of tall
cells
 Often includes
goblet cells, which
produce mucus
 Lines digestive
tract
Figure 3.18c
Simple Epithelium
 Pseudostratified
 Single layer, but
some cells are shorter
than others
 Often looks like a
double cell layer
 Sometimes ciliated,
such as in the
respiratory tract
 May function in
absorption or
secretion
Figure 3.18d
Stratified Epithelium
 Stratified squamous
 Cells at the free edge
are flattened
 Found as a protective
covering where
friction is common
 Locations
 Skin
 Mouth
 Esophagus
Figure 3.18e
 Stratified cuboidal
 Two layers of cuboidal cells
 Stratified columnar
 Surface cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in size
and shape
 Stratified cuboidal and columnar
 Rare in human body
 Found mainly in ducts of large glands
 Transitional
epithelium
 Shape of cells
depends upon the
amount of
stretching
 Lines organs of the
urinary system
Figure 3.18f
Glandular Epithelium
 Gland – one or more cells that secretes a particular product
 Two major gland types
 Endocrine gland
 Ductless
 Secretions are hormones
 Exocrine gland
 Empty through ducts to the epithelial surface
 Include sweat and oil glands

Connective Tissue
 Found everywhere in the body
 Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues
 Functions
 Binds body tissues together
 Supports the body
 Provides protection

Connective Tissue Characteristics
 Variations in blood supply
 Some tissue types are well vascularized
 Some have poor blood supply or are avascular
 Extracellular matrix
 Non-living material that surrounds living cells

Extracellular Matrix
 Two main elements
 Ground substance – mostly water along with adhesion proteins and
polysaccharide molecules
 Fibers
 Produced by the cells
 Three types
 Collagen fibers
 Elastic fibers
 Reticular fibers

Connective Tissue Types
 Bone (osseous tissue)
 Composed of:
 Bone cells in
lacunae (cavities)
 Hard matrix of
calcium salts
 Large numbers of
collagen fibers
 Used to protect and
support the body
Figure 3.19a
 Hyaline cartilage
 Most common
cartilage
 Composed of:
 Abundant
collagen fibers
 Rubbery matrix
 Entire fetal
skeleton is hyaline
cartilage
Figure 3.19b
 Elastic cartilage
 Provides elasticity
 Example: supports the external ear

 Fibrocartilage
 Highly
compressible
 Example: forms
cushion-like discs
between vertebrae
Figure 3.19c
 Dense connective tissue
 Main matrix element
is collagen fibers
 Cells are fibroblasts
 Examples
 Tendon – attach
muscle to bone
 Ligaments – attach
bone to bone
Figure 3.19d
 Areolar connective
tissue
 Most widely
distributed
connective tissue
 Soft, pliable tissue
 Contains all fiber
types
 Can soak up
excess fluid
Figure 3.19e
 Adipose tissue
 Matrix is an areolar
tissue in which fat
globules predominate
 Many cells contain
large lipid deposits
 Functions
 Insulates the body
 Protects some
organs
 Serves as a site of
fuel storage
Figure 3.19f
 Reticular connective
tissue
 Delicate network of
interwoven fibers
 Forms stroma
(internal supporting
network) of
lymphoid organs
 Lymph nodes
 Spleen
 Bone marrow
Figure 3.19g
 Blood
 Blood cells
surrounded by
fluid matrix
 Fibers are visible
during clotting
 Functions as the
transport vehicle
for materials
Figure 3.19h
Muscle Tissue
 Function is to produce movement
 Three types
 Skeletal muscle
 Cardiac muscle
 Smooth muscle

Muscle Tissue Types
 Skeletal muscle
 Can be controlled
voluntarily
 Cells attach to
connective tissue
 Cells are striated
 Cells have more than
one nucleus
Figure 3.20a
Muscle Tissue Types
 Cardiac muscle
 Found only in the
heart
 Function is to pump
blood (involuntary)
 Cells attached to
other cardiac muscle
cells at intercalated
disks
 Cells are striated
 One nucleus per cell
Figure 3.20b
Muscle Tissue Types
 Smooth muscle
 Involuntary muscle
 Surrounds hollow
organs
 Attached to other
smooth muscle cells
 No visible striations
 One nucleus per cell
Figure 3.20c
Nervous Tissue
 Neurons and nerve
support cells
 Function is to send
impulses to other
areas of the body
 Irritability
 Conductivity
Figure 3.21
Tissue Repair
 Regeneration
 Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells
 Fibrosis
 Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue)
 Determination of method
 Type of tissue damaged
 Severity of the injury

Events in Tissue Repair
 Capillaries become very permeable
 Introduce clotting proteins
 Wall off injured area
 Formation of granulation tissue
 Regeneration of surface epithelium

Regeneration of Tissues
 Tissues that regenerate easily
 Epithelial tissue
 Fibrous connective tissue and bone
 Tissues that regenerate poorly
 Skeletal muscle
 Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue
 Cardiac muscle
 Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord

Developmental Aspects of Tissue
 Epithelial tissue arises from all three primary germ layers
 Muscle and connective tissue arise from the mesoderm
 Nervous tissue arises from the ectoderm
 With old age there is a decrease in mass and viabililty in most
tissues

End of Discussion

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PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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