2 The Cell (PDFDrive)

Chapter

The Cell

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

prepared by Jason LaPres
North Harris College
Houston, Texas
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,

publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Introduction
 Cells are the structural “building blocks” of

all plants and animals.
 Cells are produced by the division of pre-
existing cells.
 Cells are the smallest structural units that
perform all vital functions.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Introduction
 Cells fall into two categories:

 Sex cells (germ cells or reproductive cells),
which are the sperm in males and oocyte in
females.
 Somatic cells are all of the other cells in the
body that are not sex cells.

The Study of Cells
 The study of cells is cytology.

 Most common methods of study:
 Light microscopy
 Transmission electron microscopy
 Scanning electron microscopy

The Study of Cells
Figure 2.1 Different Techniques, Different Perspectives

The Study of Cells
Figure 2.2 The Diversity of Cells in the Body

Cellular Anatomy
Figure 2.3 Anatomy of a Typical Cell

Cellular Anatomy
Figure 2.4 A Flow Chart for the Study of Cell Structure

Cellular Anatomy

Cellular Anatomy

Cellular Anatomy
 The Plasmalemma
 Four major functions of the cell membrane
can be described:
 Physical isolation
 Regulation of exchange with the environment
 Sensitivity
 Structural support

Cellular Anatomy

Cellular Anatomy
 The Plasmalemma
 Membrane permeability: passive processes
 Diffusion
 Osmosis
 Facilitated diffusion

Cellular Anatomy
Figure 2.6 Diffusion across Plasmalemmae

Cellular Anatomy
 The Plasmalemma
 Membrane permeability: active processes:
 Active transport uses enzymes and carrier
proteins.
 Ion pumps are carrier proteins for charged particles.
 Ions moved regularly by active transport include:
 Na+
 Ca2+
 Mg2+
 K+
 An ion pump that moves two ions simultaneously in
opposite directions is called an exchange pump.

Cellular Anatomy
Figure 2.7 Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis

Cellular Anatomy
Figure 2.8 Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Cellular Anatomy

Cellular Anatomy
Figure 2.9 The Cytoskeleton

Cellular Anatomy
Figure 2.9a The Cytoskeleton

Cellular Anatomy
 The cytoplasm is the general term for the
material inside the cell.
 Cytoplasm is a fluid that is very high in protein.
 The cytosol is the intracellular fluid.
 The cytosol is high in potassium ions.
 Cytosol contains an overall negative charge.
 Transmembrane potential
 The cytosol contains high concentrations of proteins.
 Organelles are structures within the cytoplasm that
have a particular function and very distinct
structure.

Cellular Anatomy
 Nonmembranous Organelles
 The Cytoskeleton:
 Microfilaments
 Intermediate filaments
 Thick filaments
 Microtubules

Cellular Anatomy
 Nonmembranous Organelles:
 Centrioles
 Cilia
 Flagella

Cellular Anatomy
Figure 2.10 Centrioles and Cilia

Cellular Anatomy

Cellular Anatomy
 Nonmembranous Organelles
 Ribosomes:
 60% RNA and 40% protein
 Free ribosomes:
 Float in the cytoplasm
 Fixed ribosomes:
 Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Cellular Anatomy
Figure 2.11 Ribosomes

Cellular Anatomy
 Membranous Organelles
 Mitochondria are double-membraned
organelles:
 Cristae are the folds of the inner membrane.
 The inner fluid is the matrix.
 They produce ATP.

Cellular Anatomy
Figure 2.12 Mitochondria

Cellular Anatomy
 The Nucleus is the control center of the cell.
 Nucleoplasm
 Nuclear envelope
 Perinuclear space
 Nuclear pores
 Nuclear matrix

Cellular Anatomy
Figure 2.13 The Nucleus

Cellular Anatomy
 Membranous Organelles—The Nucleus

 Chromosomes:
 DNA wrapped around proteins called histones.
 Nucleosomes
 Chromatin

Cellular Anatomy
Figure 2.14 Chromosome Structure

Cellular Anatomy
 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has four
major functions:
 Synthesis of all classes of macromolecules
 Storage of the manufactured molecules
 Transport of substances from one area of the
cell to another
 Enzymes in the lumen of the ER provide
detoxification.
 Smooth and rough ER

Cellular Anatomy
Figure 2.15 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Cellular Anatomy
 The Golgi apparatus has three main
functions:
 Synthesis and packaging of secretions
 Packaging of enzymes for use in the cytosol
 Renewal and modification of the cell
plasmalemma

Cellular Anatomy
Figure 2.16 The Golgi Apparatus

Cellular Anatomy
Figure 2.17 The Function of the Golgi Apparatus

Cellular Anatomy
 Lysosomes function in three manners:
 Lysosomes fuse with phagosomes to digest
solid materials.
 Lysosomes fuse with and recycle damaged
organelles.
 Lysosomes sometimes rupture a process
resulting in autolysis.

Cellular Anatomy
Figure 2.18 Lysosomal Functions

Cellular Anatomy
 Peroxisomes function as intracellular
digestive vesicles:
 Are abundant in liver cells
 Digest fats and toxins
 Convert hydrogen peroxide to water

Cellular Anatomy
 Membrane flow is the continual movement

and recycling of the plasmalemma.
 The ER, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles constantly
recycle the lipids, protein channels, and enzymes
of the plasmalemma.

Intercellular Attachment
 There are three major types of cell junctions:

 Tight junctions
 Communicating junctions
 Anchoring junctions

Intercellular Attachment
Figure 2.19 Cell Attachments

The Cell Life Cycle

The Cell Life Cycle
Figure 2.21 DNA Replication

The Cell Life Cycle
 Mitosis—the distribution process of

genetic information
 Mitosis consists of four stages:
 Prophase
 Metaphase
 Anaphase
 Telophase

The Cell Life Cycle
Figure 2.22 Interphase and Mitosis

The Cell Life Cycle

The Cell Life Cycle

The Cell Life Cycle

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Chapter

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,

 Cells are the structural “building blocks” of

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

 Cells fall into two categories:

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

 The study of cells is cytology.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 2.1 Different Techniques, Different Perspectives

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 2.2 The Diversity of Cells in the Body

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 2.3 Anatomy of a Typical Cell

Figure 2.4 A Flow Chart for the Study of Cell Structure

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 2.6 Diffusion across Plasmalemmae

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 2.7 Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis

Figure 2.8 Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 2.9 The Cytoskeleton

Figure 2.9a The Cytoskeleton

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 2.10 Centrioles and Cilia

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 2.11 Ribosomes

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 2.12 Mitochondria

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 2.13 The Nucleus

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

 Membranous Organelles—The Nucleus

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 2.14 Chromosome Structure

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 2.15 The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 2.16 The Golgi Apparatus

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 2.17 The Function of the Golgi Apparatus

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 2.18 Lysosomal Functions

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

 Membrane flow is the continual movement

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

 There are three major types of cell junctions:

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings