Integumentary System
Integumentary System
Integumentary System
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Skin Functions
Protects deeper tissues from:
Mechanical damage
Chemical damage
Bacterial damage
Thermal damage
Ultraviolet radiation
Desiccation
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Skin Functions
Aids in heat regulation
Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid
Synthesizes vitamin D
Sensation
Skin Structure
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Smooth Muscle
Nervous tissue
Figure 4.3
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EPIDERMIS
Stratified
squamous
epithelium
Often keratinized
(hardened by
keratin)
Avascular
Receives
nourishment from
the dermis
Figure 4.3
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DERMIS
Highly vascular
Sebaceous glands
Sudoriferous glands
Hair follicle
Nerves
Connective tissue
Stratum corneum
- dead cells (squamous)
- keratinocytes
Stratum lucidum
- 3-5 layers
- dead, flat cells
- thick skin
Stratum granulosum
- 3-4 layers
- flattened, dying cells
Stratum spinosum
- 8-10 rows of keratinocytes
Stratum basale
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
DERMIS
Stratum papillarosum
Areolar connective
tissue
in contact with
epidermis
Stratum reticulosum
reticular layer (meshlike)
Collagen fibers
Elastic fibers
Stretches well, but can
be overstretch
stretch marks
ACCESSORY STRUCTURES
OF THE SKIN
HAIR
HAIR STRUCTURE
Shaft
- superficial portion
Root
- below the surface
Hair develops in
follicles
Hair papilla
- contains blood vessels
and nerves
- nourishes the hair
Bulb
- contains matrix
- epithelial cells responsible
for growth
Figure 4.7a
Hair Anatomy
Inner medulla
Middle Cortex surrounds
medulla
Outer Cuticle
- outside of cortex
Most heavily
keratinized
Figure 4.7b
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Smooth muscle
contracts in response to
intense emotion or cold
goose bumps
GLANDS
SEBACEOUS GLANDS
Connected to hair
follicle
Secrete waxy substance
Sebum
Secretion increases at
puberty
SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS
Simple tubular coiled
glands
Produce perspiration
Water, salt, urea, met.
wastes
Thermoregulation
Sweat glands
Widely distributed in skin
Two types
Eccrine/Merocrine
Apocrine
Differentiating
Features
Eccrine Glands
Apocrine Glands
Distribution
Location of Secretory
Portion
Dermis
Subcutaneous layer of
the skin/hypodermis
Termination of
Excretory Duct
Surface of the
epidermis
Hair follicle
Nature of Secretion
Less viscous
Function
Thermoregulation
Onset of Function
At birth
Active at Puberty
1.
Epidermis
- stratified squamous epithelium
- divided into 2 layers:
a. stratum corneum
- outermost layer
- squamous cells
- shed off
b. stratum germinativum
- inner to s. corneum
- columnar cells
- mitosis
- stratum Malpighi
- chromatophores
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Dermis
- Made up connective tissue
- Composed of 2 regions
1. stratum spongiosum
- loose connective tissue, blood vessels, pigment
cells and glands
2 types of glands
1. Mucous glands
- smaller, more numerous
- Mucus
- Moist and slimy
- Prevents drying up
2. poison glands
- larger, fewer
- produce substances that can be mildly irritating to very toxic
depending on the species
- protection against enemies
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2. stratum compactum
- dense connective tissue
- smooth muscle fibers