Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 4
Skin and Body
Membranes
Slides 4.1 – 4.32

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin and Body Membranes

 Function of body membranes

 Line or cover body surfaces
 Protect body surfaces
 Lubricate body surfaces

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 4.1
Classification of Body Membranes

 Epithelial membranes
 Cutaneous membrane
 Mucous membrane
 Serous membrane
 Connective tissue membranes

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 4.2
Cutaneous Membrane
 Cutaneous membrane = skin
 A dry membrane
 Outermost protective boundary
 Superficial epidermis
 Keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium
 Underlying dermis
 Mostly dense
connective tissue Figure 4.1a

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 4.3
Mucous Membranes
 Surface epithelium
 Type depends on site
 Underlying loose connective
tissue (lamina propria)
 Lines all body cavities
that open to the
exterior body surface
 Often adapted
for absorption
or secretion Figure 4.1b

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 4.4
Serous Membranes
 Surface simple
squamous epithelium
 Underlying areolar
connective tissue
 Lines open body cavities
that are closed to the
exterior of the body
 Serous layers separated
by serous fluid
Figure 4.1c

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 4.5
Serous Membranes
 Specific serous membranes
 Peritoneum
 Abdominal
cavity
 Pleura
 Around the
lungs Figure 4.1d

 Pericardium
 Around the
heart
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 4.6
Connective Tissue Membrane

 Synovial membrane
 Connective tissue
only
 Lines fibrous
capsules
surrounding joints

Figure 4.2
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 4.7
Integumentary System

 Skin (cutaneous membrane)

 Skin derivatives
 Sweat glands
 Oil glands
 Hairs
 Nails

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 4.8
Skin Functions

 Protects deeper tissues from:

 Mechanical damage
 Chemical damage
 Bacterial damage
 Thermal damage
 Ultraviolet radiation
 Desiccation
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 4.9a
Skin Functions

 Aids in heat regulation

 Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid
 Synthesizes vitamin D

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 4.9b
Skin Structure
 Epidermis – outer layer
 Stratified
squamous
epithelium
 Often
keratinized
(hardened
by keratin)
Slide
4.10a
Layer of Epidermis

 Stratum basale
 Cells undergoing mitosis
 Lies next to dermis
 Stratum spinosum
 Stratum granulosum

Slide
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4.11a
Layer of Epidermis
 Stratum lucidum
 Occurs only in thick skin
 Stratum corneum
 Shingle-like
dead cells

Slide
4.11b
Melanin

 Pigment (melanin) produced by

melanocytes
 Color is yellow to brown to black
 Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum
basale
 Amount of melanin produced depends
upon genetic and exposure to sunlight

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 4.12
Skin Color Determinants
 Melanin
 Yellow, brown or black pigments
 Carotene
 Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables
 Hemoglobin
 Red coloring from blood cells in dermis
capillaries
 Oxygen content determines the extent of red
coloring
 Cyanosis - Low oxygen content creates a
bluish appearance Slide 4.14
MELANIN

How Sun Effects Melanin

Dermis

Dense connective tissue

Dermis
 Two layers
 Papillary layer
 Projections called
dermal papillae
 Pain receptors
 Capillary loops
 Reticular layer
 Blood vessels
 Glands
 Nerve receptors Slide
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
4.13a
FINGERPRINTS
Arise from the interaction of an individual’s genes and the
developmental environment in the uterus.
Genes determine general characteristics of patterns that are
used for fingerprint classification.
As the skin on the fingertip differentiates, it expresses these
general characteristics.

 
WHIRL
This skin is also in contact with the amniotic fluid in the uterus
and other parts of the fetus and the uterus, and their position in
relation to uterus and the fetal body changes as the fetus
moves on its own and in response to positional changes of the
mother.
                            
The area around growing cells on the fingertip is in flux, and ARCH
      from hand to hand and finger to
is always slightly different
finger.
Their effect is amplified by the differentiating cells and
produces the larger differences that enable the fingerprints of
even identical twins to be differentiated.
Skin Structure
 Deep to dermis is the hypodermis
 Not part of the
skin
 Anchors skin to
underlying organs
 Composed mostly
of adipose tissue

Slide
4.10b
Skin Structure

Figure 4.4
Slide
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4.13b
Appendages of
the Skin

 Sebaceous glands
 Produce oil
 Lubricant for skin
 Kills bacteria
 Most with ducts that empty into hair follicles
 Glands are activated at puberty Slide 4.15
Appendages of the Skin

 Sweat glands
 Widely distributed in skin
 Two types
 Eccrine
 Apocrine

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 4.16
Eccrine sweat gland

Open via duct to pore on skin surface

Apocrine sweat gland

Ducts empty into hair follicles

Sweat and Its Function
 Composition
 Mostly water
 Some metabolic waste
 Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only)
 Function
 Helps dissipate excess heat
 Excretes waste products
 Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth
 Odor is from associated bacteria
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 4.17
Appendages of the Skin
 Hair
 Produced by
hair bulb
 Consists of hard
keratinized
epithelial cells
 Melanocytes
provide pigment
for hair color Figure 4.7c

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 4.18
HAIR FOLLICLE
Hair Anatomy

 Central medulla
 Cortex surrounds
medulla
 Cuticle on outside of
cortex
 Most heavily
keratinized Figure 4.7b

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 4.19
In this cross-section of a hair root, the dark cortex and
medulla are surrounded by the interlocked cuticles, Huxley's
and Henle's layers, the outer epithelial root sheath, a deeply
stained basement membrane and, finally, the well-
vascularized connective tissue sheath.

Asian, Caucasian, African

Associated Hair Structures
 Hair follicle
 Dermal and epidermal
sheath surround hair root
 Arrector pilli
 Smooth muscle
 Sebaceous gland
 Sweat gland
Figure 4.7a

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 4.20
Appendages of the Skin

 Nails
 Scale-like modifications of the epidermis
 Heavily keratinized
 Stratum basale extends beneath the nail
bed
 Responsible for growth
 Lack of pigment makes them colorless

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 4.21
Nail Structures
 Free edge Figure 4.9

 Body
 Root of nail
 Eponychium –
proximal nail
fold that
projects onto
the nail body

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 4.22
Skin Homeostatic Imbalances

 Infections
 Athletes foot
 Caused by fungal infection
 Boils and carbuncles
 Caused by bacterial infection
 Cold sores
 Caused by virus

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 4.23
Skin Homeostatic Imbalances

 Infections and allergies

 Contact dermatitis
 Exposures cause allergic reaction
 Impetigo
 Caused by bacterial infection
 Psoriasis
 Cause is unknown
 Triggered by trauma, infection, stress
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 4.24
Skin Homeostatic Imbalances

 Burns
 Tissue damage and cell death caused by
heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals
 Associated dangers
 Dehydration
 Electrolyte imbalance
 Circulatory shock
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 4.25
Rules of Nines

 Way to determine the extent of burns

 Body is divided into 11 areas for quick
estimation
 Each area represents about 9%

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 4.26
Severity of Burns
 First-degree burns
 Only epidermis is
damaged
 Skin is red and swollen
 Second degree burns
 Epidermis and upper
dermis are damaged
 Skin is red with blisters
 Third-degree burns
 Destroys entire skin layer
 Burn is gray-white or black
Critical Burns

 Burns are considered critical if:

 Over 25% of body has second degree
burns
 Over 10% of the body has third degree
burns
 There are third degree burns of the face,
hands, or feet

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 4.28
Skin Cancer
 Cancer – abnormal cell mass
 Two types
 Benign
 Does not spread (encapsulated)
 Malignant
 Metastasized (moves) to other parts of
the body
 Skin cancer is the most common type of
cancer
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 4.29
Skin Cancer Types
 Basal cell carcinoma
 Least malignant
 Most common type
 Arises from statum basale
 Squamous cell carcinoma
 Arises from stratum spinosum
 Metastasizes to lymph nodes
 Early removal allows a good chance of cure
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 4.30
Skin Cancer Types

 Malignant melanoma
 Most deadly of skin
cancers
 Cancer of melanocytes
 Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood
vessels
 Detection uses ABCD rule
ABCD Rule
 A = Asymmetry
 Two sides of pigmented mole do not match
 B = Border irregularity
 Borders of mole are not smooth
 C = Color
 Different colors in pigmented area
 D = Diameter
 Spot is larger then 6 mm in diameter
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 4.32
• http://abcnews.go.com/Health/MedicalMysteries/stor
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• http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/30742-
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• http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery-
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• http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/30570-
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