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Hooks were introduced in React 16.8 in late 2018. They are functions that hook into a functional component and allow us to use state and component features like componentDidUpdate, componentDidMount, and more. This was not possible before. Also, hooks allow us to reuse component and state logic across different components. This was tricky to do before. Therefore, hooks have been a game-changer. In

If, like me, you scoured the internet to help you choose between CloudFormation and Terraform as your next infrastructure-as-code (IaC) tool without finding a definitive answer, I shared your pain for a long while. Now, I have significant experience with both tools and I can make an informed decision about which one to use. TL;DR For your IaC project on AWS, choose CloudFormation, because: CloudFo

Leveraging the stale-while-revalidate HTTP Cache-Control extension is a popular technique. It involves using cached (stale) assets if they are found in the cache, and then revalidating the cache and updating it with a newer version of the asset if needed. Hence the name stale-while-revalidate. How stale-while-revalidate Works When a request is sent for the first time, it’s cached by the browser. T

When starting a new React project, you have many templates to choose from: Create React App, react-boilerplate, and React Starter Kit, to name a few. These templates, adopted by thousands of developers, are able to support application development at a very large scale. But they leave the developer experience and bundle output saddled with various defaults, which may not be ideal. If you want to ma

By 1999, eBay had become America’s leading auction site and was expanding into new global markets. With its eyes on Japan, eBay replicated its US model, bought a local domain, and translated its site into Japanese. Three years after launching, dire performance forced eBay to pull out. Aside from strong local competition, eBay’s failure was due to a limited understanding of the cultural differences

In recent years, with the advent of concepts such as cloud computing and big data, distributed systems have gained popularity and relevance. One such type of system, distributed caches that power many high-traffic dynamic websites and web applications, typically consist of a particular case of distributed hashing. These take advantage of an algorithm known as consistent hashing. What is consistent

This monad tutorial gives a brief explanation of monads and shows how to implement the most useful ones in five different programming languages—if you’re looking for monads in JavaScript, monads in Python, monads in Ruby, monads in Swift, and/or monads in Scala, or to compare any implementations, you’re reading the right article! Using these monads you will get rid of a series of bugs like null-po

Employing Python to make machine learning predictions can be a daunting task, especially if your goal is to create a real-time solution. However, Tensorflow and Scikit-Learn can significantly speed up implementation. In this article, Toptal Python Developer Guillaume Ferry outlines a simple architecture that should help you progress from a basic proof of concept to a minimal viable product without

In this article, Toptal Freelance JavaScript Developer Nick Chikovani shows how easy it is to perform web scraping using a headless browser. Specifically, he provides a Puppeteer tutorial, going through a few examples of how to control Google Chrome to take screenshots and gather structured data. authors are vetted experts in their fields and write on topics in which they have demonstrated experie

Virtual reality is no longer in the realm of science fiction. Immersive technology desperately needs skilled designers to jump in, get involved, take risks, and create something new. Leap into VR/AR! authors are vetted experts in their fields and write on topics in which they have demonstrated experience. All of our content is peer reviewed and validated by Toptal experts in the same field. Virtua

The modern, cross-platform programming language Haxe is well-known in some circles, yet many developers have never heard of it. Since it first appeared in 2005, it’s been battle-tested by its loyal—if rather quiet—following. In this article, Toptal Freelance Software Engineer Kevin Bloch explores the Haxe ecosystem and how to transpile some sample code. authors are vetted experts in their fields a

Most functions in web3.js are read functions (get block, get balance, etc.), and web3 will give the response immediately. However, some functions (like web3.eth.sendTransaction and web3.personal.sign) need the current account to sign some data with its private key. These functions trigger MetaMask to show a confirmation screen, to double-check that the user knows what she or he is signing. Let’s s

JavaScript frameworks/libraries such as Vue can offer a fantastic user experience when browsing your site. Most offer a way of dynamically changing page content without having to send a request to the server each time. However, there is an issue with this approach. When initially loading your website, your browser doesn’t receive a complete page to display. Instead, it gets sent a bunch of pieces

Ruby on Rails ships with everything you need to prototype your application quickly, but when your codebase starts growing, you’ll run into scenarios where the conventional Fat Model, Skinny Controller mantra breaks. When your business logic can’t fit into either a model or a controller, that’s when service objects come in and let us separate every business action into its own Ruby object. In this

Over the past few years, deep neural networks have become extremely popular. This emerging field of computer science was created around the concept of biological neural networks, and deep learning has become something of a buzzword today. Deep learning scientists and engineers try to mathematically describe various patterns from biological nervous systems. Deep learning systems have been applied t

Python is a powerful, object-based, high-level programming language with dynamic typing and binding. Due to its flexibility and power, developers often employ certain rules, or Python design patterns. What makes them so important and what do does this mean for the average Python developer? In this post, Toptal Senior Software Engineer Andrei Boyanov explains why Python is great for design patterns

The endpoints are simple, easily readable, and well-organized. Things get trickier when our requests get more complex. Let’s take the GET /users/:id/projects endpoint: Say I want to show only the projects’ titles on the home page, but projects+tasks on the dashboard, without making multiple REST calls. I would call: GET /users/:id/projects for the home page. GET /users/:id/projects?include=tasks (

Validating user inputs is an essential part of any robust web application. Angular 4 makes it especially easy for both template-driven and reactive forms. In this article, Toptal Freelance Angular Developer Igor Geshoski walks us through the different approaches in Angular 4 form validation and shows how even complex form validation can be done easily. authors are vetted experts in their fields an

Digital design and UIs are evolving at an incredible pace, and the styling of buttons along with it. The Dribbble Button Timeline shows us how button styles have developed over the past decade. authors are vetted experts in their fields and write on topics in which they have demonstrated experience. All of our content is peer reviewed and validated by Toptal experts in the same field. Digital desi

Why Should We Care about iOS ARKit Now? Every experienced developer is probably aware of the fact that AR is an old concept. We can pin down the first serious development of AR to the time developers got access to individual frames from webcams. Apps at that time usually were used to transform your face. However, humanity didn’t take long to realize that transforming faces into bunnies wasn’t one

With the rise of mobile development and JavaScript frameworks, using a RESTful API is the best option to build a single interface between your data and your client. Laravel is a PHP framework developed with PHP developer productivity in mind. Written and maintained by Taylor Otwell, the framework is very opinionated and strives to save developer time by favoring convention over configuration. The

Data Binding Data binding is arguably easier to start with than the unidirectional approach. Of course, it would be possible to go in completely opposite direction, and use Redux or mobx-state-tree with React, and ngrx with Angular. But that would be a topic for another post. Computed Properties While performance is concerned, plain getters in Angular are simply out of question as they get called

Understanding the Input/Output (I/O) model of your application can mean the difference between an application that deals with the load it is subjected to, and one that crumples in the face of real-world use cases. Perhaps while your application is small and does not serve high loads, it may matter far less. But as your application’s traffic load increases, working with the wrong I/O model can get

Before you use Unity’s straightforward and intuitive tool for multi-platform development, become familiar with and avoid these common Unity mistakes. authors are vetted experts in their fields and write on topics in which they have demonstrated experience. All of our content is peer reviewed and validated by Toptal experts in the same field. Before you use Unity’s straightforward and intuitive too

Why use the same tired icon sets for every single project? Follow this guide to learn how to add visual depth and intrigue to your icons and make them unique to the product they represent. authors are vetted experts in their fields and write on topics in which they have demonstrated experience. All of our content is peer reviewed and validated by Toptal experts in the same field. Why use the same