Lab 8 – The

Muscular System
Lab 8 (week 8)
Reading: Lab Manual Pages 89-96
Watch all the videos, complete all lab activities,
virtual labs & Application and Post-lab Questions
Learning Outcomes:
Students will perform two simulations; an electrical stimulation and
shoulder and elbow movement of muscles
Students will be able to identify the muscles of the body.
Students will be able to demonstrate flexion, extension, abduction and
adduction.
Students will be able to distinguish between the three types of muscle tissue
under the microscope.
The Muscular System

Essential function is Role:

contraction (shorten)
Produce movement
Three basic muscle types
are found in the body Maintain posture
Skeletal muscle
Stabilize joints
Cardiac muscle
Generate heat
Smooth muscle
Propel Substances
Universal Characteristics of Muscle
Excitability (responsiveness)—to chemical signals, stretch, and
electrical changes across the plasma membrane
Conductivity—local electrical excitation sets off a wave of excitation
that travels along the muscle fiber
Contractility—shortens when stimulated
Extensibility—capable of being stretched between contractions
Elasticity—returns to its original rest length after being stretched
Function of Muscles
Produce movement
Maintain posture
Stabilize joints
Generate heat
Skeletal Muscle
Functions Characteristics
Locomotion and breathing Striated – have visible
Maintain posture banding
Heat production
Cells are multinucleate
Form smooth contours
of body Voluntary – subject to
Vary in shape (spindle, conscious control
fan or circle shape) Attached to bones
Slow to fast contraction

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Benjamin Cummings
Smooth Muscle
Characteristics
Lines walls of hollow organs
Ex: stomach, bladder
Two layers
Causes Peristalsis
Function:
Propels substances along a
tract
No striations
Single nucleus
Involuntary – no
conscious control
Found mainly in the
walls of hollow organs
Slow contraction
Figure 6.2a

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Slide 6.6

Benjamin Cummings
Cardiac Muscle
Characteristics
Striations
Single nucleus
Involuntary
Found only in the heart
Contracts at slow, steady rate

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Slide 6.7

Benjamin Cummings
Cardiac Muscle
Three Types of Muscular Tissue
Organization of Skeletal Muscle
Tissue

A muscle, a fasciculus, and a fiber all

visualized
Organization of Muscle Tissue

Organization of a fasciculus
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Nucl
eus
Terminal
Tr cisternae
ia Transverse (T)
d tubule
Myofi
brils

Openings into
transverse
tubules

Sarcoplasmic
reticulum
Sarcole
mma

Thick
filament Mitocho
Thin ndria
filament
Skeletal muscle fibers (cells) are arranged into
bundles called fascicles
Fascicles are bound by connective tissue

Three different connective tissue

coverings:

Endomysium Perimysium Epimysium

Surrounds each Surrounds Closely surrounds

muscle fiber each fascicle skeletal muscle,
(cell) binds fascicles
together
A whole skeletal muscle and its wrappings

All of these
wrappings connect to
the tendon.

So, even when only a portion of the cells are

stimulated, the others are pulled along for the ride.
Organization of Muscle Tissue

A muscle, a fasciculus, and a fiber all

visualized
Organization of Muscle Tissue

Organization of a fasciculus
Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Location of the
muscle
Example: many
muscles are
named for
bones (e.g.,
temporalis)
Number of origins
Example: triceps
(three heads)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Slide 6.36b
Benjamin Cummings
Naming of Skeletal
Muscles
Location of
the
muscles
origin and
insertion
Example:
sterno (on
the
sternum)

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Slide 6.37

Benjamin Cummings
Naming of Skeletal
Muscles
Shape of the
muscle
Example:
deltoid
(triangular)
Action of the
muscle
Example:
flexor and
extensor
(flexes or
Naming Muscles movie
extends a Slide 6.37
A. Naming Skeletal Muscles
1. 1.

1. By direction of muscle fibers 1. By location of the muscle’s

a. Example: Rectus (straight) origin and insertion
Example: Sterno (on the
2. By relative size of the muscle a.

sternum)
Example: Maximus (largest)
By shape of the muscle
a.
2.

3. By location of the muscle a. Example: Deltoid (triangular)

Example: Temporalis (temporal
By action of the muscle
a.
3.
bone)
Example: Flexor and extensor
4. By number of origins a.

(flexes or extends a bone)

a. Example: Triceps (three heads)
Muscles and Body
Movements
Muscles are
attached to at
least two
points
Origin –
attachment to
a moveable
bone
Insertion –
attachment to Figure 6.12

Slide
an immovable
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as
Benjamin Cummings
Muscles and Body
Movements
Muscles are
attached to at
least two
points
Origin –
attachment to
a moveable
bone
Insertion –
attachment to Figure 6.12

Slide
an immovable
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as
Benjamin Cummings
Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Direction of muscle fibers
Example: rectus (straight)
Relative size of the muscle
Example: maximus (largest)
Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Location of the muscle
Example: many muscles are named for bones (e.g.,
temporalis)
Number of origins
Example: triceps (three heads)
Origin: attachment to bone that does NOT move
Insertion: attachment to bone that MOVES
Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Location of the muscle’s origin and insertion
Example: sterno (on the sternum)
Shape
e of the muscle
Example: deltoid (triangular)
Trapezius (trapezoid shaped)
Action of the muscle
Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or extends a bone)
MUSCLE MAIN ACTION(S)
Deltoid Raises your arm sideways at the shoulder
Biceps Bends your arm at the elbow
Abdominals Pull in your abdomen. Flex your trunk so you can bend
forward
Quadriceps Straighten your leg at the knee and keep it straight when
you stand
Pectorals Raises your arm at the shoulder. Draws it across your
chest
Latissimus dorsi Pulls your arm down at the shoulder. Draws it behind your
back
Trapezius Holds and rotates your shoulders. Moves your head back
and sideways
Triceps Straightens your arm at the elbow
Gluteals Pull your leg back at the hip. Raise it sideways at the hip.
Gluteus maximus is the biggest
Hamstrings Bend your leg at the knee
Gastrocnemius Straightens the ankle joint so you can stand on tiptoes
He Faci
Temp
ad Epicranius,
al
Mass
oralis Orbiculari
frontal belly
Zygom
s oculi
Should eter Orbicular
Trap aticus
er is oris Ne
Del
eziu Sterno
ck
Ar
toi Plat
s hyoid
mTriceps
d Sternocleido
Biceps ysm
brachii Thora
mastoid
Brac
brachii a
Forear
hiali xPectoralis
mPronator Serratus
minor
s Pectoralis
anterior
Brachior
teres
Flexor Interc
major
adialis carpi Abdom
Palmaris
radialis ostals
Pelvis/
longus Rectus
en
Iliop
thigh Internal
abdominis
Pecti
soas Transversus
oblique
Thi
neus External
abdominis
Rectus
gh Thi
oblique
Vastus
femoris Tensor
gh
Vastus
lateralis Sart
fasciae
Adductor
oriu
Lmedialis latae
Gra
longus
eFibularis s
L cili
gExtensor
longus eGastrocn
s
Tibialis
digitorum longus gemius
So
anterior
le
us

Figure
Nec
kEpicranius,
Ar Sternocleido
occipital belly
Trap
mastoid
m
Triceps eziusShoulde
Brac
brachii rDel
Forear
hialis Infraspi
toid
m
Brachior Teres
natus
Extensor
adialis Rhomboid
major
carpi Latissimu
major
Flexor
radialiscarpi Hi
s dorsi
Extensor
ulnaris
longus pGluteus
carpi Gluteus
Extensor medius
ulnaris maximus
digitorum
Iliotibial Thig
tract hAdductor
Hamstr
magnus
Le Biceps
ings:
gGastrocn Semitendi
femoris
emius
Sol Semimembr
nosus
eu
Fibularis anosus
s
longus
Calca
(Achilles)
neal
tendon Figure
THE MAJOR SKELETAL MUSCLES
Deltoid
Biceps
Abdominals ( 4 muscles)
Quadriceps (4 muscles)
Pectorals
Latissimus dorsi
Trapezius
Triceps
Gluteals (3 muscles)
Hamstrings (3 muscles)
Gastrocnemius
Figure
25.01

Pso
Iliopso as
as maj
Iliac
or
us
Anterior
superior
iliac
spine
Tens
or
fasci
ae
latae Medial
adduct
or
muscl
es
Iliotibial Gracil
tract is
(band) Vastus
Rect intermed
us Sartori ius
fem us
oris
Vastu
s
latera
lis
Vastu
s
medi
Quadrice
alis
ps
femoris
tendon

Patell
ar
ligam
ent

( (
a b
) or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw) Hill
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction
Figure
25.03

Glute
us
medi
us

Gluteu
s
maxim
us

Gracil
is

Adductor
magnus

Vastu
s
Semitendinos latera
Iliotib
us lis
ial
tract
Lo
ng
Bice
he
Sh ps
ad
ort fem
he oris
ad
Semimembrano
sus Plantar
Popliteal
fossa is

Gastrocnem
ius

© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill
Effects of Exercise on Muscle

Results of increased muscle use

Increase in muscle size
Increase in muscle strength
Increase in muscle efficiency
Muscle becomes more fatigue
resistant

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Slide 6.31

Benjamin Cummings
Continue with Lab 8
activities