ELAINE N.

MARIEB
EIGHTH EDITION
6
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint

Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University

ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
PART A
The Muscular System
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Muscular System
Muscles are responsible for all types of body
movement
Three basic muscle types are found in the
body
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Characteristics of Muscles
Muscle cells are elongated
(muscle cell = muscle fiber)
Contraction of muscles is due to the
movement of microfilaments
All muscles share some terminology
Prefix myo refers to muscle
Prefix mys refers to muscle
Prefix sarco refers to flesh
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
Most are attached by tendons to bones
Cells are multinucleate
Striated have visible banding
Voluntary subject to conscious control
Cells are surrounded and bundled by
connective tissue
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Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal
Muscle
Endomysium
around single muscle
fiber
Perimysium around
a fascicle (bundle) of
fibers
Figure 6.1
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Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal
Muscle
Epimysium covers
the entire skeletal
muscle
Fascia on the
outside of the
epimysium
Figure 6.1
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Skeletal Muscle Attachments
Epimysium blends into a connective tissue
attachment
Tendon cord-like structure
Aponeuroses sheet-like structure
Sites of muscle attachment
Bones
Cartilages
Connective tissue coverings
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Smooth Muscle Characteristics
Has no striations
Spindle-shaped cells
Single nucleus
Involuntary no
conscious control
Found mainly in the
walls of hollow
organs
Figure 6.2a
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Cardiac Muscle Characteristics
Has striations
Usually has a single
nucleus
Joined to another
muscle cell at an
intercalated disc
Involuntary
Found only in the
heart
Figure 6.2b
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Function of Muscles
Produce movement
Maintain posture
Stabilize joints
Generate heat
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Cells are multinucleate
Nuclei are just beneath the sarcolemma
Figure 6.3a
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Sarcolemma specialized plasma membrane
Sarcoplasmic reticulum specialized smooth
endoplasmic reticulum
Figure 6.3a
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Figure 6.3b
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Myofibril
Bundles of myofilaments
Myofibrils are aligned to give distinct
bands
I band =
light band
A band =
dark band
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Sarcomere
Contractile unit of a muscle fiber
Figure 6.3b
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Organization of the sarcomere
Thick filaments = myosin filaments
Composed of the protein myosin
Has ATPase enzymes
Figure 6.3c
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Organization of the sarcomere
Thin filaments = actin filaments
Composed of the protein actin
Figure 6.3c
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Myosin filaments have heads (extensions, or
cross bridges)
Myosin and
actin overlap
somewhat
Figure 6.3d
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
At rest, there is a bare zone that lacks actin
filaments
Sarcoplasmic
reticulum
(SR) for
storage of
calcium
Figure 6.3d
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Properties of Skeletal Muscle Activity
Irritability ability to receive and respond to
a stimulus
Contractility ability to shorten when an
adequate stimulus is received
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Nerve Stimulus to Muscles
Skeletal muscles
must be stimulated
by a nerve to
contract
Motor unit
One neuron
Muscle cells
stimulated by
that neuron
Figure 6.4a
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Nerve Stimulus to Muscles
Neuromuscular junctions association site of
nerve and muscle
Figure 6.5b
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Nerve Stimulus to Muscles
Synaptic cleft gap
between nerve and
muscle
Nerve and
muscle do not
make contact
Area between
nerve and muscle
is filled with
interstitial fluid
Figure 6.5b
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle
Neurotransmitter chemical released by
nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse
The neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle is
acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter attaches to receptors on the
sarcolemma
Sarcolemma becomes permeable to sodium
(Na
+
)
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Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle
Sodium rushing into the cell generates an
action potential
Once started, muscle contraction cannot be
stopped
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle
Contraction
Activation by nerve
causes myosin heads
(crossbridges) to
attach to binding sites
on the thin filament
Myosin heads then
bind to the next site of
the thin filament
Figure 6.7
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle
Contraction
This continued action
causes a sliding of the
myosin along the
actin
The result is that the
muscle is shortened
(contracted)
Figure 6.7
ELAINE N. MARIEB
EIGHTH EDITION
6
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint

Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University

ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
PART A
The Muscular System
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Sliding Filament Theory
Figure 6.8
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Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle
Muscle fiber contraction is all or none
Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers may
be stimulated during the same interval
Different combinations of muscle fiber
contractions may give differing responses
Graded responses different degrees of
skeletal muscle shortening
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of Graded Responses
Twitch
Single, brief contraction
Not a normal muscle function
Figure 6.9ab
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of Graded Responses
Tetanus (summing of contractions)
One contraction is immediately followed
by another
The muscle does
not completely
return to a
resting state
The effects
are added
Figure 6.9ab
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Types of Graded Responses
Unfused (incomplete) tetanus
Some relaxation occurs between
contractions
The results are summed
Figure 6.9cd
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Types of Graded Responses
Fused (complete) tetanus
No evidence of relaxation before the
following contractions
The result is a sustained muscle
contraction
Figure 6.9cd
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Muscle Response to Strong Stimuli
Muscle force depends upon the number of
fibers stimulated
More fibers contracting results in greater
muscle tension
Muscles can continue to contract unless they
run out of energy
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Energy for Muscle Contraction
Initially, muscles used stored ATP for energy
Bonds of ATP are broken to release
energy
Only 4-6 seconds worth of ATP is stored
by muscles
After this initial time, other pathways must be
utilized to produce ATP
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Energy for Muscle Contraction
Direct phosphorylation
Muscle cells contain
creatine phosphate (CP)
CP is a high-energy
molecule
After ATP is depleted,
ADP is left
CP transfers energy to
ADP, to regenerate ATP
CP supplies are exhausted
in about 20 seconds
Figure 6.10a
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Energy for Muscle Contraction
Aerobic Respiration
Series of metabolic
pathways that occur in
the mitochondria
Glucose is broken down
to carbon dioxide and
water, releasing energy
This is a slower reaction
that requires continuous
oxygen
Figure 6.10b
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Energy for Muscle Contraction
Anaerobic glycolysis
Reaction that breaks
down glucose without
oxygen
Glucose is broken down
to pyruvic acid to
produce some ATP
Pyruvic acid is
converted to lactic acid
Figure 6.10c
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Energy for Muscle Contraction
Anaerobic glycolysis
(continued)
This reaction is not as
efficient, but is fast
Huge amounts of
glucose are needed
Lactic acid produces
muscle fatigue
Figure 6.10c
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Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt
When a muscle is fatigued, it is unable to
contract
The common reason for muscle fatigue is
oxygen debt
Oxygen must be repaid to tissue to
remove oxygen debt
Oxygen is required to get rid of
accumulated lactic acid
Increasing acidity (from lactic acid) and lack
of ATP causes the muscle to contract less
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of Muscle Contractions
Isotonic contractions
Myofilaments are able to slide past each
other during contractions
The muscle shortens
Isometric contractions
Tension in the muscles increases
The muscle is unable to shorten
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Muscle Tone
Some fibers are contracted even in a relaxed
muscle
Different fibers contract at different times to
provide muscle tone
The process of stimulating various fibers is
under involuntary control
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Muscles and Body Movements
Movement is attained
due to a muscle
moving an attached
bone
Figure 6.12
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Muscles and Body Movements
Muscles are attached
to at least two points
Origin
attachment to a
moveable bone
Insertion
attachment to an
immovable bone
Figure 6.12
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Effects of Exercise on Muscle
Results of increased muscle use
Increase in muscle size
Increase in muscle strength
Increase in muscle efficiency
Muscle becomes more fatigue resistant
ELAINE N. MARIEB
EIGHTH EDITION
6
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint

Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University

ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
PART A
The Muscular System
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Abduction
Circumduction
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Body Movements
Figure 6.13ac
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Body Movements
Figure 6.13d
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Special Movements
Dorsifelxion
Plantar flexion
Inversion
Eversion
Supination
Pronation
Opposition
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Types of Muscles
Prime mover muscle with the major
responsibility for a certain movement
Antagonist muscle that opposes or reverses
a prime mover
Synergist muscle that aids a prime mover in
a movement and helps prevent rotation
Fixator stabilizes the origin of a prime
mover
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Direction of muscle fibers
Example: rectus (straight)
Relative size of the muscle
Example: maximus (largest)
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Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Location of the muscle
Example: many muscles are named for
bones (e.g., temporalis)
Number of origins
Example: triceps (three heads)
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Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Location of the muscles origin and insertion
Example: sterno (on the sternum)
Shape of the muscle
Example: deltoid (triangular)
Action of the muscle
Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or
extends a bone)
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Head and Neck Muscles
Figure 6.15
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Trunk Muscles
Figure 6.16
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Deep Trunk and Arm Muscles
Figure 6.17
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Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh
Figure 6.19c
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Muscles of the Lower Leg
Figure 6.20
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Superficial Muscles: Anterior
Figure 6.21
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Superficial Muscles: Posterior
Figure 6.22