Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 8
Special Senses

Slides 8.1 – 8.19

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Senses
• General senses of touch
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Pain
• Special senses
• Smell
• Taste
• Sight
• Hearing
• Equilibrium
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.1
The Eye and Vision

• 70 percent of all sensory receptors are

in the eyes
• Each eye has over a million nerve fibers
• Protection for the eye
• Most of the eye is enclosed in a bony orbit
• A cushion of fat surrounds most of the eye

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.2
Accessory Structures of the Eye

• Eyelids
• Eyelashes

Figure 8.1b

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.3a
Accessory Structures of the Eye

• Meibomian glands –
modified
sebacious
glands
produce an
oily secretion
to lubricate
the eye
Figure 8.1b

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.3b
Accessory Structures of the Eye

• Ciliary glands –
modified
sweat glands
between the
eyelashes

Figure 8.1b

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.3c
Accessory Structures of the Eye

• Conjunctiva
• Membrane that lines the eyelids
• Connects to the surface of the eye
• Secretes mucus to lubricate the eye

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.4a
Accessory Structures of the Eye

• Lacrimal
apparatus
• Lacrimal gland –
produces lacrimal
fluid
• Lacrimal canals –
drains lacrimal
fluid from eyes
Figure 8.1a

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.4b
Accessory Structures of the Eye

• Lacrimal sac –
provides
passage of
lacrimal fluid
towards nasal
cavity

Figure 8.1a

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.4c
Accessory Structures of the Eye

• Nasolacrimal
duct – empties
lacrimal fluid into
the nasal cavity

Figure 8.1a

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.4d
Function of the Lacrimal Apparatus

• Properties of lacrimal fluid

• Dilute salt solution (tears)
• Contains antibodies and lysozyme
• Protects, moistens, and lubricates the
eye
• Empties into the nasal cavity

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.5
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
• Muscles attach to the outer surface of
the eye
• Produce eye movements

Figure 8.2

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.6
Structure of the Eye
• The wall is composed of three tunics
• Fibrous tunic –
outside layer
• Choroid –
middle
layer
• Sensory
tunic –
inside
layer
Figure 8.3a

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.7
The Fibrous Tunic
• Sclera
• White connective tissue layer
• Seen anteriorly as the “white of the eye”
• Cornea
• Transparent, central anterior portion
• Allows for light to pass through
• Repairs itself easily
• The only human tissue that can be
transplanted without fear of rejection
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.8
Choroid Layer

• Blood-rich nutritive tunic

• Pigment prevents light from scattering
• Modified interiorly into two structures
• Cilliary body – smooth muscle
• Iris - Pigmented layer that gives eye color
• Pupil – rounded opening in the iris

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.9
Sensory Tunic (Retina)
• Contains receptor cells (photoreceptors)
• Rods
• Cones
• Signals pass from photoreceptors via a
two-neuron chain
• Bipolar neurons
• Ganglion cells
• Signals leave the retina toward the brain
through the optic nerve
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.10
Neurons of the Retina

Figure 8.4

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.11
Neurons of the Retina and Vision

• Rods
• Most are found towards the edges of the
retina
• Allow dim light vision and peripheral vision
• Perception is all in gray tones

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.12a
Neurons of the Retina and Vision

• Cones
• Allow for detailed color vision
• Densest in the center of the retina
• Fovea centralis – area of the retina with
only cones
• No photoreceptor cells are at the
optic disk, or blind spot

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.12b
Cone Sensitivity
• There are three
types of cones
• Different cones
are sensitive to
different
wavelengths
• Color blindness is
the result of lack
of one cone type
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.6 Slide 8.13
Lens
• Biconvex crystal-like structure
• Held in place by a suspensory ligament
attached to the ciliary body

Slide 8.14
Figure 8.3a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Internal Eye Chamber Fluids

• Aqueous humor
• Watery fluid found in chamber between the
lens and cornea
• Similar to blood plasma
• Helps maintain intraocular pressure
• Provides nutrients for the lens and cornea
• Reabsorbed into venous blood through the
canal of Schlemm
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.15a
Internal Eye Chamber Fluids

• Vitreous humor
• Gel-like substance behind the lens
• Keeps the eye from collapsing
• Lasts a lifetime and is not replaced

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.15b
Lens Accommodation
• Light must be
focused to a point
on the retina for
optimal vision
• The eye is set for
distance vision
(over 20 ft away)
• The lens must
change shape to
focus for closer
objects
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.9 Slide 8.16
Images Formed on the Retina

Figure 8.10

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.17
Visual Pathway

• Photoreceptors of
the retina
• Optic nerve
• Optic nerve crosses
at the optic chiasma

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.11 Slide 8.18a
Visual Pathway

• Optic tracts
• Thalamus (axons
form optic radiation)
• Visual cortex of the
occipital lobe

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.11 Slide 8.18b
Eye Reflexes
• Internal muscles are controlled by the
autonomic nervous system
• Bright light causes pupils to constrict
through action of radial and ciliary muscles
• Viewing close objects causes
accommodation
• External muscles control eye movement
to follow objects
• Viewing close objects causes
convergence (eyes moving medially)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.19