Skin Powerpoint 2

The Skin and Its Parts

Figure 5.31q
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Skin (Integument)

• Consists of three major regions

• Epidermis – outermost superficial region
• Dermis – middle region
• Hypodermis – deepest region

Skin (Integument)
Figure 5.3
Epidermis
• Composed of keratinized stratified squamous

epithelium, consisting of four distinct cell types and
four or five layers
• Cell types include keratinocytes, melanocytes,
Merkel cells, and Langerhans’ cells
• Outer portion of the skin is exposed to the external
environment and functions in protection

Cells of the Epidermis
• Keratinocytes – produce the fibrous protein keratin

• Melanocytes – produce the brown pigment melanin
• Langerhans’ cells – epidermal macrophages that
help activate the immune system
• Merkel cells – function as touch receptors in
association with sensory nerve endings

Layers of the Epidermis: Stratum Basale
(Basal Layer)
• Deepest epidermal layer firmly attached to the dermis

• Consists of a single row of the youngest keratinocytes
• Cells undergo rapid division, hence its alternate
name, stratum germinativum

Layers of the Epidermis: Stratum Basale
(Basal Layer)
Figure 5.2
Layers of the Epidermis: Stratum Spinosum
(Prickly Layer)
• Cells contain a weblike system of intermediate

filaments attached to desmosomes
• Melanin granules and Langerhans’ cells are
abundant in this layer

Layers of the Epidermis: Stratum Granulosum
(Granular Layer)
• Thin; three to five cell layers in which drastic

changes in keratinocyte appearance occurs
• Keratohyaline and lamellated granules accumulate

in the cells of this layer

Layers of the Epidermis: Stratum Lucidium
(Clear Layer)
• Thin, transparent band superficial to the stratum

granulosum
• Consists of a few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes
• Present only in thick skin

Layers of the Epidermis: Stratum Corneum
(Horny Layer)
• Outermost layer of keratinized cells

• Accounts for three quarters of the epidermal
thickness
• Functions
• Waterproofing
• Protection from abrasion and penetration
• Renders the body relatively insensitive to
biological, chemical, and physical assaults

Dermis
• Second major skin region containing strong,

flexible connective tissue
• Cell types include fibroblasts, macrophages, and
occasionally mast cells and white blood cells
• Composed of two layers – papillary and reticular

Layers of the Dermis: Papillary Layer
• Papillary layer
• Areolar connective tissue with collagen and
elastic fibers
• Its superior surface contains peglike projections
called dermal papillae
• Dermal papillae contain capillary loops,
Meissner’s corpuscles, and free nerve endings

Layers of the Dermis: Reticular Layer
• Reticular layer
• Accounts for approximately 80% of the thickness
of the skin
• Collagen fibers in this layer add strength and
resiliency to the skin
• Elastin fibers provide stretch-recoil properties

Hypodermis
• Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin

• Composed of adipose and areolar connective tissue

Skin Color
• Three pigments contribute to skin color

• Melanin – yellow to reddish-brown to black
pigment, responsible for dark skin colors
• Freckles and pigmented moles – result from
local accumulations of melanin
• Carotene – yellow to orange pigment, most
obvious in the palms and soles of the feet
• Hemoglobin – reddish pigment responsible for the
pinkish hue of the skin

Sweat Glands
• Different types prevent overheating of the body;

secret cerumen and milk
• Eccrine sweat glands – found in palms, soles of
the feet, and forehead
• Apocrine sweat glands – found in axillary and
anogenital areas
• Ceruminous glands – modified apocrine glands in
external ear canal and secrete cerumen
• Mammary glands – specialized sweat glands that
secret milk

Sebaceous Glands
• Soften skin when stimulated by hormones

• Simple alveolar glands found all over the body
• Secrete an oily secretion called sebum

Hair
• Helps maintain warmth, alerts the body to presence
of insects on the skin, and guards the scalp against
physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight
• Filamentous strands of dead keratinized cells
produced by hair follicles
• Contains hard keratin, which is tougher and more
durable than the soft keratin of the skin
• Made up of the shaft projecting from the skin and the
root embedded in the skin
• Consists of a core called the medulla, a cortex, and
an outermost cuticle
Hair Follicle
• Root sheath extending from the epidermal surface

into the dermis
• Deep end is expanded forming a hair bulb
• A knot of sensory nerve endings (a root hair
plexus) wraps around each hair bulb
• Bending a hair stimulates these endings, hence our
hairs act as sensitive touch receptors

Nails
-Plates of tightly pack, hard, keratinized

epidermal cells.
-Form a clear and solid covering over dorsal
surfaces of distal portions of digits
-Nails consist of:
Nail body: portion of nail that is visible
Free edge: portion that may extend past distal end
Nail Root: portion buried in a fold of skin

-Most of nail body appears pink
due to underlying capillaries
-Free edge is white because of
absence of underlying capillaries
-Lunula: crescent shaped white
portion at proximal end of nail

Functions of the Integumentary System
• Protection – chemical, physical, and mechanical

barrier
• Body temperature
• Regulated by dilation (cooling) and constriction
(warming) of dermal vessels
• Sweat glands increase secretions to cool the body
• Cutaneous sensation – exoreceptors sense touch
and pain

Functions of the Integumentary System
• Metabolic functions – synthesis of vitamin D in

dermal blood vessels
• Blood reservoir – skin blood vessels store up to
5% of the body’s blood volume
• Excretion – limited amounts of nitrogenous
wastes are eliminated from the body in sweat

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The Skin and Its Parts

• Consists of three major regions

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Composed of keratinized stratified squamous

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Keratinocytes – produce the fibrous protein keratin

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Deepest epidermal layer firmly attached to the dermis

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Cells contain a weblike system of intermediate

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Thin; three to five cell layers in which drastic

• Keratohyaline and lamellated granules accumulate

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Thin, transparent band superficial to the stratum

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Outermost layer of keratinized cells

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Second major skin region containing strong,

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Three pigments contribute to skin color

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Different types prevent overheating of the body;

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Soften skin when stimulated by hormones

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Root sheath extending from the epidermal surface

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

-Plates of tightly pack, hard, keratinized

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Protection – chemical, physical, and mechanical

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Metabolic functions – synthesis of vitamin D in

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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