- ã¾ããã
- æ§é ã¨ã¯ä½ã
- éåã»æ§é ã»å ¬ç
- è«è¨¼ã®åºç¾
- ç¾ä»£æ°å¦ã®åºçºç¹
- ã«ã³ãã«ã®éåè«
- ç¡éã®è«ç
- 群
æ¬é¡ã«å ¥ãåã®æ°å¦å²ç·æ¬çãªé¨åã ãå¼ç¨ã1972å¹´ã«æ¸ãããæ¬ã
ã¾ããã
ãæ§é ã¨ããæ¦å¿µã¯ãã¤ããããæ°å¦ã¨ããå¦åã®ãªãã«ç»å ´ãã¦ãããï¼ããã«çãããã¨ã¯ãã¤ãããã
ï¼ç¥ï¼
ãããã¯ããã¦æèçãªå½¢ã§å§¿ãè¦ããã®ã¯ãã¯ããã«ãã«ãã®1899å¹´ã®ãå¹¾ä½å¦ã®åºç¤ãã§ãã£ãã¨ãããããããã§æ§é ã®æ¦å¿µï¼ç¥ï¼ã確ç«ããããããã20ä¸ç´ã®ç¾ä»£æ°å¦ãå§ã¾ã£ãã¨è¦ããã¨ãã§ãããã
ãããã¦ããã¯ãã®å¦åã«ã©ã®ãããªè¡æãä¸ããã ãããã
ãã¾ã第ä¸ã«ããã®æ§é ã®æ¦å¿µã¯æ°å¦ã¨ããå¦åã®å®åç¯å²ã大ããæ¡å¤§ããã¨ãããã¨ãã§ããããããã¾ã§ã¯ãæ°å¦ã®ä¸»ãªç 究対象ã¯æ°ãå³å½¢ã§ããã¨ããã¦ãããï¼ç¥ï¼æ°ãå³å½¢ä»¥å¤ã®å½é¡ãè«çãªã©ãæ°å¦ã®æ å ã«å ¥ã£ã¦ãããã¨ã«ãªã£ããããã¦ï¼ç¥ï¼ããã¾ã§æ°å¦ã¨ã¯ç¸ããããããªãã¨æããã¦ããå¦ååéã¨æ°å¦ã¨ã®ã¤ãªãããæ°ããåµãåºããã
ï¼ç¥ï¼
ã第äºã®å½±é¿ã¯æ§æçæ¹æ³ã®åºç¾ã§ãããã
ããã¨ãã°ç¾ä»£ä»¥åã®æ°å¦ã®ä¸å¿ã§ãã£ãå¾®åç©åå¦ã¯å®¢è¦³çä¸çã®è«¸ç¾è±¡ãå¿ å®ã«åãåºãããããç²¾å¯ã«åæããããã®é¡å¾®é¡ã®ãããªå½¹å²ãæããããããã«ã¯ç¾å®ä¸çããã®ä¹é¢ã®å¿é ã¯ãªãã£ãã
ãããããæ§é ã®å å ããæ§æçæ¹æ³ã¯ãç¾å®ä¸çã®ãªãã«å¯¾å¿ç©ãæããªã空æ³çãªæ§æç©ãåµãåºããã¨ãããã
ï¼ç¥ï¼
ãï¼ã¤ã®æ§é ã決å®ãããã®ãããï¼ã¤ã®å ¬çç³»ã§ããã¨ããã¨ããã®å ¬çç³»ã®å çæ´åæ§ãããªãã¡ç¡çç¾æ§ã証æãããã°ãªããªãããã®è¨¼æãç®çã¨ãã証æè«ã¨ããæ°ããå¦ååéãéããã®ã¯ãã«ãã«ãã§ããããããã¯å½¼ã«ã¨ã£ã¦ã¯èªç¶ãªãªãããã§ãã£ãã
ããã«ãã«ãã«ãã£ã¦éãããç¾ä»£æ°å¦ã¯ããã®ããã«ãã¦ãå®å¨ã¨æ°å¦ã¨ã®é¢ä¿ã«ã¤ãã¦éãçåãæèµ·ããã¨ããããï¼ç¥ï¼
ãã1972å¹´ï¼æ
æ§é ã¨ã¯ä½ã
ï¼ç¥ï¼æ°å¦ã¨è¨ãå¦åã®åºã«ä¸è²«ãã¦æµãã¦ãããã®ã¯ãã£ããä½ã§ããããã
ï¼ç¥ï¼
æ°ã ãããã®å¦åã®å¯ä¸ã®æ±ã§ãã£ãããã¨ããã¨å¤ãã®çåãèµ·ãã£ã¦ããã
ï¼ç¥ï¼
人éã®ã©ã®ãããªç¹æ§ãæ°å¦ãåµé ããçºå±ããã¦ãããï¼ç¥ï¼
人éã«ã ãé«åº¦ã«æµã¾ãã¦ãããå½¢æ ã«å¯¾ããèªèè½åãæ°å¦ã®æ¬å½ã®èµ·æºãªã®ã ãã¨ãããã¨ã§ããã
ãããã¯ä»æ¥æµè¡ã®è¡¨ç¾ãåããã°ããã¿ã¼ã³èªèã®è½åã§ããã¨ãã£ã¦ããããä»æ¥ãé©ç°çãªè½åããã£ãã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ã¼ãåºç¾ãã¤ã¤ããããããã¯ä¸å®ã®ããã°ã©ã ãè¨å®ãã¦ããã°äººéãã¯ããã«è¶ ããè½åãçºæ®ãããã¨ã¯ããç¥ããã¦ãããã ãããã®ãã¨ã«å¹»æããã¦äººéã®è½åã«ã¤ãã¦æ²è¦³çã«ãªã人ãããã¨ããããããã¯æããªãã¨ã ã人éã¯èªåèªèº«ããã¯ããã«éãèµ°ãèªåè»ããé£ã¶ãªããã¨ã®ã§ããé£è¡æ©ãåµãåºãããããã®ãã¨ã«ãã£ã¦äººéä¸ä¿¡ã«ãªãå¿ è¦ããªãã®ã¨åãããèªåèªèº«ããéãè¨ç®ã§ããã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ã¼ãã¤ãããããã¨ã«ãã£ã¦ã人éã®ç¥è½ã«å¯¾ãã絶ææã«é¥ãå¿ è¦ã¯å°ãããªãã
ãã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ã¼ãã©ãã»ã©çºéãã¦ããããã人éã追ãè¶ããã¨ã®ã§ããªãè½åã人éã«ã¯åãã£ã¦ããããããããããã§ãããã¿ã¼ã³èªèãã®ãã®ã§ããã
ã"ã"ã¨ããåã¯ãæ¸å®¶ã®æ¸ãããã®ã¨ãå¹¼å ã®æ¸ãããã®ã¨ã§ã¯å¤§ããªéãããã£ã¦ããåãåã§ãããã¨ãèªèã§ããããã®ãã¨ããããããã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ã¼ã«ã¨ã£ã¦ã¯è³é£ã®ããã§ããããï¼ç¥ï¼
ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ã¼ã«æ¬ ãã¦ããã®ã¯ããããã®è¨å¤§ãªæ å ±éããå¿ è¦ãªãã®ã ããåãåºãã¦ãä¸å¿ è¦ãªãã®ãæ¨ã¦ãè½åã§ãããããã¯ããã°æ½è±¡ã¨ãã®è£å´ã«ãªã£ã¦ããæ¨è±¡ã®è½åãªã®ã§ããããã®ç¹ã§ã¯äººéãã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ã¼ã®è¿½å¾ã許ããªãã®ã§ããã
ï¼ç¥ï¼
ãããã¦ãã®ãããªè½åãããæ°å¦ã¨ããå¦åãåµãåºãæºæ³ã¨ãªã£ããã®ã§ããã¨æãããã
ï¼ç¥ï¼
éåã»æ§é ã»å ¬ç
ãæ§é ã¨ããè¨èãæ£å¼ã«æ°å¦ã®ãªãã«å°å ¥ããã®ã¯ããã«ããã§ããã
ï¼ç¥ï¼
[å¼ç¨ããã£ã¦ãã]
ããã«ããã®ãã®è¨èã¯ãæ°å¦ã®å»ºç¯è¡ãã¨ããå°è«æããå¼ç¨ãããã®ã§ããããæ§é ã建ç¯ã«å©ããã®ã¯é©åã§ããã¨æãããã
ã建ç¯ç©ã¯ã©ããã¦ã§ããããã¾ãåå°ãæ±ãæ¢ãªã©ã®å»ºç¯ææãéãã¦ããããã©ããã«éç©ããã§ããããããã¾ã§ã¯ã¾ã ããã¯ææã®éåã«ãããªããåå°ã®ä¸ã«æ±ãç«ã¡ãæ±ã¨æ±ãæ¢ãã¤ãªããã¨ããããã«ã¯ãªã£ã¦ããªããã¤ã¾ãããã¯ã¾ã çµã¿ç«ã¦ããã¦ããªãã®ã§ãããããããã¯åãªãç©ä½ã®éã¾ããã¤ã¾ãéåã«ãããªãã®ã§ããã
ããã®ç¶æ ããåºçºãã¦ãåå°ãç½®ãããåå°ã®ä¸ã«æ±ãç«ã¦ãããæ±ã¨æ±ãæ¢ã§ã¤ãªããããã®éã«å£ãã¤ãããã¦ã1ã¤ã®å»ºç©ãã§ãä¸ããããããªãã¨ããããã¯åãªã建ç¯ææã®éåã§ã¯ãªããªããè¦ç´ ã©ãããä¸å®ã®ç¸äºé¢ä¿ããã¨ãã°"ãã®åå°ã®ä¸ã«ã¯ãã®æ±ãç«ã¤"ã"ãã®æ±ã¨ãã®æ±ã¨ã¯ãã®æ¢ã§ã¤ãªã"â¦â¦ãªã©ã®ç¸äºé¢ä¿ã§çµã³ã¤ãããã1ã¤ã®æ§é ã¨ãªããã¤ã¾ãæ§é ã¨ã¯éåã«è¦ç´ ã©ããã®ç¸äºé¢ä¿ãã¤ãå ãããããã®ã§ãããå³å¼çã«æ¸ãã¨ãã¤ãã®ããã«ãªãã ããã
ããæ§é =éå+ç¸äºé¢ä¿
ï¼ç¥ï¼
è«è¨¼ã®åºç¾
ã[ã®ãªã·ã£ä¸è³¢äººã¿ã¼ã¬ã¹]ã¯"ï¼ç辺ï¼è§å½¢ã®åºè§ã¯çãã"ã¨ããå®çãã¯ããã¦è¨¼æããã¨ä¼ãããã¦ãããï¼ç¥ï¼
証æã¨ããè«ççæ¹æ³ããªãã¡è«è¨¼ã®æ¹æ³ãç»å ´ãããã¨ã¯æ°å¦å²ã«ãããç»æçãªåºæ¥äºã§ãã£ãã
ãçµé¨çãªç§å¦ã§ãããç¾å®çä¸çã¨ç´æ¥å¯çãã¦ããæ°å¦ã¯ããã®ã¨ãããè«çã®åã«ãã£ã¦ããã®å é¨ã§èªå·±å¢æ®ãããã¨ãå¯è½ã¨ãªã£ããããã¯æ°å¦ã«ã¨ã£ã¦é¢é¸ãæå³ãã¦ããããã®é¢é¸ã¯æ°å¦ã«æ¸¬ãç¥ããªãåã¨å±æã¨ä¸ããã¨åæã«ãæ°å¦ãç¾å®ããéé¢ããå±éºãããã¡è¾¼ãã ã®ã§ããã
ï¼ç¥ï¼
ãã®æ¹æ³ãé大æããã®ã¯ã¢ã¬ããµã³ããªã¢ã®ã¦ã¼ã¯ãªããã§ãã£ããï¼ç¥ï¼
ããããã¦ã¼ã¯ãªããã®æ¹æ³ã¯ä¸è½ã§ã¯ãªããä»ã®é¢ã§ã¯å¤§ããªæ¬ é¥ããã£ã¦ãããï¼ç¥ï¼ããã¯ç¢ºãã«ãéæ¢ãå¤åããªããã®ã«å¯¾ãã¦ã¯å¨åããã£ã¦ããããéåãå¤åãããã®ã«ã¯é©ç¨ãã«ãããã®ã§ãã£ãã
ãã¦ã¼ã¯ãªããã®ãåè«ãã¯é·ãããã ãæ°å¦æ¸ã®æ¨¡ç¯ã¨ã¿ãªãã[ãã]ï¼ç¥ï¼
ããã¡ãããé·ãæ代ã®ããã ã«ã¯ä¾å¤ãèµ·ããå¾ãããã®ãã£ã¨ãèããä¾ã¯ã¢ã«ãã¡ãã¹ã§ãã£ããå½¼ã¯åçãªæ¹æ³ãé§ä½¿ãã¦ãä»æ¥ã®å¾®åç©åå¦ã®ä¸æ©æåã®ã¨ããã¾ã§å°éããã®ã§ãã£ããå½¼ã®éæã¯é·ãä¸ä¸çæ°å¦ã«ãããçãå²ãã¨ãããã¹ããã®ã§ãã£ãããåæ代ã«ãã£ã¦ç¶æ¿ããããã¨ã¯ã§ããªãã£ãã
ãä¸ä¸çæ°å¦ã®æ ãæã¡ç ´ã£ã¦åçãªæ¹æ³ãã¯ããã¦ç¢ºç«ããã®ã¯ãã«ã«ãã§ãã£ãããã®ãã¨ã«ãã£ã¦å½¼ã¯è¿ä»£æ°å¦ã®åºç¤ããããã®ã§ããã
ï¼ç¥ï¼
ãã¦ã¼ã¯ãªããã®æ¹æ³ãéæ¢ããå³å½¢ã®ç 究ã«é©ãã¦ããã®ã«å¯¾ãã¦ã座æ¨ãç¨ãã解æå¹¾ä½å¦ã¯ãå¹³é¢ä¸ã®ä»»æã®ç¹ã座æ¨ã§è¡¨ããå¾ããããç¹ã®éåãæåãããã¨ãã§ããããã«ãªããéåãå¤åãã¨ããããã¨ãã§ããããã«ãªã£ãããã®ãã¨ã¯ä¸åã¨éæ¢ã®ä¸ä¸çæ°å¦ããéåã¨å¤åã®è¿ä»£æ°å¦ã¸ã®å¤§ããªè»¢æãæå³ãã¦ããã
ããã«ã«ããæ´»åãã17ä¸ç´ã¯"ç§å¦é©å½"ã¨ããè¨èã使ãããã»ã©ãèªç¶ç§å¦ãé£èºçã«é²æ©ããæ代ã§ãã£ããï¼ç¥ï¼
ããã§æ±ºå®çãªå½¹å²ãæ¼ããã®ã¯å¾®åç©åå¦ã§ãã£ããæ°å¦ã®ãã®æ°ããåéã¯ãã¥ã¼ãã³åå¦ãåµãåºãããã«çã¾ããã¨ãã£ã¦ãéè¨ã§ã¯ãªããããã§ããã
ãããã¦å¾®åç©åå¦ã«ã¨ã£ã¦æ¬ ããã¨ã®ã§ããªããã®ã¯é¢æ°æ¦å¿µã®å½¢æã§ãã£ããfunctionã¨ããè¨èã¯1694å¹´ã«ã©ã¤ãããããæ¸ããå¾®åæ¹ç¨å¼ã«é¢ããè«æã®ãªãã«ã¯ããã¦ç»å ´ããããã®ãã¨ã¯èå³ãããããªããªãå¾®åæ¹ç¨å¼ã®ç®çã¯æªç¥ã®é¢æ°ã決å®ãããã¨ã ããã§ããã
ãé¢æ°ã¯è¿ä»£æ°å¦ã®ä¸å¿æ¦å¿µã§ããããããã¯å æé¢ä¿ã®æ°å¦ç表ç¾ã ã¨ãããããã®ããç¬ç«å¤æ°ãåå ã§ãããå¾å±å¤æ°ãçµæã§ãããã ãããããã¯è¿ä»£èªç¶ç§å¦ã®ä¸»å½¹ã¨ãªããã¨ãã§ããã®ã§ãããæªç¥ã®èªç¶æ³åã®æ¢ç©¶ã¯æ°å¦çã«ã¯æªç¥ã®é¢æ°ã®æ¢ç©¶ã«å¸°çãããã¨ãå¤ãã
ï¼ç¥ï¼
ããã¥ã¼ãã³ã¯ãã®å¾®åæ¹ç¨å¼ã¨ããå¼·åãªéå ·ãé§ä½¿ãã¦ã太é½ç³»ã®éåæ³åãæããã«ããã®ã§ããããããè¿ä»£æ°å¦ã®æ§æ ¼ã決å®ããã¨ãã£ã¦ãéè¨ã§ã¯ãªãã
ç¾ä»£æ°å¦ã®åºçºç¹
ããã®çºå±ã®éç¨ããã示ãã¦ããããã«ãè¿ä»£æ°å¦ã¯èªç¶æ³åã®æ¢ç©¶ã®ããã®éå ·ã¨ãã¦çºå±ããã®ã§ãããããã¯ããããèªç¶ã®ç§å¯ãæ ãåºã精巧ãªã«ã¡ã©ã®ãããªæ§æ ¼ããã£ã¦ããã
ãããã«å¯¾ãã¦ãç¾ä»£æ°å¦ã®æ§é ã¨ããæ¦å¿µãçã¾ããã®ã¯ãã¤ã§ãã£ãããã¯ã£ãã決å®ãããã¨ã¯ãã¤ããããE.T.ãã«(1883-1960)ã¯1801å¹´ã«å ¬è¡¨ãããã¬ã¦ã¹ã®ãæ´æ°è«ç 究ãããã®ç«¯ç·ã§ããã¨ãããããã1ã¤ã®æ³¨ç®ãã¹ãè¦è§£ã§ããã
ãæ´æ°è«ã«ã¯ãã®å¦åã®æ§æ ¼ãããã£ã¦ãèªç¶æ³åã®ç´æ¥çåæ ã¨ã¯è¦ãªããã¨ã®ã§ããªãé«åº¦ã®æ§é ââä»æ¥ã®è¨èã§ã¯ä»£æ°çæ§é ââãç»å ´ãã¦ããããã¨ãã° mod m ã«å¯¾ããæ¢ç´å°ä½ç³»ãã¤ããä¹æ³ç¾¤ãªã©ã¯èªç¶ç¾è±¡ã®ãªãã«ãã®ååãè¦åºããã¨ã¯ã§ããªãããããã¯ã¾ããªã¤ã©ã¼ã«ãã£ã¦å¸°ç´çã«çºè¦ãããã¬ã¦ã¹ã«ãã£ã¦ã¯ããã¦è¨¼æããã2次å°ä½ã®ç¸äºæ³åã®ãã¨ããã®ããã¯ãèªç¶æ³åã®ãªãã«ã¯çºè¦ãããã¨ã¯ã§ããªãã
ãããããç¹ããã¿ãã¨ãã¬ã¦ã¹ã®åµé ããæ´æ°è«ã¯ç¾ä»£æ°å¦ã®å é§ããªããã¨ãããã¨ãã§ããããããããæ§é ãçã®æå³ã§æèçã«æèµ·ãããã®ã¯100å¹´å¾1899å¹´ã®ãã«ãã«ãã®ãå¹¾ä½å¦ã®åºç¤ãã§ãããã
ããã®è«æã®ä¸å¿ã®ç®æ¨ã¯ã¦ã¼ã¯ãªããå¹¾ä½å¦ã®ãã£ã¦ç«ã¤ã¹ãå¿ è¦ãã¤ååãªå ¬çç³»ãæã¡ç«ã¦ããã¨ã«ãã£ãããããããã®å°éããç¹ã¯ãä¸å¹¾ä½å¦ã®åºç¤ã¥ãã«çµãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããã®å½±é¿ã¯æ°å¦å ¨ä½ã«æ³¢åããã®ã§ããã
ãå æ¥ãå¹¾ä½å¦ã®å ¬çç³»ãè¨å®ãããã¨ã¯ãããã¦å°é£ãªä»äºã§ããããªããªãç¹ãç´ç·ãé¢ã¨ãã諸è¦ç´ ããä¸å®ã®ç´è¦³çãªæå³ããã£ã¦ãã¦ããã®ããã«ããã£ã¦ã¯ããã«è¨å®ãããå ¬çç³»ã«ã¯å«ã¾ãã¦ããªãå½é¡ãç¥ããç¥ããã®ãã¡ã«æ½å ¥ãã¦ããããããããããã§ããã
ããã®ãã¨ãé¿ããããã«ã¯ç¹ãç´ç·ãé¢ã¨ããè¨èããã¯ä¸åã®å¸¸èçãªæå³ãããããã奪ãå»ã£ã¦ãããã°ãªããªããäºå®ãã«ãã«ãã¯ãã®ããã«ããã®ã§ãããããã§ã¯ç¹ãç´ç·ãå¹³é¢ã¯åãªãè¨å·ã«ãããªããã®ã¨ãããã®ã§ãããé説ã«ãã£ã¦äººã ãé©ãããã¨ã好ãã ãã«ãã«ãã¯
ãããã§ããç¹ãç´ç·ãå¹³é¢ã¯æºãæ¤ åãã³ããã§ç½®ãæãã¦ãããã
ã¨ãè¨ã£ãã
ãå ¬çãããã¯ãã®éã¾ãã§ããå ¬çç³»ã¨ã¯ããã®ãããªãã®ã®ããã ã«è¦å®ãããç¸äºé¢ä¿ã®åã«ãããªããã®ã¨ãªã£ãã
ããã®ããã«ãã¦ç¹ãç´ç·ãå¹³é¢ã¯ããèªèº«ã¨ãã¦ã®åºæã®æ§è³ªãã¯ãã¨ããã¦ãä¸çã®è¨å·ã¨åããã®ã§ãããããããããã«ãã«ãã¯ç¡å®ç¾©èªã¨åã¥ããããããã£ã¦ãã®ããã ã«è¦å®ãããç¸äºé¢ä¿ã¨ãã¦ã®å ¬çç³»ã仮説çãªãã®ã¨åããã®ã§ãããã ãããã«ãã«ãã«ãããå ¬çã¯ã¦ã¼ã¯ãªããã®ãåè«ãã«ãããå ¬çã¨ã¯åãå ¬çã¨ããè¨èã使ã£ã¦ãã¦ããæ ¹æ¬çã«ç°ãªã£ãæå³ããã¤ããã«ãªã£ããï¼ç¥ï¼
ã«ã³ãã«ã®éåè«
ã19ä¸ç´ã®å¾åã«ç»å ´ããã«ã³ãã«ã®éåè«ã¯ããããããè³å¦ã®æ¸¦ãã¾ãèµ·ããããã¯ãããã«ã¼(1823-1891)ã®ãããªå ¨é¢çãªå¦å®è«è ããããã¾ããããã³ã(1831-1916)ã®ãããªæ¯æè ããã£ãããã®ãªãã§ãã«ãã«ãã¯éåè«ãé«ãè©ä¾¡ãã¦ãããå½¼ã¯ã¤ãã®ããã«ãã£ã¦ããã
ãã«ã³ãã«ãæã ã®ããã«åµãåºãã楽åï¼éåè«ï¼ãããä½äººãæã ã追æ¾ãããã¨ã¯ã§ããªãã
Â
ãéåè«ã¯ããããã®ç¹å¾´ããã£ã¦ãããããã®ãªãã§æ°å¦çååè«ã¨ãããã¹ããå¾¹åºããåæçå¾åãããããã¨ãã§ãããããã¯ç 究ãã¹ã対象ãæå°ã®åä½ã¾ã§å解ããã®ã§ããããã¨ãã°ç´ç·ã¯ååã¨ãã¦ã®ç¹ã¾ã§å解ãããéã«ç´ç·ã¯ç¹ã®éåã¨è¦ãªãããããã®ãããªè¦³ç¹ã¯ã«ã³ãã«ã«ãã£ã¦ã¯ããã¦æã¡åºããããã®ã§ãããã«ã³ãã«ã¯3è§ç´æ°ã®ç 究ãéãã¦ç´ç·ãç¹éåã¨è¦ã観ç¹ã«å°ãããã®ã§ãã£ãã
ãã«ã³ãã«ã¯ãã®æ°å¦çååè«ãæ¦å¨ã¨ãã¦æ°å¦å ¨ä½ã®é©å½ã¸ã¨æ©ã¿åºããã®ã§ãã£ããå½¼ã¯ãã¹ã¦ã®å³å½¢ãç¹ã«ã¾ã§å解ãããã¨ã«ãã£ã¦ãããã¾ã§ã®å¸¸èãã¤ãã¤ãã¨æã¡ç ´ã£ã¦ãã£ãããã¨ãã°å½¼ã¯å¹³é¢ä¸ã®ç¹ã®éåã¨ã¯ç´ç·ä¸ã®ç¹ã®éåã¨åãæ¿åº¦ããã¤ãã¨ã証æããã®ã§ãã£ãã常èçã«ã¯2次å ã®å¹³é¢ã1次å ã®ç´ç·ããã¯ããã«å¤ãã®ç¹ãå«ãã ããã¨æ³åãããã®ã§ãããããããåæ°ã§ããã¨ãããã¨ã¯æå¤ãªçµè«ã§ããããã®ãã¨ã証æããã¨ããå½ã®ã«ã³ãã«èªèº«ãé©ããã»ã©ã§ãã£ããããã¦è¦ªåã®ãããã³ãã«ãæãããè¦ãã©ããæä¿¡ãããã¨æ¸ãéã£ãã
ããã®ãã¨ã¯1次å ã®ç´ç·ããã¡ã©ååçãªç¹ã«ã¾ã§å解ãããããé©å½ã«ä¸¦ã¹ãããã¨2次å ã®å¹³é¢ã¨ãªããã¨ã示ãã¦ãããããªãã¡ã次å æ°ã¯1対1対å¿ã«ãã£ã¦ãããã§ãå¤ãã£ã¦ãã¾ããã®ã§ãããã¨ãç©èªã£ã¦ãããã ããã次å æ°ãä¿åããããã«ã¯1対1対å¿ã«é£ç¶æ§ã¨ããæ¡ä»¶ãä»å ããªããã°ãªããªããã¨ãæããã«ãªã£ãããã®ãã¨ã¯å¾ã§ããã¼ã¦ã§ã«(1881-1966)ã«ãã£ã¦è¨¼æãããããããã¯ãããã¸ã¼ã®éè¦ãªè·³èºç¹ã¨ãªã£ãã
ããã®ãããªæ°å¦çååè«ã¨ãããã¹ãéåè«ã¯ãã¹ã¦ã®æ§é ã解ä½ããã¯ãããããã£ã¦ããããããããæ§é ãå復ããã«ã¯ç¸äºé¢ä¿ãå°å ¥ããå ¬çç³»ãå¿ è¦ã¨ããã®ã¯å½ç¶ã§ãããããã¦ãã®èª²é¡ããã«ãã«ãã«ãã£ã¦åãç¶ãããã®ã§ããã
ç¡éã®è«ç
ãã«ã³ãã«ã®éåè«ã¯ãããªãæèæ³ãå å«ãã¦ããã ãããããããããã§ç·æ¬ãã¦ãããã
ãã¾ã第1ã«ããã«è¿°ã¹ãããã«æ°å¦çååè«ã¨ããã¶ã¹ãå¾¹åºããåæçæ¹æ³ã§ããããã®ããã«ç¡ééåã®å°é£ãæ°ããã¤ããåºããã®ã§ãã£ãã
ã第2ã®ç¹å¾´ã¯ãã¹ã¦ã®ãã®ã空éåãããã¨ããããã¯å¤å»¶åãããã¨ã§ããã
ï¼ç¥ï¼
ãããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã»ã¤ã³ãã£ã¢ã³ã®é¨æã¯æ¥æ°ãæ°ããã®ã«ã¯éåæ°ã使ããããã¨ã¯ãªãããã£ã±ãé åºæ°ãç¨ãããã第1æ¥ã第2æ¥ã¨ãã表ç¾ãããã£ã¦ããªãã¨ããããããã«æéçã«ç¶èµ·ãã第1æ¥ã¨ç¬¬2æ¥ã¨ã¯åæã«ã¯åå¨ããªãããããã£ã¦ããã1æ¥ã2æ¥ã¨éåæ°ã«ãã£ã¦æ°ãããã¨ã¯ã§ããªããã¤ã¾ãæéçç¶èµ·ã¯ç©ºéçä½µåã¨ã¯ç°ãªã£ã¦ããããã®æå³ã§ã¯ãã®é¨æã®èãæ¹ã¯å³å¯ã§ããã¨ãããã
ãããããæéçç¶èµ·ãå¼·ãã¦ç©ºéçä½µåã¨ãã¦èããã¨ããã«äººéã®æèã®é²æ©ããã£ããéåè«ã¯ãã®å¾åãããã«å¾¹åºãããã®ã¨ããããã
ããã®ãã¨ã¯ç¡ééåã«å¯¾ããç¹å¥ãªèãæ¹ã¨ãªã£ã¦é®®ããã«è¡¨é¢åããã
ããã¨ãã°èªç¶æ°ã¯1ã2ã3ã4ãâ¦â¦ã¨ããæ°ã§ãããã1ã2ã3ã4ãâ¦â¦ã¨æ°ãã¦ããæä½ã®ç«å ´ã«ç«ã¤ã¨ãããã¯ããã¾ã§æéã®ãªãã§ç¶èµ·ãããã¤ã¾ã§ãã£ã¦ãçµãããªãè¡çºã§ãããããã¯éããªãæªæ¥ã«åãã£ã¦éãã¦ãããç¡éããã®ãããªãã®ã¨ãã¦ã¨ããããã¨ã¯ãã¢ãªã¹ããã¬ã¹ã®ããããå¯è½æ§ã®ç¡éã¨ãããããã®ã§ãã£ããã«ã³ãã«ãç¾ããã以åã®æ°å¦ã¯ç¡éããã£ã±ããã®ãããªå¯è½æ§ã®ç¡éã¨ãã¦ç解ãã¦ãããããã¯ãããªãéçãè¨å®ãã¦ãããããè¶ ãããã¨ã®ã§ããå¯è½æ§ããã¤ç¡éãããã°åçç¡éã§ããã
ãããããç´ç·ãç¹ã®éåã¨è¦ãã¨ããç´ç·ã¯ããã«åããã«åå¨ãã¦ããã®ã ããããããæ§æãã¦ããåã ã®ç¹ã¯ç©ºéçã«åæã«åå¨ãã¦ãããã®ã¨èããã»ãã¯ãªããè¨èªå¦ã®è¡èªãããã¦ããã°ãããã¯éæçã§ã¯ãªãå ±æçãªåå¨ãªã®ã§ããã
ããã®ããã«ãã¦ç¡ééåã¯åè¦ç´ ãæ°ããã¨ããæä½ããä¸å¿ç¬ç«ã«ç©ºéçåæåå¨ã¨ãã¦èãããããã¨ã«ãªã£ããã«ã³ãã«ã¯ãããå®ç¡éã¨ããã ãããã¦ç¡ééåãããããæééåã§ãããã®ããã«åãæ±ããã¨ãã§ããããã«ãªã£ãã
群
ã群ã®å ·ä½çå 容ã«ã¤ãã¦è©³ããè¿°ã¹ãåã«ãããã§ã¯ã¾ãã群ã®ä¸è¬çå®ç¾©ãä¸ãããã
ãä¸è¨ã«ãã¦ããã¨ã群ã¨ã¯æä½ã®éã¾ãã§ããããã¨ãã¨ãè¿ä»£ä»¥åã®æ°å¦ã¯æ°ãéãå³å½¢ãªã©ãç 究対象ã¨ãã¦ããããããã¯ãããã"ãã®"ã®æ¦å¿µã§ãã£ãã
ããã®ãããªã¨ããã©ã¤ããããã¯é¢æ°ãå°å ¥ãããã¨ã«ãã£ã¦"ã¯ããã"ãããã¯æä½ãã®ãã®ãæ°å¦ã®æ°ããç 究対象ã¨ãã¦å°å ¥ãããããã¯æ°å¦å²ã«ãããç»æçãªåºæ¥äºã§ãã£ãã¨ããããã
ãããy=f(x)
ã«ããã¦ãyã¯"ã¯ããã"ãåãã"ãã®"ã§ããããf()ã¯ãããã¨ã¯ç°ãªã"ã¯ããã"ãããã¯æä½ãã®ãã®ã§ãã£ããåè©çãª"ãã®"ã«å¯¾ãã¦åè©çãª"ã¯ããã"ãªã®ã§ããã
ããã®ããã«ãã¦ã©ã¤ããããã¯è¿ä»£æ°å¦ã«ããã解æå¦ã®ä¸»è¦ãªç®æ¨ã§ããé¢æ°ãç»å ´ããããã¨ã«æåããã®ã§ããã
Â