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The Fed has used repo transactions since the 1920s to manage the quantity of reserves held by commercial banks.2 Initially, all 12 Reserve Banks conducted these transactions, but reserve management operations were eventually centralized at the New York Fed as the financial system became more efficient at reallocating reserves across the country.
In the following decades, the Fed refined its usage of repo operations, eventually making them the primary means of creating temporary changes to the stock of bank reserves. The Fed supplied reserves by entering into repo transactions in which it temporarily credited banks' reserve accounts in exchange for temporary holdings of Treasury securities. Through these "reserve injections," the Fed was able to influence the level and price of interbank credit as well as credit more broadly in the economy.
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The changes that resulted from the financial crisis removed the need for the Fed to engage in daily reserve management and, by extension, the need for the Fed to actively participate in the repo market for that purpose.
As the stock of reserves grew, however, it became clear that the abundance of reserves â combined with limits to arbitrage â could push the fed funds rate below the bottom of the Fed's target range. To reduce the likelihood of below-target rates, the Fed introduced programmatic repo transactions with a wide range of financial firms in 2013. This program â the Overnight Reverse Repo Program (ON RRP) â allows eligible counterparties to lend excess funds to the Fed through repo transactions at a specified rate, ensuring that repo rates (and other short-term money market rates, by extension) remain close to or above the ON RRP rate.
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To mitigate interest rate pressures â like those in September 2019 and March 2020 â the Fed established a Standing Repo Facility (SRF) in July 2021. The SRF is intended to provide a "backstop" for the market.5 That is, the facility offers cash in the repo market at an interest rate that is slightly above the prevailing market rates, making it unattractive for most market participants during normal times. In times of market stress, however, market participants now know that they (or their counterparties) can turn to the SRF for funding. Knowledge that an immediately available backstop is in place will help to guide expectations of how interest rates in the repo market will behave in periods of high market uncertainty.6
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