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With apologies, a long tweet, about the likely macroeconomic outcomes of Liberation Day.
Tariffs can be imposed for understandable if not necessarily good reasons: Protect a sector, right or wrong. Extract rents from foreign producers if there are rents to be extracted. Sure, if there is retaliation, everybody will be worse off, but it maybe worth taking the risk.
Across the board tariffs, which sounds like what we are going to get, are however the worse possible tariffs. They are bad for the country that imposes them, even without retaliation.
Standard scenario: The initial effect of higher tariffs may look good: Lower imports. Higher demand for domestic goods. Smaller trade deficit.
But, with the smaller deficits, and the higher interest rates needed to keep demand under control, appreciation of the dollar (say), less competitive exports. Until trade deficit is back to square one.
So: Useless? Worse. Costly reallocation from exports to import competing sectors. Misallocation. And for the revenues from tariffs: They are there, but in the end, they are paid mostly by US consumers.
A relevant twist, which changes the standard scenario: The enormous uncertainty about Trumpsâs tariff policy: Are the tariffs transactional or permanent? Will they remain/increase/decrease?
In that environment, if I am a firm, what do I do? Build a plant in Mexico or in the US, in Vietnam or in China, etc. I do not know, and so I wait. We all wait. Investment comes down, aggregate demand falls, and the effect is a recession.
Now the trade balance improves, for two reasons. The direct effect of tariffs, and lower activity means lower imports. As the Fed tries to maintain activity, lower interest rates and a lower dollar mean more exports. Looks great. Claim of success on the trade front (if you can make people forget the recession)
But only for a while. Over time, as the economy recovers, you go back to the first scenario. The depreciation eventually turns into an appreciation, activity recovers, the trade deficit returns to square one Overall result: a recession, no gain. A general mess.
We shall see how it all turns out.
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Running bilateral trade surplus/deficits with different countries is the way it should be. Trying to eliminate each one is simply stupid.
I have a trade deficit with my grocer, a trade surplus with my employer. I am not sure it would be a great idea for me to work for my grocer. (Even if the loss for the economic profession was minimal, I am not very good at packing groceries.)
Same thing with countries. There are reasons why we sell more to one, buy more from another. Different tariff rates across countries imply reshuffling of deficits and surpluses across countries, but no obvious change in the overall trade deficit.
To go back to the economistâs mantra (and the power of identities): If you want to reduce the overall trade deficit, increase saving (you might consider decreasing the budget deficit?) or decrease investment.
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Yes, I should be doing something else than tweet today. ðBut there are so many important things to say that I cannot resist.
Tentative advice to the European Union:
Take your time to respond. Let cool heads prevail.
If you think that Trump will not back down (likely in my opinion), best economic (not necessarily political) response: Do not retaliate. Ignore it. Not because the Trump administration shot the US in the foot that there is any reason to do the same to the EU.
If you think you can get Trump to change his mind, then go for choke points. Make life harder for the GAFA using the anti coercion instrument. They have the phone numbers of the White House, and, if they hurt, they will call and explain the facts of life to the boss. (But realize that this is not without costs to the EU consumer)
Kill two birds at once. Shift as much of defense spending from the US to Europe. Have a major reallocation plan. This will take years but is high priority. Spend the EU money you need to help.
Be constructive rather than only defensive. Form coalitions of the willing with the countries still willing to play by some rules, going beyond Europe to Asia, Latin America, and Africa. Do it for multinational corporate taxation, global warming, health, even tariff rules.
Have a major negotiation with China, in particular on automobiles (tariffs, but with attractive inward FDI/joint venture conditions)
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Even better. Eu should remove all trade barriers and become the center of the new global free trade zone. Let the us stagnate for 10 years while Eu roars past us, until we wake up
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The answer from Breitbart to my tweet yesterday about the uselessness of across the board tariffs, and the likelihood of a recession rather than a boom. https://breitbart.com/economy/2025/04/02/breitbart-business-digest-expect-a-trump-tariff-boom-not-a-recession/ What do you think?
One argument in the article is that policy uncertainty is good for investment. The stock market seems profoundly skeptical. So am I.
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https://breitbart.com/economy/2025/04/02/breitbart-business-digest-expect-a-trump-tariff-boom-not-a-recession/
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