Mississippi State Senate
| Mississippi State Senate | |
 | |
| General Information | |
| Party control: | Republican |
| Session start: | January 2, 2024 |
| Session end: | May 4, 2024 |
| Term length: | 4 years |
| Term limits: | None |
| Redistricting: | Legislature-dominant |
| Salary: | $23,500/year + per diem |
| Members | |
| Total: | 52 |
| Democrats: | 16 |
| Republicans: | 36 |
| Other: | 0 |
| Vacancies: | 0 |
| Leadership | |
| President: | Delbert Hosemann (R) |
| Elections | |
| Last election: | November 7, 2023 |
| Next election: | November 2, 2027 |
The Mississippi State Senate is the upper chamber of the Mississippi State Legislature. Alongside the Mississippi House of Representatives, it forms the legislative branch of the Mississippi state government and works alongside the governor of Mississippi to create laws and establish a state budget. Legislative authority and responsibilities of the Mississippi State Senate include passing bills on public policy matters, setting levels for state spending, raising and lowering taxes, and voting to uphold or override gubernatorial vetoes.
The Mississippi State Senate meets in the state capitol building in Jackson, Mississippi.
Mississippi has a Republican trifecta. The Republican Party controls the office of governor and both chambers of the state legislature. |
This page contains the following information on the Mississippi State Senate.
- Which party controls the chamber
- The chamber's current membership
- Partisan control of the chamber over time
- Elections in the chamber and how vacancies are filled
- A district map
- How redistricting works in the state
- Legislation currently under consideration
- Legislative session dates
- Legislative procedures, such as veto overrides and the state budget process
- A list of committees
Party control
Current partisan control
The table below shows the partisan breakdown of the Mississippi State Senate as of December 2024:
| Party | As of December 2024 | |
|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party | 16 | |
| Republican Party | 36 | |
| Other | 0 | |
| Vacancies | 0 | |
| Total | 52 | |
Members
Leadership
The lieutenant governor of Mississippi acts as president of the 52-member Senate and is given the right to cast a vote in the case of a tie. There are no majority or minority leaders in the Senate.[1]
Leadership and members
- Senate president: Delbert Hosemann (R)
- President Pro Tem: Dean Kirby (R)
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Salaries
- See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
| State legislative salaries, 2024[2] | |
|---|---|
| Salary | Per diem |
| $23,500/year | For senators: $166/day. For representatives: $157/day. |
Swearing in dates
Mississippi legislators assume office the first day of the regular session of the year following election. The constitution requires the legislature to convene yearly on the Tuesday after the first Monday in January.[3]
Membership qualifications
In order to run for the Mississippi State Senate, a candidate must:[4]
- Be 25 years of age or older.
- Be a qualified elector of the State of Mississippi for four years.
- Be a resident of the district the candidate plans to represent for two years.
- If running as a Republican or Democrat, pay a $15 filing fee to the State Executive Committee of the party with which the candidate is affiliated.
- If running as an independent, submit 50 signatures to the Circuit Clerk or the Secretary of State.
Historical party control
Republicans won control of the Mississippi State Senate in 2011. In 2023, they won a 36-16 majority.
The table below shows the partisan history of the Mississippi Senate following every general election from 1991 to 2023. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.
Mississippi State Senate election results: 1991-2023
| Party | 91 | 95 | 99 | 03 | 07[5] | 11 | 15 | 19 | 23 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democrats | 39 | 34 | 34 | 27 | 28 | 21 | 20 | 16 | 16 |
| Republicans | 13 | 18 | 18 | 24 | 24 | 31 | 32 | 36 | 36 |
| Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Trifecta history
A state government trifecta is a term that describes single party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government. Between 1992 and 2023, Mississippi was under the following types of trifecta control:
- Democratic trifecta: 2000-2003
- Republican trifecta: 2012-2023
- Divided government: 1992-1999, 2004-2011
Mississippi Party Control: 1992-2024
Four years of Democratic trifectas • Thirteen years of Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.
| Year | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Governor | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
| Senate | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R[6] | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
| House | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
Elections
Elections by year
Mississippi state senators serve four-year terms, with all seats up for election every four years. Mississippi is one of only four states to hold elections during odd years, along with Louisiana, Virginia, and New Jersey.[7]
2023
- See also: Mississippi State Senate elections, 2023
Elections for the Mississippi State Senate took place in 2023. The general election was on November 7, 2023. A primary was August 8, 2023, and a primary runoff was August 29, 2023. The filing deadline was February 1, 2023.
In the 2023 elections, Republicans maintained their majority and Democrats picked up one seat from 15-36 to 16-36.
| Mississippi State Senate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Party | As of November 7, 2023 | After November 8, 2023 | |
| Democratic Party | 15 | 16 | |
| Republican Party | 36 | 36 | |
| Independent | 1 | 0 | |
| Total | 52 | 52 | |
2019
- See also: Mississippi State Senate elections, 2019
Elections for the Mississippi State Senate took place in 2019. The primary was on August 6, 2019, the primary runoff was on August 27, and the general election was on November 5. The filing deadline for candidates was March 1, 2019.
| Mississippi State Senate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Party | As of November 5, 2019 | After November 6, 2019 | |
| Democratic Party | 18 | 16 | |
| Republican Party | 31 | 36 | |
| Vacancies | 3 | 0 | |
| Total | 52 | 52 | |
2015
- See also: Mississippi State Senate elections, 2015
Elections for the Mississippi State Senate took place in 2015. A primary election was held on August 4, 2015, and the general election was held on November 3, 2015. The signature filing deadline for candidates wishing to run in this election was February 27, 2015.[8] The 2015 election did not change the partisan count of the chamber.
| Mississippi State Senate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Party | As of November 3, 2015 | After November 3, 2015 | |
| Democratic Party | 20 | 20 | |
| Republican Party | 32 | 32* | |
| Total | 52 | 52 | |
In District 37, Robert Dearing (D) defeated incumbent Melanie Sojourner (R) by 64 votes. Sojourner formally challenged the outcome of the general election, claiming that there were irregularities at the polls. A Senate committee took up the challenge in January, and the chamber voted 47-3 to seat Dearing.[9][10]
| Click [show] to see election information dating back to 2003 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2011
Elections for the office of Mississippi State Senate took place in 2011. The primary election was held on August 2, 2011, and the general election was held on November 2, 2011. All 52 seats were up for election. Heading into the election, Republicans held a 27-24 majority with one vacancy. Republicans gained four seats in the election, giving them a 31-21 majority.
During the 2011 election, the total value of contributions to Senate candidates was $4,706,378. The top 10 contributors were:[11]
2007
Elections for the office of Mississippi State Senate consisted of a primary election on August 7, 2007, and a general election on November 6, 2007. All 52 seats were up for election. During the 2007 election, the total value of contributions to Senate candidates was $5,740,791. The top 10 contributors were:[12]
2003
Elections for the office of Mississippi State Senate consisted of a primary election on August 5, 2003, and a general election on November 4, 2003. All 52 seats were up for election. During the 2003 election, the total value of contributions to Senate candidates was $3,676,844. The top 10 contributors were:[13]
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Vacancies
If there is a vacancy in the Mississippi State Legislature, a special election is required to fill the vacant seat. The governor must call for an election no later than 30 days after the vacancy happened. After the governor sets the election date, the counties conducting the election must be given at least 60 days' notice before the election. All qualifying deadlines are 50 days before the election.[14]
The governor can choose not to issue a writ of election if the vacancy occurs in the same calendar year as the general election for state officials.[14]
See sources: Mississippi Code Ann. § 23-15-851
District map
- See also: Mississippi state legislative districts
The state of Mississippi has 174 legislative districts. Each district elects one representative. The state Senate has 52 districts and the state House has 122 districts.
Use the interactive map below to find your district.
Redistricting
- See also: Redistricting in Mississippi
In Mississippi, both congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn by the state legislature. Congressional district lines are approved as regular legislation and are thus subject to veto by the governor. State legislative district boundaries are approved as a joint resolution; as such, they are not subject to gubernatorial veto.[15]
If the legislature cannot approve a state legislative redistricting plan, a five-member commission must draw the lines. This commission comprises the chief justice of the Mississippi Supreme Court, the attorney general, the secretary of state, and the majority leaders of the Mississippi State Senate and the Mississippi House of Representatives.[15]
The Mississippi Constitution requires that state legislative district boundaries be contiguous. State statutes further require that state legislative districts "be compact and cross political boundaries as little as possible."[15]
2020
Mississippi enacted new state legislative district boundaries on March 31, 2022, when both legislative chambers approved district maps for the other chamber.[16] Legislative redistricting in Mississippi is done via a joint resolution and did not require Gov. Tate Reeves' (R) approval.[16] Emily Wagster Pettus of the Associated Press wrote that "Republican legislative leaders said the redistricting plans are likely to maintain their party's majority in each chamber."[17] Pettus also wrote that "Senate President Pro Tempore Dean Kirby of Pearl said the Senate redistricting plan keeps the same number of Republican-leaning and Democratic-leaning districts as now."[17]
Redistricting of the state Senate was approved by the Senate on March 29, 2022, by a vote of 45-7, with 31 Republicans and 14 Democrats in favor and five Republicans and two Democrats voting against.[18] The state House approved the Senate's district boundaries on March 31, 2022, by a vote of 68-49. Sixty-two Republicans, three Democrats, and three independents voted in favor and 35 Democrats and 14 Republicans voted against.[19]
New district boundaries for the Mississippi House of Representatives were approved by the House on March 29, 2022, by an 81-38 vote. Seventy-three Republicans, five Democrats, and three independents voted to enact the new map and 36 Democrats and two Republicans voted against it.[20] The Mississippi Senate approved the House map—41 to 8—on March 31, 2022, with 34 Republicans and seven Democrats voting in favor and all eight votes against by Democrats.[21]
District map after 2020 redistricting
This map took effect for Mississippi’s 2023 legislative elections.
2010
Mississippi received its local census data on February 3, 2011. The state's population grew 4.3 percent, with several of its cities (Jackson, Gulfport, Biloxi) losing as much as 13 percent. Most of the state's population loss was in the north-central region and along the western edge.
Republicans controlled the Legislature and governorship at the time of redistricting. The legislature was given a deadline of June 1, 2011, for redistricting. This deadline was created for the plans to be done in time for the 2011 elections, and allow 60 days for review by the Department of Justice as required at the time by the Voting Rights Act. The deadline passed without a plan, meaning any new maps would not take effect until 2015, and elections were held with the previous maps. The House passed a new map on April 26, 2012, with the Senate following in May.[22] On September 14, 2012, the U.S. Department of Justice approved Mississippi's new legislative districts.[23]
Sessions
Legislation
The legislation tracker below displays all legislation that the Mississippi State Senate has approved in its most recent legislative session—this includes legislation that has been sent from the Senate to the House and legislation that has already been approved by the House and signed by the governor after its passage in the Senate. The table below includes the bill number, its name, progress, most recent action date, and sponsor. Scroll up and down and side to side to see more. Click the bill number to read the bill text and see its voting history. Click the headings to sort the content. Rearrange the order of the headings by clicking and dragging them. Click the magnifying glass in the bottom left corner to search for specific terms. The legislation tracker is maintained and updated by BillTrack50.
Dates of legislative sessions in Mississippi by year
2024
In 2024, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 2, 2024, and adjourn on May 4, 2024.
2023
In 2023, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 3, 2023, and adjourn on April 1, 2023.
| Click [show] for past years' session dates. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
2022In 2022, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 4, 2022, and adjourn on April 5, 2022. 2021In 2021, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 5, 2021, and adjourn on April 1, 2021. 2020In 2020, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 7, 2020, and adjourn on October 10, 2020.
Several state legislatures had their sessions impacted as a result of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. The Mississippi State Legislature suspended its session, effective March 18, 2020. The suspension was originally set to expire April 1, 2020. It was subsequently extended to May 18, 2020, but the legislature reconvened earlier, on May 7, 2020.[24][25][26][27] 2019In 2019, the legislature was in session from January 8, 2019, through March 29, 2019. 2018In 2018, the legislature was in session from January 2, 2018, through March 28, 2018. To read about notable events and legislation from this session, click here. 2017
In 2017, the legislature was in session from January 3, 2017, through March 29, 2017. The legislature will begin a special session on June 5. 2016
In 2016, the legislature was in session from January 5 through April 21. A one-day legislative special session on February 4, 2016, called by Mississippi Governor Phil Bryant (R) resulted in the largest economic development announcement in a single day in the state’s history, according to the governor. Legislators approved millions in state aid for a shipyard project and for a tire plant projected to be the largest such facility in North America. Lawmakers estimated that a total of 3,500 jobs could be created by the package of loans, tax breaks, and other incentives.[28] 2015
In 2015, the legislature was in session from January 6 through April 2. Major issues in 2015Major issues in the 2015 legislative session included education funding, tax relief, and contract reform.[29] 2014
In 2014, the legislature was in session from January 7 through April 2.[30] Major issues in 2014Major issues in the 2014 legislative session included Common Core, Medicaid expansion, teachers' pay, and prison sentences.[31][32] 2013
In 2013, the legislature was in session from January 8 to April 7.[33] Major issues in 2013Major issues in the 2013 legislative session included creating a budget, charter schools, and Medicaid expansion.[34] 2012
In 2012, the legislature was in session from January 3 through May 3.[35] 2011In 2011, the legislature was in session from January 4 through April 7.[36] 2010In 2010, the legislature was originally scheduled to be in session from January 5th to April 3rd. However, the session was extended to May 3rd. Additionally, a special session was held from April 22nd to April 23rd.[37] |
About legislative sessions in Mississippi
The Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution declares that any power not already given to the federal government is reserved to the states and the people.[38] State governments across the country use this authority to hold legislative sessions where a state's elected representatives meet for a period of time to draft and vote on legislation and set state policies on issues such as taxation, education, and government spending. The different types of legislation passed by a legislature may include resolutions, legislatively referred constitutional amendments, and bills that become law.
Article IV of the Mississippi Constitution establishes when the Mississippi State Legislature, of which the Senate is a part, is to meet. Section 36 of Article IV states that the legislature is to convene in regular session on the Tuesday following the first Monday in January of each year. Section 36 limits the length of regular sessions to ninety calendar days, except for once every four years when the regular session can last up to one hundred twenty-five calendar days. The most recent one hundred twenty-five day session was in 2008, and the next session of this kind was in 2012.
Section 36 also allows the Legislature to extend its sessions for thirty days by a two-thirds vote of both legislative houses. There is no limit on the number of times a session can be extended in this way. In 2010, the Legislature extended its session once, moving the date of adjournment from April 3 to May 3.
Article V of the Mississippi Constitution gives the Governor of Mississippi the power to call the Legislature into extraordinary session. Section 121 of Article V enumerates this power.[39]
Legislative roles and procedures
Every state legislature throughout the country features its own internal procedures that it uses to govern itself and how it interacts with other parts of state government. Ballotpedia's coverage of internal state legislative procedures includes veto overrides, the role of the legislature in the state budget, procedures for filling membership vacancies, and redistricting.
Veto overrides
- See also: Veto overrides in state legislatures
State legislatures can override governors' vetoes. Depending on the state, this can be done during the regular legislative session, in a special session following the adjournment of the regular session, or during the next legislative session. The rules for legislative overrides of gubernatorial vetoes in Mississippi are listed below.
How many legislators are required to vote for an override? Two-thirds of members present in both chambers.
| Two-thirds of members present in both chambers must vote to override a veto. If all members are in attendance, this is 82 of the 122 members in the Mississippi House of Representatives and 35 of the 52 members in the Mississippi State Senate. Mississippi is one of 36 states that requires a two-thirds vote from both of its legislative chambers to override a veto. |
How can vetoes be overridden after the legislature has adjourned?
| Vetoes can be overridden when the next regular session convenes.[40][41] |
Authority: Article IV, Section 72 of the Mississippi Constitution.
| "Every Bill which shall pass both Houses shall be presented to the Governor of the state. If he approve, he shall sign it; but if he does not approve, he shall return it, with his objections, to the House in which it originated, which shall enter the objections at large upon its Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds (2/3) of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the other House, by which, likewise, it shall be reconsidered; and if approved by two-thirds (2/3) of that House, it shall become a law; but in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively." |
Role in state budget
- See also: Mississippi state budget and finances
Mississippi on 
|
The state operates on an annual budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:[42]
- Budget instructions are sent to state agencies in June of the year preceding the start of the new fiscal year.
- State agencies submit their budget requests to the governor in August.
- The governor submits his or her proposed budget to the state legislature by November 15. This deadline is extended to January 31 for a newly elected governor.
- The legislature typically adopts a budget in March or April. The fiscal year begins July 1.
Mississippi is one of 44 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.[42][43]
The governor is legally required to submit a balanced budget proposal. Likewise, the legislature is legally required to pass a balanced budget.[42]
Committees
Every state legislature and state legislative chamber in the country contains several legislative committees. These committees are responsible for studying, amending, and voting on legislation before it reaches the floor of a chamber for a full vote. The different types of committees include standing committees, select or special, and joint.
- Standing committees are generally permanent committees, the names of which sometimes change from session to session.
- Select or special committees are temporary committees formed to deal with specific issues such as recent legislation, major public policy or proposals, or investigations.
- Joint committees are committees that feature members of both chambers of a legislature.
Ballotpedia covers standing and joint committees. The Mississippi State Senate has 44 standing committees:
- Accountability, Efficiency and Transparency Committee
- Business and Financial Institutions Committee
- Compilation, Revision and Publication
- Congressional Redistricting Committee
- Economic and Workforce Development Committee
- Elections Committee
- Environmental Protection, Conservation and Water Resources Committee
- Finance Committee
- Highways and Transportation Committee
- Housing Committee
- Interstate and Federal Cooperation Committee
- Judiciary, Division A Committee
- Judiciary, Division B Committee
- Labor Committee
- Local and Private Committee
- Ports and Marine Resources Committee
- Public Health and Welfare Committee
- Reapportionment Committee
- Senate Agriculture Committee
- Senate Appropriations Committee
- Senate Constitution Committee
- Senate Corrections Committee
- Senate County Affairs Committee
- Senate Drug Policy Committee
- Senate Education Committee
- Senate Energy Committee
- Senate Enrolled Bills Committee
- Senate Ethics Committee
- Senate Executive Contingent Fund Committee
- Senate Forestry Committee
- Senate Gaming Committee
- Senate Insurance Committee
- Senate Investigate State Offices Committee
- Senate Legislative Budget Committee
- Senate Medicaid Committee
- Senate Municipalities Committee
- Senate Public Property Committee
- Senate Rules Committee
- Senate State Library Committee
- Senate Technology Committee
- Senate Tourism Committee
- Senate Universities and Colleges Committee
- Senate Wildlife, Fisheries and Parks Committee
- Veterans and Military Affairs Committee
Constitutional amendments
In every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures.
The methods in which the Mississippi Constitution can be amended:
Note on Mississippi:
Mississippi has an initiated constitutional amendment process, including a signature distribution requirement based on five congressional districts. However, the requirements cannot be met, according to the Mississippi Supreme Court, because the state has four congressional districts following reapportionment in 2001.[44]
| Mississippi Constitution |
|---|
|
| Preamble |
| Articles |
| 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 |
The Mississippi Constitution provides two mechanisms for amending the state's constitution—a citizen-initiated process and a legislative process. Mississippi requires a simple majority vote (50% plus 1) for voters to approve constitutional amendments.
Initiative
- See also: Initiated constitutional amendment
An indirect initiated constitutional amendment is a citizen-initiated ballot measure that amends a state's constitution. There are two states – Massachusetts and Mississippi – that allow citizens to initiate indirect constitutional amendments.
While a direct initiated constitutional amendment is placed on the ballot once supporters file the required number of valid signatures, an indirect initiated constitutional amendment is first presented to the state legislature, which has various options depending on the state.
In Mississippi, the number of signatures required for an initiated constitutional amendment is equal to at least 12% of the total number of votes cast for governor in the last gubernatorial general election immediately preceding the signature deadline—not necessarily the gubernatorial election immediately preceding the targeted election date. A simple majority vote is required for voter approval.
Beginning with the day the sponsor receives the ballot title and summary, proponents have one year to circulate petitions and receive certification from the county circuit clerks. Signatures must be submitted to the secretary of state at least 90 days prior to the beginning of the regular session—which begins in the first week of January.
Once it is determined that proponents of a measure have collected enough signatures, the measure is filed with the Mississippi State Legislature on the first day of the legislative session. The legislature must act on the measure within four months of that date. The legislature may choose to adopt the measure by a majority vote in each house. Whether the legislature adopts or rejects the measure, the proposed amendment proceeds to the ballot. The legislature may also choose to approve an amended alternate version of the measure. In this case, both measures appear on the ballot together.
An initiative must receive a majority of the total votes cast for that particular initiative and must also receive more than 40% of the total votes cast in that election.
Note on Mississippi:
Mississippi has an initiated constitutional amendment process, including a signature distribution requirement based on five congressional districts. However, the requirements cannot be met, according to the Mississippi Supreme Court, because the state has four congressional districts following reapportionment in 2001.[45]
Legislature
A two-thirds (66.67%) vote is required during one legislative session for the Mississippi State Legislature to place a constitutional amendment on the ballot. That amounts to a minimum of 77 votes in the Mississippi House of Representatives and 35 votes in the Mississippi State Senate, assuming no vacancies. The absolute number of those voting in favor must be equal to at least a majority of the members elected to each house. Amendments do not require the governor's signature to be referred to the ballot.
2025 measures:
- See also: 2025 ballot measures
Certified:
- The following measures were certified for the ballot.
No measures to list
2024 measures:
Below is a list of measures that were referred to the 2024 ballot by the legislature.
- See also: Mississippi 2024 ballot measures
Certified:
- The following measures were certified for the ballot.
No measures to list
See also
| Elections | Mississippi State Government | State Legislatures | State Politics |
|---|---|---|---|
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External links
Footnotes
- ↑ Mississippi Legislature, "Mississippi State Senate," accessed February 16, 2021
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2024 Legislator Compensation," August 21, 2024
- ↑ Mississippi Secretary of State, "Mississippi Constitution Article 4, Section 36," accessed February 2, 2023
- ↑ Mississippi Secretary of State, "Qualifications and Fees for Mississippi Candidates," accessed February 2, 2023
- ↑ Republicans gained a majority in 2007 when two Democratic state senators switched their party affiliation. Democrats regained the majority as a result of the 2007 elections.
- ↑ Republicans gained a majority in 2007 when two Democratic state senators switched their party affiliation. Democrats regained the majority as a result of the 2007 elections.
- ↑ The Thicket, "Why do four states have odd-year elections?" August 25, 2011
- ↑ Mississippi Secretary of State, "2015 Elections Calendar," accessed December 2, 2014
- ↑ Associated Press, "Sojourner challenges Mississippi Senate loss to Dearing," December 4, 2015
- ↑ Daily Journal, "Dearing seated as Legislature inches closer to taking up bills," January 19, 2016
- ↑ Follow the Money, "Mississippi 2011 - Candidates," accessed July 29, 2014
- ↑ Follow the Money, "Mississippi 2007 - Candidates," accessed July 29, 2014
- ↑ Follow the Money, "Mississippi 2003 - Candidates," accessed July 29, 2014
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Justia US Law, "2020 Mississippi Code," accessed February 6, 2023 (Statute 23-15-851)
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 All About Redistricting, "Mississippi," accessed May 4, 2015
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Jackson Free Press, "Mississippi House and Senate OK Each Other's Redistricting," April 1, 2022
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Jackson Free Press, "Mississippi House, Senate Pass Separate Redistricting Plans," March 30, 2022
- ↑ ‘’Mississippi legislature’’, “Joint Resolution 202-History of Actions, 03/29 (S) Adopted," accessed April 7, 2022
- ↑ ‘’Mississippi legislature’’, “Joint Resolution 202-History of Actions, 03/31 (H) Adopted," accessed April 7, 2022
- ↑ ‘’Mississippi legislature’’, “Joint Resolution 1-History of Actions, 03/29 (H) Adopted As Amended," accessed April 7, 2022
- ↑ ‘’Mississippi legislature’’, “Joint Resolution 1-History of Actions, 03/31 (S) Adopted," accessed April 7, 2022
- ↑ The Associated Press, "Mississippi House adopts Senate redistricting plan," May 3, 2012
- ↑ Gulf Live, "Justice Department approves Mississippi Senate, House redistricting maps (updated)," September 14, 2012
- ↑ Clarion Ledger, "Mississippi lawmakers to halt legislative session over coronavirus," March 17, 2020
- ↑ Clarion Ledger, "Mississippi Legislature will not come back April 1, as coronavirus spreads," March 26, 2020
- ↑ Clarion Ledger, "Amid coronavirus pandemic, Mississippi Legislature will reconvene on May 18," April 27, 2020
- ↑ WLOX, "Mississippi Legislature to reconvene Thursday," May 5, 2020
- ↑ The Associated Press, "Mississippi lawmakers pass aid for tire plant, shipyard," accessed February 16, 2021
- ↑ Mississippi Watchdog, "Plenty of issues for Mississippi Legislature to tackle in 2015," January 2, 2015
- ↑ StateScape, "Session Schedules," accessed July 29, 2014
- ↑ WDAM, "Mississippi legislature begins 2014 session," January 7, 2014
- ↑ GulfLive.com, "13 things to watch in the 2014 Mississippi Legislature," January 3, 2014
- ↑ StateScape, "Session Schedules," accessed February 16, 2021
- ↑ Gulf Live, "AP analysis: 2013 Mississippi Legislative session mixes substance, silliness," April 6, 2013
- ↑ StateScape, "Session Schedules," accessed February 16, 2021 (Archived)
- ↑ Mississippi State Legislature, "2011 Daily Action Reports," accessed February 16, 2021
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2010 Legislative Session Calendar," accessed February 16, 2021 (Archived)
- ↑ Find Law, "Tenth Amendment - U.S. Constitution," accessed February 16, 2021
- ↑ Mississippi Secretary of State, "Mississippi Constitution," accessed February 16, 2021
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "The Veto Process," accessed June 22, 2017
- ↑ Mississippi First, "Governor Bryant Vetoes SB 2161," April 24, 2015
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 National Association of State Budget Officers, "Budget Processes in the States, Spring 2021," accessed January 24, 2023
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "Separation of Powers: Executive Veto Powers," accessed January 26, 2024
- ↑ Mississippi Supreme Court, "In Re Initiative Measure No. 65: Mayor Mary Hawkins Butler V Michael Watson, in His Official Capacity as Secretary of State for the State of Mississippi," May 14, 2021
- ↑ Mississippi Supreme Court, "In Re Initiative Measure No. 65: Mayor Mary Hawkins Butler V Michael Watson, in His Official Capacity as Secretary of State for the State of Mississippi," May 14, 2021
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