Mississippi State Senate elections, 2015
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Elections for the Mississippi State Senate took place in 2015. A primary election was held on August 4, 2015, and the general election was held on November 3, 2015. The signature filing deadline for candidates wishing to run in this election was February 27, 2015.[1]
The Mississippi State Senate was one of seven state legislative chambers throughout the country that held elections in November 2015.
Incumbents retiring
A total of five incumbents did not run for re-election in 2015. Those incumbents were:
| Name | Party | Current Office |
|---|---|---|
| Giles Ward |  Republican |
Senate District 18 |
| Haskins Montgomery |  Democratic |
Senate District 34 |
| Perry Lee | Republican |
Senate District 35 |
| Kelvin Butler | Democratic |
Senate District 38 |
| Tony Smith | Republican |
Senate District 47 |
Majority control
- See also: Partisan composition of state senates
Heading into the November 3 election, the Republican Party held the majority in the Mississippi State Senate:
| Mississippi State Senate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Party | As of November 3, 2015 | After November 3, 2015 | |
| Democratic Party | 20 | 20 | |
| Republican Party | 32 | 32* | |
| Total | 52 | 52 | |
In District 37, Robert Dearing (D) defeated incumbent Melanie Sojourner (R) by 64 votes. Sojourner formally challenged the outcome of the general election, claiming that there were irregularities at the polls. A Senate committee took up the challenge in January, and the chamber voted 47-3 to seat Dearing.[2][3]
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Competitiveness
Candidates unopposed by a major party
In 33 of the 52 districts up for election in 2015, there was only one major party candidate running for election. A total of 13 Democrats and 20 Republicans were guaranteed election barring unforeseen circumstances.
Two major party candidates faced off in the general election in just 19 of the 52 districts up for election.
Primary challenges
Nineteen incumbents faced primary competition on August 4. Five incumbents did not seek re-election in 2015 and the remaining 28 incumbents advanced past the primary without opposition.
The August 4 primary elections featured 12 contested Democratic primaries and 14 contested Republican primaries.
Retiring incumbents
Five incumbent senators did not run for re-election, while 47 (90.4%) ran for re-election. A list of those incumbents, two Democrats and three Republicans, can be found above.
Historical context
Uncontested elections: In 2014, 32.8 percent of Americans lived in states with an uncontested state senate election. Similarly, 40.4 percent of Americans lived in states with uncontested house elections. Primary elections were uncontested even more frequently, with 61 percent of people living in states with no contested primaries. Uncontested elections often occur in locations that are so politically one-sided that the result of an election would be a foregone conclusion regardless of whether it was contested or not.
Open seats: In most cases, an incumbent will run for re-election, which decreases the number of open seats available. In 2014, 83 percent of the 6,057 seats up for election saw the incumbent running for re-election. The states that impose term limits on their legislatures typically see a higher percentage of open seats in a given year because a portion of incumbents in each election are forced to leave office. Overall, the number of open seats decreased from 2012 to 2014, dropping from 21.2 percent in 2012 to 17.0 percent in 2014.
Incumbent win rates: Ballotpedia's competitiveness analysis of elections between 1972 and 2014 documented the high propensity for incumbents to win re-election in state legislative elections. In fact, since 1972, the win rate for incumbents had not dropped below 90 percent—with the exception of 1974, when 88 percent of incumbents were re-elected to their seats. Perhaps most importantly, the win rate for incumbents generally increased over time. In 2014, 96.5 percent of incumbents were able to retain their seats. Common convention holds that incumbents are able to leverage their office to maintain their seat. However, the high incumbent win rate may actually be a result of incumbents being more likely to hold seats in districts that are considered safe for their party.
Marginal primaries: Often, competitiveness is measured by examining the rate of elections that have been won by amounts that are considered marginal (5 percent or less). During the 2014 election, 90.1 percent of primary and general election races were won by margins higher than 5 percent. Interestingly, it is usually the case that only one of the two races—primary or general—will be competitive at a time. This means that if a district's general election is competitive, typically one or more of the district's primaries were won by more than 5 percent. The reverse is also true: If a district sees a competitive primary, it is unlikely that the general election for that district will be won by less than 5 percent. Primaries often see very low voter turnout in comparison to general elections. In 2014, there were only 27 million voters for state legislative primaries, but approximately 107 million voters for the state legislative general elections.
Qualifications
In order to run for the Mississippi State Senate, a candidate must:[4]
- Be 25 years of age or older.
- Be a qualified elector and resident of the State of Mississippi for four years.
- Be a resident of the county or district a candidate plans to represent for two years.
- If running as a Republican or Democrat, pay a $15 filing fee to the State Executive Committee of the party with which the candidate is affiliated.
- If running as an independent, submit 50 signatures to the Circuit Clerk or the Secretary of State.
List of candidates
District 1
August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
August 4 Republican primary candidates:- ☐ James David Eubanks: 3,457
- ☑ Chris Massey: 7,423 - Incumbent Massey was first elected to the chamber in 2011.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Chris Massey: 8,019
District 2
Note: Incumbent Bill Stone (D) ran for District 10 in the State Senate.
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☑ David L. Parker - Incumbent Parker of District 19 was first elected to the chamber in 2011.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ David L. Parker: 4,857
District 3
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ Christopher Stark
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☑ Nickey Browning - Incumbent Browning was first elected to the chamber in 1995.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☐ Christopher Stark: 3,614
- ☑ Nickey Browning: 12,151
District 4
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ Eric Powell
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☑ Rita Parks - Incumbent Parks was first elected to the chamber in 2011.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☐ Eric Powell: 6,860
- ☑ Rita Parks: 10,386
District 5
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ J.P. Wilemon Jr. - Incumbent Wilemon was first elected to the chamber in 2003.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ J.P. Wilemon Jr.: 15,989
District 6
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☐ Nancy Collins: 3,719 - Incumbent Collins was first elected to the chamber in 2011.
- ☑ Chad McMahan: 7,376
Note: Mike Armour was removed from the qualified candidates list.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Chad McMahan: 12,238
District 7
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ Hob Bryan - Incumbent Bryan was first elected to the chamber in 1983.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☑ Barry Strevel
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Hob Bryan: 8,218
- ☐ Barry Strevel: 5,719
District 8
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ Russell Jolly - Incumbent Jolly was first elected to the chamber in 2011.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Russell Jolly: 14,955
District 9
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ Cristen Hemmins
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☑ Gray Tollison - Incumbent Tollison was first elected to the chamber in 1995.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☐ Cristen Hemmins: 5,852
- ☑ Gray Tollison: 8,932
District 10
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☐ Steve Hale: 3,922 - Incumbent Hale was first elected to the chamber in 2011.
- ☑ Bill Stone: 5,364 - Incumbent Stone was first elected to the chamber in 2007.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Bill Stone: 9,270
District 11
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☐ James S. Edwards Jr.: 2,214
- ☑ Robert L. Jackson: 7,465 - Incumbent Jackson was first elected to the chamber in 2003.
- ☐ Clara Dawkins-Davis: 2,341
Note: Dawkins-Davis was removed from the ballot due to a residency challenge, but was later reinstated.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Robert L. Jackson: 11,504
District 12
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ Derrick Simmons - Incumbent Simmons was first elected to the chamber in 2011.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Derrick Simmons: 11,206
District 13
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ Willie Simmons - Incumbent Simmons was first elected to the chamber in 1993.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Willie Simmons: 8,903
District 14
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ Georgio Proctor
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☑ Lydia Graves Chassaniol - Incumbent Chassaniol was first elected to the chamber in 2007.
Independent candidates:- ☑ Donny Ryals
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☐ Georgio Proctor: 4,835
- ☑ Lydia Graves Chassaniol: 9,964
- ☐ Donny Ryals: 3,948
District 15
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ Cecil Simmons
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☑ Gary Jackson - Incumbent Jackson was first elected to the chamber in 2003.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☐ Cecil Simmons: 5,638
- ☑ Gary Jackson: 8,708
District 16
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ Angela Turner - Incumbent Turner was first elected to the chamber in 2013.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Angela Turner: 14,719
District 17
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☐ Robert A. Patrick Jr.: 2,551
- ☑ Charles Younger: 4,620 - Incumbent Younger was first elected to the chamber in 2011.
Libertarian candidates:- ☑ Jake Reeves
Note: While Reeves qualified for the general election, he did not appear on the sample ballot.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Charles Younger: 13,537
District 18
Note: Incumbent Giles Ward (R) did not run for re-election.
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☐ Curt Pace: 945
- ☑ Jenifer B. Branning: 3,370
- ☑ Mark J. Forsman: 1,865
- ☐ Speedy Calvert: 1,636
- August 25 Republican runoff candidates:
- ☑ Jenifer B. Branning
- ☐ Mark J. Forsman
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Jenifer B. Branning: 12,677
District 19
Note: Incumbent David Parker (R) ran for District 2 in the State Senate.
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☑ Kevin Blackwell
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Kevin Blackwell: 5,932
District 20
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☑ Josh Harkins - Incumbent Harkins was first elected to the chamber in 2011.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Josh Harkins: 14,137
District 21
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ Barbara Blackmon: 4,832
- ☐ Kenneth Jones: 4,798 - Incumbent Jones was first elected to the chamber in 2007.
Note: Blackmon was also nominated by the Independent Party.[5]
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Barbara Blackmon: 10,867
District 22
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ Joseph C. Thomas
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☑ Eugene S. Clarke - Incumbent Clarke was first elected to the chamber in 2007.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☐ Joseph C. Thomas: 6,985
- ☑ Eugene S. Clarke: 8,149
District 23
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☑ Briggs Hopson: 5,132 - Incumbent Hopson was first elected to the chamber in 2007.
- ☐ Bill Marcy: 511
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Briggs Hopson: 12,247
District 24
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ David Jordan - Incumbent Jordan was first elected to the chamber in 1993.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
- Independent candidates:
- ☑ Earl Blackmon
Note: While Blackmon qualified for the general election, he did not appear on the sample ballot.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ David Jordan: 11,775
District 25
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☐ William Billingsley: 3,709
- ☑ Will Longwitz: 8,971 - Incumbent Longwitz was first elected to the chamber in 2011.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Will Longwitz: 16,929
District 26
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ John Horhn: 6,008 - Incumbent Horhn was first elected to the chamber in 1993.
- ☐ Stephen Thompson: 1,981
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ John Horhn: 12,606
District 27
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ Hillman Terome Frazier - Incumbent Frazier was first elected to the chamber in 1993.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☑ Ponto Downing
Note: Gerald Kucia was removed from the qualified candidate list.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Hillman Terome Frazier: 9,672
- ☐ Ponto Downing: 3,145
District 28
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ Sollie B. Norwood - Incumbent Norwood was first elected to the chamber in 2013.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Sollie B. Norwood: 8,033
District 29
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ David Blount: 6,556 - Incumbent Blount was first elected to the chamber in 2007.
- ☐ Eclecius L. Franklin, Sr.: 354
- ☐ Kathryn Michell Orey Perry: 780
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☑ James Broadwater
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ David Blount: 11,052
- ☐ James Broadwater: 2,937
District 30
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☑ Dean Kirby - Incumbent Kirby was first elected to the chamber in 1991.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Dean Kirby: 10,139
District 31
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☑ Terry C. Burton - Incumbent Burton was first elected to the chamber in 1991.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Terry C. Burton: 13,695
District 32
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☐ Keith K. Jackson: 2,231
- ☑ Sampson Jackson II: 3,460 - Incumbent Jackson was first elected to the chamber in 1991.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☐ Gilman Dewayne Warren: 697
- ☑ Don Wiggins: 1,137
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Sampson Jackson II: 8,991
- ☐ Don Wiggins: 4,059
District 33
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ Chase Callahan
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☑ Videt Carmichael - Incumbent Carmichael was first elected to the chamber in 1999.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☐ Chase Callahan: 3,817
- ☑ Videt Carmichael: 11,457
District 34
Note: Incumbent Haskins Montgomery (D) did not run for re-election.
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ Juan Barnett: 3,939
- ☑ Trey W. Chinn: 2,376
- ☐ Deborah S. Woullard: 2,374
- August 25 Democratic runoff candidates:
- ☑ Juan Barnett: 4,114
- ☐ Trey W. Chinn: 1,866
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Juan Barnett: 13,537
District 35
Note: Incumbent Perry Lee (R) did not run for re-election.
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☐ Lisa Stanley: 1,509
- ☑ Chris Caughman: 6,138
- ☐ Cliff Brown: 3,155
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Chris Caughman: 12,278
District 36
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ Albert Butler: 8,604 - Incumbent Butler was first elected to the chamber in 2009.
- ☐ Elvis E. Colenberg, Sr.: 2,555
- ☐ Jeffery Harness: 1,463
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Albert Butler: 14,642
District 37
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ Robert Dearing: 6,816
- ☐ Etta Batteaste-Taplin: 4,927
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☐ Curtis Moroney: 484
- ☐ Lane B. Reed: 1,475
- ☑ Melanie Sojourner: 2,433 - Incumbent Sojourner was first elected to the chamber in 2011.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Robert Dearing: 8,218
- ☐ Melanie Sojourner: 8,154
Note: Sojourner formally challenged the outcome of the general election, claiming that there were irregularities at the polls. A Senate committee will consider the challenge in January.[6]
District 38
Note: Incumbent Kelvin Butler (D) did not run for re-election.
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ Angela Baker Brooks: 3,456
- ☐ Albert Eubanks: 1,635
- ☐ Gregory Harris: 1,531
- ☐ Daryl L. Porter, Jr.: 2,746
- ☑ Tammy Felder Witherspoon: 3,826
- August 25 Democratic runoff candidates:
- ☐ Angela Baker Brooks: 3,655
- ☑ Tammy Felder Witherspoon: 4,161
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☑ Dennis Quinn
- Independent candidates:
- ☑ Benté Hess Johnson
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Tammy Felder Witherspoon: 10,628
- ☐ Dennis Quinn: 3,737
- ☐ Benté Hess Johnson: 3,238
District 39
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ Michael Smith
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☐ Mike Campbell: 2,945
- ☑ Sally Doty: 3,951 - Incumbent Doty was first elected to the chamber in 2011.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☐ Michael Smith: 6,422
- ☑ Sally Doty: 11,230
District 40
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☑ Angela Burks Hill - Incumbent Hill was first elected to the chamber in 2011.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Angela Burks Hill: 10,913
District 41
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ Reggie Blackledge
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☑ Joey Fillingane - Incumbent Fillingane was first elected to the chamber in 2007.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☐ Reggie Blackledge: 7,529
- ☑ Joey Fillingane: 10,745
District 42
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ Johnny Ishmel Henry
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☑ Chris McDaniel - Incumbent McDaniel was first elected to the chamber in 2007.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☐ Johnny Ishmel Henry: 2,072
- ☑ Chris McDaniel: 12,555
District 43
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ Towana A. Wright
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☑ Dennis DeBar: 3,554
- ☐ Phillip Gandy: 2,893 - Incumbent Gandy was first elected to the chamber in 2011.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☐ Towana A. Wright: 3,871
- ☑ Dennis DeBar: 12,295
District 44
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☑ John A. Polk - Incumbent Polk was first elected to the chamber in 2011.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ John A. Polk: 11,701
District 45
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☑ Billy Hudson - Incumbent Hudson was first elected to the chamber in 2007.
August 4 Reform Party primary candidates:- ☑ Eli "Sarge" Jackson
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Billy Hudson: 11,753
- ☐ Eli "Sarge" Jackson: 1,784
District 46
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☑ Philip Moran - Incumbent Moran was first elected to the chamber in 2011.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Philip Moran: 9,518
District 47
Note: Incumbent Tony Smith (R) did not run for re-election.
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ Jimmy L. Alawine
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☐ Rogena Mitchell: 1,126
- ☑ Joseph M. Seymour: 2,469
- ☐ Anne G. Smith: 1,628
- ☑ Mike Tyson: 2,169
- August 25 Republican runoff candidates:
- ☑ Joseph M. Seymour
- ☐ Mike Tyson
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☐ Jimmy L. Alawine: 2,609
- ☑ Joseph M. Seymour: 8,420
District 48
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- ☑ Deborah Dawkins: 1,900 - Incumbent Dawkins was first elected in 1999.
- ☐ Joseph Piernas, Sr.: 1,013
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☑ Walter Crapps
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Deborah Dawkins: 4,997
- ☐ Walter Crapps: 4,348
District 49
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☐ Katherine DeCoito: 2,682
- ☑ Sean Tindell: 6,204 - Incumbent Tindell was first elected in 2011.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Sean Tindell: 9,633
District 50
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☑ Thomas Gollott - Incumbent Gollot was first elected in 1979.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Thomas Gollott: 6,473
District 51
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☐ Butch Loper: 2,704
- ☑ Michael D. Watson Jr.: 5,148 - Incumbent Watson was first elected in 2007.
- Libertarian candidates:
- ☑ Boyd Kendall
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Michael D. Watson Jr.: 8,553
- ☐ Boyd Kendall: 1,746
District 52
- August 4 Democratic primary candidates:
- No candidates filed for election.
- August 4 Republican primary candidates:
- ☑ Brice Wiggins - Incumbent Wiggins was first elected in 2011.
November 3 General election candidates:
- ☑ Brice Wiggins: 8,804
See also
External links
- Mississippi Secretary of State - 2015 General Election Results
- Mississippi Secretary of State - 2015 Democratic Runoff Results
- Mississippi Secretary of State - 2015 Democratic Primary Results
- Mississippi Secretary of State - 2015 Republican Primary Results
- Mississippi Secretary of State - 2015 Candidate Qualifying List by Office
- Mississippi Secretary of State - 2015 Candidate Qualifying List by Party
- Mississippi Secretary of State - General Election Sample Ballot
Footnotes
- ↑ Mississippi Secretary of State, "2015 Elections Calendar," accessed December 2, 2014
- ↑ Associated Press, "Sojourner challenges Mississippi Senate loss to Dearing," December 4, 2015
- ↑ Daily Journal, "Dearing seated as Legislature inches closer to taking up bills," January 19, 2016
- ↑ Mississippi Secretary of State, "Filing Fees and Qualifications," accessed December 17, 2013
- ↑ Mississippi Secretary of State, "2015 Candidate Qualifying List," accessed May 6, 2015
- ↑ Associated Press, "Sojourner challenges Mississippi Senate loss to Dearing," December 4, 2015
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