Maine State Legislature

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Maine State Legislature

Seal of Maine.svg.png
General information
Type:   State legislature
Term limits:   Senate: 4 terms (8 years)
House: 4 terms (8 years)
Session start:   January 3, 2024
Website:   Official Legislature Page
Leadership
Senate President:   Troy Dale Jackson (D)
House Speaker:  Rachel Ross (D)
Majority Leader:   Senate: Eloise Vitelli (D)
House: Maureen Terry (D)
Minority Leader:   Senate: Harold Stewart (R)
House: Billy Bob Faulkingham (R)
Structure
Members:  35 (Senate), 151 (House)
Length of term:   2 years (Senate), 2 years (House)
Authority:   Article IV--Part Third, Maine Constitution
Salary:   $16,245.12 for the first regular session. $11,668.32 for the second regular session. + per diem
Elections
Last election:  November 8, 2022
Next election:  November 5, 2024
Redistricting:  Maine Legislature has control

The Maine State Legislature is the state legislature of Maine. It is a bicameral body composed of the lower Maine House of Representatives and the upper Maine State Senate. The Legislature convenes at the State House in Augusta, where it has met since 1832.

Maine has a Democratic trifecta. The Democratic Party controls the office of governor and both chambers of the state legislature.

See also: Maine House of Representatives, Maine State Senate, Maine Governor

Senate

The Maine State Senate is the upper house of the Maine Legislature. The Senate includes a varying number of members, which may under the Maine Constitution be thirty-one, thirty-three, or thirty-five; the present number is thirty-five.

As of the 2020 Census, Maine state senators represented an average of 38,959 residents. After the 2010 Census, each member represented 38,088 residents.


Party As of November 2024
     Democratic Party 22
     Republican Party 12
     Other 0
     Vacancies 1
Total 35

Click here for a list of members of this chamber.

Democrats won control of the Maine State Senate in 2018. In 2022, they won a 22-13 majority.

The table below shows the partisan history of the Maine Senate following every general election from 1992 to 2022. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.

Maine State Senate election results: 1992-2022

Year '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18 '20 '22
Democrats 20 16 19 20 17* 18 18 18 20 14 21 15 17 21 22 22
Republicans 15 18 15 14 17 17 17 17 15 20 13 20 18 14 13 13
Other 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

*Chamber controlled by power-sharing agreement

House of Representatives

The Maine House of Representatives is the lower house of the Maine Legislature. The House consists of 151 members (excluding two non-voting Native American representatives; see below) representing an equal amount of districts across the state.

As of the 2020 Census, Maine state representatives represented an average of 9,030 residents. After the 2010 Census, each member represented 8,828 residents.

Party As of November 2024
     Democratic Party 79
     Republican Party 67
     Independent 1
     Independent for Maine Party 1
     Libertarian Party 0
     Vacancy 3
Total 151[1]

Click here for a list of members of this chamber.

Democrats won control of the Maine House of Representatives in 2012. In 2022, they won an 82-67-2 majority.

The table below shows the partisan history of the Maine House following every general election from 1992 to 2022. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.

Maine House of Representatives election results: 1992-2022

Year '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18 '20 '22
Democrats 90 77 81 79 88 80 76 89 96 72 86 79 77 89 80 82
Republicans 61 74 69 71 63 67 73 60 54 78 61 68 72 57 67 67
Other 0 0 1 1 1 4 2 2 1 1 4 4 2 5 4 2

Elections

2026

See also: Maine State Senate elections, 2026 and Maine House of Representatives elections, 2026

Elections for the Maine State Senate will take place in 2026. The general election is on November 3, 2026.

Elections for the Maine House of Representatives will take place in 2026. The general election is on November 3, 2026.

2024

See also: Maine State Senate elections, 2024 and Maine House of Representatives elections, 2024

Elections for the Maine State Senate took place in 2024. The general election was on November 5, 2024. The primary was June 11, 2024. The filing deadline was March 15, 2024.

Elections for the Maine House of Representatives took place in 2024. The general election was on November 5, 2024. The primary was June 11, 2024. The filing deadline was March 15, 2024.

2022

See also: Maine State Senate elections, 2022 and Maine House of Representatives elections, 2022

Elections for the Maine State Senate took place in 2022. The general election was on November 8, 2022. A primary was scheduled for June 14, 2022. The filing deadline was March 15, 2022.

Elections for the Maine House of Representatives took place in 2022. The general election was on November 8, 2022. A primary was scheduled for June 14, 2022. The filing deadline was March 15, 2022.

2020

See also: Maine State Senate elections, 2020 and Maine House of Representatives elections, 2020

Elections for the office of Maine State Senate took place in 2020. All 35 seats were up for election. Twenty-one were held by Democrats and 14 were held by Republicans. The general election was held on November 3, 2020. A primary was scheduled for July 14, 2020. The filing deadline was March 16, 2020.

Elections for the office of Maine House of Representatives took place in 2020. The general election was held on November 3, 2020. A primary was scheduled for July 14, 2020. The filing deadline was March 16, 2020.

2018

See also: Maine State Senate elections, 2018 and Maine House of Representatives elections, 2018

Elections for the Maine State Senate took place in 2018. The closed primary election took place on June 12, 2018, and the general election was held on November 6, 2018. The major party candidate filing deadline was March 15, 2018, and the third-party and independent candidate filing deadline was June 1, 2018.[2]

Elections for the Maine House of Representatives took place in 2018. The closed primary election took place on June 12, 2018, and the general election was held on November 6, 2018. The candidate filing deadline was March 15, 2018.[3]

2016

See also: Maine State Senate elections, 2016 and Maine House of Representatives elections, 2016

Elections for the Maine State Senate took place in 2016. The primary election took place on June 14, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The candidate filing deadline was March 15, 2016.[4]

Elections for the Maine House of Representatives took place in 2016. The primary election took place on June 14, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The candidate filing deadline was March 15, 2016.[5]

2014

See also: Maine State Senate elections, 2014 and Maine House of Representatives elections, 2014

Elections for the Maine State Senate took place in 2014. A primary election took place on June 10, 2014, and a general election was held on November 4, 2014. The signature filing deadline for party candidates wishing to run in this election was March 17, 2014. The deadline for write-in candidates to run in the primary election was April 28, 2014, and the deadline for non-party candidates to run in the general election was June 2, 2014.

Elections for the Maine House of Representatives took place in 2014. A primary election took place on June 10, 2014, and a general election was held on November 4, 2014. The signature filing deadline for party candidates wishing to run in this election was March 17, 2014. The deadline for write-in candidates to run in the primary election was April 28, 2014, and the deadline for non-party candidates to run in the general election was June 2, 2014. The deadline for write-in candidates to run in the general election was September 22, 2014.

2012

See also: Maine State Senate elections, 2012 and Maine House of Representatives elections, 2012

Elections for the office of Maine State Senate took place in 2012. The primary election was held on June 12, 2012, and the general election was held on November 6, 2012. The candidate filing deadline was March 15, 2012.

Elections for the office of Maine House of Representatives took place in 2012. The primary election was held on June 12, 2012, and the general election was held on November 6, 2012. The candidate filing deadline was March 15, 2012.

2010

See also: Maine State Senate elections, 2010 and Maine House of Representatives elections, 2010

Elections for the office of Maine State Senate took place in 2010. The primary election was held on June 8, 2010, and the general election was held on November 2, 2010. The candidate filing deadline was March 15, 2010, for partisan candidates and June 1, 2010, for independent and unenrolled candidates.

Elections for the office of Maine House of Representatives took place in 2010. The primary election was held on June 8, 2010, and the general election was held on November 2, 2010. The candidate filing deadline was March 15, 2010, for partisan candidates and June 1, 2010, for independent and unenrolled candidates.

Sessions

Article IV, Part Third of the Maine Constitution establishes when the Legislature is to be in session. Section 1 of the Part states that, following a legislative election, the Legislature is to convene its first regular session on the first Wednesday of December. The second regular session of the legislature is to convene in the next even-numbered year. This second session is to convene on the first Wednesday after the first Tuesday in January. Section 1 also instructs the Legislature to enact statutory limits on the length of its regular sessions.

Section 1 also establishes the procedures for convening special sessions of the Legislature. A special session can be convened by the President of the Senate and Speaker of the House, with the consent of a majority of legislators from each political party.[6]

2024

See also: 2024 Maine legislative session and Dates of 2024 state legislative sessions

In 2024, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 3, 2024, and adjourn on April 17, 2024.

2023

See also: 2023 Maine legislative session and Dates of 2023 state legislative sessions

In 2023, the legislature was scheduled to convene on December 7, 2022, and adjourn on March 30, 2023.


Role in state budget

See also: Maine state budget and finances
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The state operates on a biennial budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:[23]

  1. Budget instructions are sent to state agencies in July of the year preceding the start of the new biennium.
  2. State agencies submit their budget requests by September 1.
  3. The governor submits his or her proposed budget to the state legislature in January. This deadline is extended to February for a newly elected governor.
  4. The legislature adopts a budget by 30 days prior to its adjournment. A simple majority is required to pass a budget. The biennium begins on July 1.

Maine is one of 44 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.[23][24]

The governor is legally required to submit a balanced budget proposal. Likewise, the state legislature is legally required to pass a balanced budget.[23]


Salaries

See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
State legislative salaries, 2024[25]
SalaryPer diem
$16,245.12 for the first regular session. $11,668.32 for the second regular session.$70/day for lodging (or round-trip mileage up to $0.55/mile in lieu of housing, plus tolls). $50/day for meals.

Swearing in dates

See also: When state legislators assume office after a general election

Maine legislators assume office on the first Wednesday of December following the general election.[26][27]

Redistricting

See also: Redistricting in Maine

In Maine, both congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn by the state legislature. An advisory commission is also involved in the process. A two-thirds majority is required to approve new district maps, which are subject to veto by the governor.[28]

The composition of the 15-member advisory redistricting commission is as follows:[28]

  1. The majority and minority leaders of the Maine State Senate each select two commissioners.
  2. The majority and minority leaders of the Maine House of Representatives each appoint three commissioners.
  3. The chairs of the state's two major political parties (i.e., the Republican and Democratic parties) each appoint one member.
  4. The aforementioned 12 commissioners appoint two more members from the public, "with each party's representatives coordinating to choose one commissioner."
  5. The two public commissioners appoint one additional member.

This commission may make recommendations to the state legislature regarding redistricting, but the legislature is not bound to abide by the commission's recommendations. If the state legislature is unable to pass a redistricting plan, the responsibility falls to the Maine Supreme Court.[28]

State statutes require that congressional districts be compact and contiguous, In addition, state laws require that congressional districts "cross political subdivision lines as few times as possible."[28]

The Maine Constitution mandates that state legislative districts be "compact and contiguous, and that they cross political subdivision lines as few times as possible."[28]

2020

See also: Redistricting in Maine after the 2020 census

On September 29, 2021, Gov. Janet Mills (D) signed legislation enacting redrawn state legislative district boundaries. The Maine Apportionment Commission approved final maps and submitted them to the legislature on September 27, 2021. The Maine Senate unanimously approved both maps by a vote of 31-0. The Maine House of Representatives approved new district boundaries for the state Senate by a vote of 129-0 and new state House district boundaries by a vote of 119-10.[29] These maps took effect for Maine’s 2022 legislative elections.

The Maine Wire reported, "The legislature made no changes to the maps the Apportionment Commission submitted, but some legislators did express dissatisfaction with the way districts had been drawn."[30] Some lawmakers objected to changes made to the composition of their districts, such as Ben Collings (D). After the plans were approved, Collings said, "“I did my best to work with the [apportionment] committee and use the process to make those changes.” “Unfortunately that did not come together for the district I represent.”[29]

2010

See also: Redistricting in Maine after the 2010 census

District maps

State Senate


State House


Non-voting members

The three non-voting members within the House represent the Penobscot Nation, the Passamaquoddy Tribe, and the Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians. The special Representatives can sponsor legislation relating to Natives and Native land claims, as well as co-sponsor any other legislation brought before the House, but are not allowed to submit an actual legislative vote. These representatives are also entitled to sit as non-voting members of joint standing committees during hearings and deliberations.

Independents and other parties

Early view of Maine State Capitol.gif

The Maine House of Representatives has been an entry ground for several of the state's prominent Independent politicians. From 2002 to 2006, the House of Representatives was the legislative home of John Eder, District 118 (Portland), of the Maine Green Independent Party, then the highest elected Green politician in U.S. politics. In the 2006 elections, Eder lost his seat to a Democratic challenger.

Veto overrides

Veto Override Graphic-No party.png

See also: Veto overrides in state legislatures

State legislatures can override governors' vetoes. Depending on the state, this can be done during the regular legislative session, in a special session following the adjournment of the regular session, or during the next legislative session. The rules for legislative overrides of gubernatorial vetoes in Maine are listed below.

How many legislators are required to vote for an override? Two-thirds of members present in both chambers.

Two-thirds of members present in both chambers must vote to override a veto. If all members are in attendance, this is 101 of the 151 members in the Maine House of Representatives and 24 of the 35 members in the Maine State Senate. Maine is one of 36 states that requires a two-thirds vote from both of its legislative chambers to override a veto.

Authority: Article IV, Part Third, Section 2 of the Maine Constitution.

"Every bill or resolution, having the force of law, to which the concurrence of both Houses may be necessary, except on a question of adjournment, which shall have passed both Houses, shall be presented to the Governor, and if the Governor approves, the Governor shall sign it; if not, the Governor shall return it with objections to the House in which it shall have originated, which shall enter the objections at large on its journals, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration, 2/3 of that House shall agree to pass it, it shall be sent together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall be reconsidered, and, if approved by 2/3 of that House, it shall have the same effect as if it had been signed by the Governor; but in all such cases, the votes of both Houses shall be taken by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons, voting for and against the bill or resolution, shall be entered on the journals of both Houses respectively."

State capitol building

Charles Bulfinch, a Boston architect, designed the State Capitol building in Augusta. It was completed in 1832 with funds provided by Augusta citizens and on land (Weston Hill) purchased and given to the state by Augusta citizens.

An early 20th century update to the Capitol included the addition of the statue of a woman representing Wisdom as part of the new cupola.

Prior to 1832, the state legislature met in Portland and other locations.  

History

Partisan balance 1992-2013

Who Runs the States Project
See also: Ballotpedia:Who Runs the States and Ballotpedia:Who Runs the States, Maine
Partisan breakdown of the Maine legislature from 1992-2013

Maine State Senate: From 1992-2013, the Democratic Party was the majority in the Maine State Senate for 16 years while the Republicans were the majority for four years.

Across the country, there were 541 Democratic and 517 Republican state senates from 1992 to 2013.

Maine State House of Representatives: From 1992-2013, the Democratic Party was the majority in the Maine State House of Representatives for 20 years while the Republicans were the majority for two years. The Maine State House of Representatives is one of 18 state Houses that was Democratic for more than 80 percent of the years between 1992-2013.

Across the country, there were 577 Democratic and 483 Republican State Houses of Representatives from 1992 to 2013.

Over the course of the 22-year study, state governments became increasingly more partisan. At the outset of the study period (1992), 18 of the 49 states with partisan legislatures had single-party trifectas and 31 states had divided governments. In 2013, only 13 states had divided governments, while single-party trifectas held sway in 36 states, the most in the 22 years studied.

The chart below shows the partisan composition of the Office of the Governor of Maine, the Maine State Senate and the Maine House of Representatives from 1992 to 2013.

Partisan composition of Maine state government(1992-2013).PNG

SQLI and partisanship

To read the full report on the State Quality of Life Index (SQLI) in PDF form, click here.

The chart below depicts the partisanship of the Maine state government and the state's SQLI ranking for the years studied. For the SQLI, the states were ranked from 1-50, with 1 being the best and 50 the worst. Between 1992 and 2002, the state experienced divided government until electing a Democratic trifecta, which occurred between 2003 and 2011. For two years (2011 and 2012), the state had a Republican trifecta before reverting back to divided government. Maine hit the bottom-10 in the SQLI ranking in 2006 and 2007 (42nd and 45th, respectively). Its highest ranking in the SQLI ranking occurred in 2012 (27th) under a Republican trifecta. The state rose seven points in the SQLI ranking between the years 2010 and 2011.

  • SQLI average with Democratic trifecta: 38.38
  • SQLI average with Republican trifecta: 28.00
  • SQLI average with divided government: 33.73
Chart displaying the partisanship of Maine government from 1992-2013 and the State Quality of Life Index (SQLI).

Joint standing committees

Constitutional amendments

In every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures.

The methods in which the Maine Constitution can be amended:

See also: Part III of Article IV and Article X of Maine Constitution and Laws governing ballot measures in Maine
687px-Flag of Maine.svg.png

The Maine Constitution may be amended in two ways—through the legislative process, or a state constitutional convention. Maine residents cannot put a constitutional amendment on the ballot through the power of initiative. Maine does feature the power of initiative for initiated state statutes.

Legislature

See also: Legislatively referred constitutional amendment

A two-thirds majority (66.67%) vote is required during one legislative session for the Maine State Legislature to place a constitutional amendment on the ballot. That amounts to a minimum of 101 votes in the Maine House of Representatives and 24 votes in the Maine State Senate, assuming no vacancies. Amendments do not require the governor's signature to be referred to the ballot.

Convention

See also: Convention-referred constitutional amendment

According to Section 15 of Part III of Article IV, the legislature can, by a two-thirds concurrent vote of both branches, call a constitutional convention. Maine has never called such a convention; however, two "constitutional commissions" were impaneled, one in 1876 and one in 1962, but neither led to significant changes.



2025 measures:

See also: Maine 2025 ballot measures

Certified:

The following measures were certified for the ballot.

No measures to list



2024 measures:

Below is a list of measures that were referred to the 2024 ballot by the legislature.

See also: Maine 2024 ballot measures

Certified:

The following measures were certified for the ballot.
Maine Development and Maintenance of Trails Bond IssueDemocratsRepublicans
Senate:Required: Yes votes: (%)No votes: (%)Yes: ; No: Yes: ; No:
House:Required: Yes votes: (%)No votes: (%)Yes: ; No: Yes: ; No:
Maine Science and Technology Research and Commercialization Bond IssueDemocratsRepublicans
Senate:Required: Yes votes: (%)No votes: (%)Yes: ; No: Yes: ; No:
House:Required: Yes votes: (%)No votes: (%)Yes: ; No: Yes: ; No:
Maine Historic Community Buildings Bond IssueDemocratsRepublicans
Senate:Required: Yes votes: (%)No votes: (%)Yes: ; No: Yes: ; No:
House:Required: Yes votes: (%)No votes: (%)Yes: ; No: Yes: ; No:

See also

Elections Maine State Government State Legislatures State Politics
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External links

Footnotes

  1. Excludes three nonvoting members representing the Penobscot Nation, the Passamaquoddy Tribe and the Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians.
  2. Maine.gov, "Upcoming Elections," accessed December 22, 2017
  3. Maine.gov, "Upcoming Elections," accessed December 22, 2017
  4. Politics1.com, "Maine," archived December 31, 2015
  5. Politics1.com, "Maine," archived December 31, 2015
  6. Maine State Constitution, "Article IV," accessed February 11, 2021
  7. Bangor Daily News, "A busy two days are coming in Augusta. Maine’s coronavirus response will be the topic." March 16, 2020
  8. pressherald.com, "New state budget sends more money to public schools in Maine," July 5, 2017
  9. pressherald.com, "State workers bracing for worst as threat of a shutdown looms," June 22, 2017
  10. pressherald.com, "Legislature votes to extend session to try to resolve budget impasse," June 21, 2017
  11. Press Herald, "As session ends, Legislature overrides LePage veto, raising legal age for tobacco to 21," August 2, 2017
  12. Maine Public Broadcasting, "Maine Democrats and Republicans Lay out Priorities for Upcoming Legislative Session," December 23, 2014
  13. Maine State Legislature, "126th Legislature: 2012 - 2014," accessed February 11, 2021
  14. Maine Legislature, "126th Legislature: 2012 - 2014," accessed February 11, 2021
  15. Legislative Information Office, "LD 1279," accessed February 11, 2021
  16. CentralMaine.com, "Maine House vote kills bill to elect top state officials," June 4, 2013
  17. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Bangor
  18. Maine State Legislature, "Proposed Constitutional Legislation 1820 -," accessed February 11, 2021
  19. Bangor Daily News, "Maine lawmakers return Wednesday for 2012 session," January 3, 2012
  20. Maine.gov, 125th Legislature Session Schedule, accessed February 11, 2021
  21. Bangor Daily News, State lawmakers headed home but only for 12 days, June 16, 2011
  22. Stateline, "Conservative budget becomes law in all-GOP Maine," June 21, 2011 (Archived)
  23. 23.0 23.1 23.2 National Association of State Budget Officers, "Budget Processes in the States, Spring 2021," accessed January 24, 2023
  24. National Conference of State Legislatures, "Separation of Powers: Executive Veto Powers," accessed January 26, 2024
  25. National Conference of State Legislatures, "2024 Legislator Compensation," August 21, 2024
  26. Maine Constitution, "Article IV. Part First., Section 2," accessed November 1, 2021
  27. Maine Constitution, "Article IV. Part Second., Section 5," accessed November 1, 2021
  28. 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 All About Redistricting, "Maine," accessed April 30, 2015
  29. 29.0 29.1 Bangor Daily News, "Thousands of Mainers to shift to new congressional districts," September 29, 2021
  30. Maine Wire, "Maine Legislature accepts new redistricting plans, approves legal action on federal lobster rules," September 29, 2021