North Dakota State Senate

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North Dakota State Senate
SLP-Infobox Image-Color.png
General Information
Party control:   Republican
Session start:   No regular legislative session
Session end:   No regular legislative session
Term length:   4 years
Term limits:   2 terms (8 years)
Redistricting:  Legislature-dominant
Salary:   $592/month
+ per diem
Members
Total:  47
Democrats:  4
Republicans:  43
Other:  0
Vacancies:  0
Leadership
President:   Tammy Miller (R)
Maj. Leader:   David Hogue (R)
Min. Leader:   Kathy Hogan (D)
Elections
Last election:  November 8, 2022
Next election:  November 5, 2024

The North Dakota State Senate is the upper chamber of the North Dakota Legislative Assembly. Alongside the North Dakota House of Representatives, it forms the legislative branch of the North Dakota state government and works alongside the governor of North Dakota to create laws and establish a state budget. Legislative authority and responsibilities of the North Dakota State Senate include passing bills on public policy matters, setting levels for state spending, raising and lowering taxes, and voting to uphold or override gubernatorial vetoes.

The North Dakota State Senate meets in the state capitol building in Bismarck, North Dakota.

  • Twenty-three of the state Senate's 47 seats were up for election in 2024.
  • Thirty-two of the state Senate's 47 seats were up for election in 2022. The chamber's Republican supermajority increased from 40-7 to 43-4.

  • North Dakota has a Republican trifecta. The Republican Party controls the office of governor and both chambers of the state legislature.

    • This page contains the following information on the North Dakota State Senate.

    Party control

    Current partisan control

    The table below shows the partisan breakdown of the North Dakota State Senate as of November 2024:

    Party As of November 2024
         Democratic Party 4
         Republican Party 43
         Other 0
         Vacancies 0
    Total 47

    Members

    Leadership

    The lieutenant governor of North Dakota serves as president of the Senate.

    Leadership and members

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    Office Name Party Date assumed office
    North Dakota State Senate District 1 Brad Bekkedahl Republican December 1, 2014
    North Dakota State Senate District 2 David Rust Republican 2014
    North Dakota State Senate District 3 Bob Paulson Republican December 1, 2022
    North Dakota State Senate District 4 Jordan Kannianen Republican December 1, 2016
    North Dakota State Senate District 5 Randy Burckhard Republican 2010
    North Dakota State Senate District 6 Shawn Vedaa Republican December 1, 2016
    North Dakota State Senate District 7 Michelle Axtman Republican December 1, 2022
    North Dakota State Senate District 8 Jeffery Magrum Republican December 1, 2022
    North Dakota State Senate District 9 Kent Weston Republican December 1, 2022
    North Dakota State Senate District 10 Ryan Braunberger Democratic December 1, 2022
    North Dakota State Senate District 11 Tim Mathern Democratic 1986
    North Dakota State Senate District 12 Cole Conley Republican December 1, 2020
    North Dakota State Senate District 13 Judy Lee Republican 1994
    North Dakota State Senate District 14 Jerry Klein Republican 1996
    North Dakota State Senate District 15 Judy Estenson Republican December 1, 2022
    North Dakota State Senate District 16 David Clemens Republican December 1, 2016
    North Dakota State Senate District 17 Jonathan Sickler Republican June 2, 2022
    North Dakota State Senate District 18 Scott Meyer Republican December 1, 2016
    North Dakota State Senate District 19 Janne Myrdal Republican December 1, 2022
    North Dakota State Senate District 20 Randy Lemm Republican 2019
    North Dakota State Senate District 21 Kathy Hogan Democratic December 1, 2018
    North Dakota State Senate District 22 Mark Weber Republican December 1, 2020
    North Dakota State Senate District 23 Todd Beard Republican December 1, 2022
    North Dakota State Senate District 24 Mike Wobbema Republican December 1, 2020
    North Dakota State Senate District 25 Larry Luick Republican 2010
    North Dakota State Senate District 26 Dale Patten Republican December 1, 2022
    North Dakota State Senate District 27 Kristin Roers Republican December 1, 2018
    North Dakota State Senate District 28 Robert Erbele Republican December 1, 2000
    North Dakota State Senate District 29 Terry Wanzek Republican 1994
    North Dakota State Senate District 30 Diane Larson Republican December 1, 2016
    North Dakota State Senate District 31 Donald Schaible Republican 2010
    North Dakota State Senate District 32 Dick Dever Republican 2008
    North Dakota State Senate District 33 Keith Boehm Republican December 1, 2022
    North Dakota State Senate District 34 Justin Gerhardt Republican October 23, 2023
    North Dakota State Senate District 35 Sean Cleary Republican December 1, 2022
    North Dakota State Senate District 36 Jay Elkin Republican December 1, 2018
    North Dakota State Senate District 37 Dean Rummel Republican December 1, 2022
    North Dakota State Senate District 38 David Hogue Republican December 1, 2008
    North Dakota State Senate District 39 Greg Kessel Republican December 1, 2022
    North Dakota State Senate District 40 Karen Krebsbach Republican 1989
    North Dakota State Senate District 41 Kyle Davison Republican December 1, 2014
    North Dakota State Senate District 42 Curt Kreun Republican December 1, 2016
    North Dakota State Senate District 43 Jeff Barta Republican December 1, 2022
    North Dakota State Senate District 44 Merrill Piepkorn Democratic December 1, 2016
    North Dakota State Senate District 45 Ronald Sorvaag Republican 2010
    North Dakota State Senate District 46 Jim Roers Republican December 1, 2016
    North Dakota State Senate District 47 Mike Dwyer Republican December 1, 2018


    Salaries

    See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
    State legislative salaries, 2024[1]
    SalaryPer diem
    $592/month$213/day

    Swearing in dates

    See also: When state legislators assume office after a general election

    North Dakota legislators assume office on December 1.[2]

    Membership qualifications

    See also: State legislature candidate requirements by state

    Article 4, Section 5 of the North Dakota Constitution states:

    “ Each individual elected or appointed to the legislative assembly must be, on the day of the election or appointment, a qualified elector in the district from which the member was selected and must have been a resident of the state for one year immediately prior to that election. An individual may not serve in the legislative assembly unless the individual lives in the district from which selected.[3][4] ”

    Historical party control

    Republicans won control of the North Dakota State Senate in 1994. In 2022, they won a 43-4 majority.

    The table below shows the partisan history of the North Dakota Senate following every general election from 1992 to 2022. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.

    North Dakota State Senate election results: 1992-2022

    Year '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18 '20 '22
    Democrats 25 20 19 18 18 16 15 21 21 12 13 15 9 10 7 4
    Republicans 24 29 30 31 31 31 32 26 26 35 33 32 38 37 40 43

    Trifecta history

    A state government trifecta is a term that describes single party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government. Between 1992 and 2023, North Dakota was under the following types of trifecta control:

    • Democratic trifecta: None
    • Republican trifecta: 1995-2023
    • Divided government: 1992-1994

    North Dakota Party Control: 1992-2024
    No Democratic trifectas  •  Thirty years of Republican trifectas
    Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

    Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
    Governor D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
    Senate D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
    House R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

    Elections

    Elections by year

    North Dakota state senators serve staggered, four-year terms and half of the Senate is up for election every two years. North Dakota holds elections for its legislature in even years.

    2026

    See also: North Dakota State Senate elections, 2026

    Elections for the North Dakota State Senate will take place in 2026. The general election is on November 3, 2026.

    2024

    See also: North Dakota State Senate elections, 2024

    Elections for the North Dakota State Senate took place in 2024. The general election was on November 5, 2024. The primary was June 11, 2024. The filing deadline was April 8, 2024.

    2022

    See also: North Dakota State Senate elections, 2022

    Elections for the North Dakota State Senate took place in 2022. The general election was on November 8, 2022. A primary was scheduled for June 14, 2022. The filing deadline was April 11, 2022.

    The Republican Party expanded its majority by three seats in the 2022 general election, from 40-7 to 43-4.

    North Dakota State Senate
    Party As of November 8, 2022 After November 9, 2022
         Democratic Party 7 4
         Republican Party 40 43
    Total 47 47

    2020

    See also: North Dakota State Senate elections, 2020

    Elections for the office of North Dakota State Senate took place in 2020. The general election was held on November 3, 2020. A primary was scheduled for June 9, 2020. The filing deadline was April 6, 2020.

    In the 2020 elections, Republicans increased their majority in the North Dakota State Senate from 37-10 to 40-7.

    North Dakota State Senate
    Party As of November 3, 2020 After November 4, 2020
         Democratic Party 10 7
         Republican Party 37 40
    Total 47 47

    2018

    See also: North Dakota State Senate elections, 2018

    Elections for the North Dakota State Senate took place in 2018. An open primary election took place on June 12, 2018. The general election was held on November 6, 2018. The candidate filing deadline was April 9, 2018.[5]

    In the 2018 elections, Republicans lost one seat but maintained their majority in the North Dakota State Senate.

    North Dakota State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 9 10
         Republican Party 38 37
    Total 47 47

    2016

    See also: North Dakota State Senate elections, 2016

    Elections for the North Dakota State Senate took place in 2016. The primary election took place on June 14, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The candidate filing deadline was April 11, 2016. A total of 23 seats out of the 47 seats in the North Dakota State Senate were up for election in 2016.

    Heading into the election, Republicans held a 32-15 majority. Republicans gained six seats in the election, giving them a 38-9 majority.

    North Dakota State Senate
    Party As of November 7, 2016 After November 8, 2016
         Democratic Party 15 9
         Republican Party 32 38
    Total 47 47

    Term limits

    See also: State legislatures with term limits

    The North Dakota Legislative Assembly is one of 16 state legislatures with term limits. It has been a term-limited state legislature since North Dakota voters approved Constitutional Measure 1 in 2022, as an initiated constitutional amendment. The first year that the term limits enacted in 2022 will impact the ability of incumbents to run for office is 2030. Under North Dakota's term limits, state senators can serve no more than two four-year terms.

    Vacancies

    See also: How vacancies are filled in state legislatures

    If there is a vacancy in the North Dakota State Legislature, the vacancy is filled by the district committee of the political party that holds the seat. A replacement must be named within 21 days of the vacancy. The appointed person shall serve until the next general election which is scheduled for at least 94 days after the vacancy occurs. Qualified electors in a district where a vacancy exists can also petition for a special election to be called by the governor to fill the remaining term.[13]

    DocumentIcon.jpg See sources: North Dakota Cent. Code §44-02-03.1

    District map

    See also: North Dakota state legislative districts

    The state of North Dakota has 47 state Senate districts. Each district elects one senator. 

    Use the interactive map below to find your district.


    Redistricting

    See also: Redistricting in North Dakota

    Because North Dakota has only one congressional district, congressional redistricting is not necessary. The state legislature draws state legislative district boundaries. State legislative district lines are subject to veto by the governor.[14]

    The North Dakota Constitution requires that state legislative districts be "compact and contiguous."[14][15]

    2020

    See also: Redistricting in North Dakota after the 2020 census

    On January 8, 2024, the U.S. District Court of North Dakota ordered the state to adopt a remedial legislative map proposed by the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians and the Spirit Lake Tribe. In the order, Judge Peter Welte said that the new map "requires changes to only three districts ... and is the least intrusive option that complies with the Voting Rights Act and the Constitution."[16][17]

    The U.S. District Court of North Dakota struck down the state's legislative map on November 17, 2023, saying in its ruling in the case Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians v. the Secretary of State of North Dakota, "The Secretary is permanently enjoined from administering, enforcing, preparing for, or in any way permitting the nomination or election of members of the North Dakota Legislative Assembly from districts 9 and 15 and subdistrict 9A and 9B. The Secretary and Legislative Assembly shall have until December 22, 2023, to adopt a plan to remedy the violation of Section 2."[18] North Dakota Gov. Doug Burgum (R) signed legislation enacting the state's legislative map on November 11, 2021.

    Reactions to 2024 state legislative maps

    On January 9, 2024, the Secretary of State’s Office filed an appeal with the 8th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals of the U.S. District Court of North Dakota's order in the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians v. the Secretary of State of North Dakota case.[19]

    The Secretary of State’s Office also released a statement saying, “Any action taken by the appeals court would not impact the maps used for the 2024 election cycle. ... Secretary of State Michael Howe will be moving forward for the 2024 election with Judge Welte’s court-imposed map.”[19]

    District map after 2020 redistricting

    Below is the state Senate map in effect before and after the 2020 redistricting cycle. The map on the right was in effect for North Dakota’s 2024 state legislative elections.

    North Dakota State Senate Districts
    before 2020 redistricting cycle

    Click a district to compare boundaries.

    North Dakota State Senate Districts
    after 2020 redistricting cycle

    Click a district to compare boundaries.



    This map took effect for North Dakota's 2022 legislative elections. Nd enacted map 1.jpg

    2010

    See also: Redistricting in North Dakota after the 2010 census

    North Dakota received its local census data on March 15, 2011. The state's population grew by approximately 5 percent to 672,591, but more rural districts lost population to more urban districts. The legislature held a special session in November 2011 after preliminary approval by the Interim Legislative Redistricting Committee and passed the proposed plan on November 8. The plan cut two rural districts, added districts in Fargo and Bismarck, and paired over a dozen incumbents. Gov. Jack Dalrymple (R) signed the plan into law on November 9.

    Sessions

    Legislation

    The legislation tracker below displays all legislation that the North Dakota State Senate has approved in its most recent legislative session—this includes legislation that has been sent from the Senate to the House and legislation that has already been approved by both chambers and signed by the governor. The table below includes the bill number, its name, progress, most recent action date, and sponsor. Scroll up and down and side to side to see more. Click the bill number to read the bill text and see its voting history. Click the headings to sort the content. Rearrange the order of the headings by clicking and dragging them. Click the magnifying glass in the bottom left corner to search for specific terms. The legislation tracker is maintained and updated by BillTrack50.

    Dates of legislative sessions in North Dakota by year

    2024

    See also: Dates of 2024 state legislative sessions

    In 2024, the legislature will not hold a regular session.

    2023

    See also: 2023 North Dakota legislative session and Dates of 2023 state legislative sessions

    In 2023, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 3, 2023, and adjourn on April 29, 2023.



    About legislative sessions in North Dakota

    The Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution declares that any power not already given to the federal government is reserved to the states and the people.[26] State governments across the country use this authority to hold legislative sessions where a state's elected representatives meet for a period of time to draft and vote on legislation and set state policies on issues such as taxation, education, and government spending. The different types of legislation passed by a legislature may include resolutions, legislatively referred constitutional amendments, and bills that become law.

    Article IV of the North Dakota Constitution establishes when the North Dakota Legislative Assembly, of which the Senate is a part, is to be in session. Section 7 of Article IV states that the Assembly is to convene in regular session every January after a legislative election. This means that the Assembly convenes in January of every odd-numbered year. Section 7 specifies that the convening date is to be the first Tuesday after the third day in January, unless this date is changed by law. Section 7 limits the length of regular sessions to no more than eighty days every two years.

    Legislative roles and procedures

    Every state legislature throughout the country features its own internal procedures that it uses to govern itself and how it interacts with other parts of state government. Ballotpedia's coverage of internal state legislative procedures includes veto overrides, the role of the legislature in the state budget, and procedures for filling membership vacancies.

    Veto overrides

    Veto Override Graphic-Republican Party.png

    See also: Veto overrides in state legislatures

    State legislatures can override governors' vetoes. Depending on the state, this can be done during the regular legislative session, in a special session following the adjournment of the regular session, or during the next legislative session. The rules for legislative overrides of gubernatorial vetoes in North Dakota are listed below.

    How many legislators are required to vote for an override? Two-thirds of members in both chambers.

    Two-thirds of members in both chambers must vote to override a veto, which is 63 of the 94 members in the North Dakota House of Representatives and 32 of the 47 members in the North Dakota State Senate. North Dakota is one of 36 states that requires a two-thirds vote from both of its legislative chambers to override a veto.

    Authority: Article V, Section 9 of the North Dakota Constitution.

    "The governor shall return for reconsideration any vetoed item or bill, with a written statement of the governor's objections, to the house in which it originated. That house shall immediately enter the governor's objections upon its journal. If, by a recorded vote, two-thirds of the members elected to that house pass a vetoed item or bill, it, along with the statement of the governor's objections, must immediately be delivered to the other house. If, by a recorded vote, two-thirds of the members elected to the other house also pass it, the vetoed item or bill becomes law."

    Role in state budget

    See also: North Dakota state budget and finances
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    Check out Ballotpedia articles about policy in your state on:
    Budgets • Civil liberties • Education • Elections • Energy • Environment • Healthcare • Pensions

    The state operates on a biennial budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:[27]

    1. Budget instructions are sent to state agencies between April and May of the year preceding the start of the new biennium.
    2. State agencies submit their budget requests to the governor between July and October.
    3. The governor submits his or her proposed budget to the state legislature in December.
    4. The legislature typically adopts a budget in April. A simple majority is required to pass a budget. The new biennium begins in July.

    North Dakota is one of 44 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.[27][28]

    The governor is constitutionally required to submit a balanced budget proposal. Likewise, the state legislature is required to pass a balanced budget.[27]

    Committees

    See also: List of committees in North Dakota state government

    Every state legislature and state legislative chamber in the country contains several legislative committees. These committees are responsible for studying, amending, and voting on legislation before it reaches the floor of a chamber for a full vote. The different types of committees include standing committees, select or special, and joint.

    • Standing committees are generally permanent committees, the names of which sometimes change from session to session.
    • Select or special committees are temporary committees formed to deal with specific issues such as recent legislation, major public policy or proposals, or investigations.
    • Joint committees are committees that feature members of both chambers of a legislature.

    Ballotpedia covers standing and joint committees. The North Dakota State Senate has 13 standing committees:


    Constitutional amendments

    In every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures.

    The methods in which the North Dakota Constitution can be amended:

    See also: Article III and Section 16, Article IV, of the North Dakota Constitution and Laws governing ballot measures in North Dakota

    The North Dakota Constitution provides three mechanisms for amending the state's constitution—a citizen-initiated process, a legislative process, and a state constitutional convention. Ohio requires a simple majority vote (50% plus 1) for voters to approve constitutional amendments.

    Initiative

    See also: Initiated constitutional amendment

    An initiated constitutional amendment is a citizen-initiated ballot measure that amends a state's constitution. Eighteen (18) states allow citizens to initiate constitutional amendments.

    In North Dakota, the number of signatures required for an initiated constitutional amendment is equal to 4% of the state's population reported by the last decennial census. Each initiative has its own unique deadline of one year after it was approved to circulate. The completed petition must be submitted at least 120 days prior to the election.

    Legislature

    See also: Legislatively referred constitutional amendment

    A simple majority vote is required during one legislative session for the North Dakota State Legislature to place a constitutional amendment on the ballot. That amounts to a minimum of 48 votes in the North Dakota House of Representatives and 24 votes in the North Dakota State Senate, assuming no vacancies. Amendments do not require the governor's signature to be referred to the ballot.

    Convention

    See also: Convention-referred constitutional amendment

    According to Section 1 of Article III of the North Dakota Constitution, the state's initiative petition process is used to call a constitutional convention.



    2025 measures:

    See also: 2025 ballot measures

    Certified:

    The following measures were certified for the ballot.

    No measures to list



    2024 measures:

    Below is a list of measures that were referred to the 2024 ballot by the legislature.

    See also: North Dakota 2024 ballot measures

    Certified:

    The following measures were certified for the ballot.
    North Dakota Single-Subject Requirement for Initiatives and Require Constitutional Initiatives to be Passed Twice AmendmentDemocratsRepublicans
    Senate:Required: 24Yes votes: 44 (93.62%)No votes: 3 (6.38%)Yes: 2; No: 2Yes: 42; No: 1
    House:Required: 48Yes votes: 73 (78.72%)No votes: 18 (19.15%)Yes: 1; No: 10Yes: 72; No: 8
    North Dakota Update Constitutional Language Describing State Institutions AmendmentDemocratsRepublicans
    Senate:Required: 24Yes votes: 47 (100.0%)No votes: 0 (0.0%)Yes: 4; No: 0Yes: 43; No: 0
    House:Required: 48Yes votes: 92 (97.87%)No votes: 0 (0.00%)Yes: 12; No: 0Yes: 80; No: 0
    North Dakota Legacy Fund Transfers AmendmentDemocratsRepublicans
    Senate:Required: 24Yes votes: 45 (95.7%)No votes: 1 (2.1%)Yes: 4; No: 0Yes: 41; No: 1
    House:Required: 48Yes votes: 92 (97.87%)No votes: 1 (1.06%)Yes: 12; No: 0Yes: 80; No: 1

    See also

    Elections North Dakota State Government State Legislatures State Politics
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    North Dakota State Flag-Close Up.jpg
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    State Courts-Tile image.png

    External links

    Footnotes

    1. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2024 Legislator Compensation," August 21, 2024
    2. ↑ North Dakota Constitution, "Article IV, Section 7," accessed February 12, 2021
    3. ↑ North Dakota Legislative Branch, "North Dakota Constitution, Article IV," accessed February 10, 2023
    4. ↑ Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
    5. ↑ North Dakota Secretary of State, "2018 North Dakota Election Calendar," accessed August 3, 2017
    6. ↑ Follow the Money, "North Dakota State Senate 2012 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 23, 2014
    7. ↑ Follow the Money, "North Dakota State Senate 2010 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 23, 2014
    8. ↑ Follow the Money, "North Dakota State Senate 2008 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 23, 2014
    9. ↑ Follow the Money, "North Dakota State Senate 2006 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 23, 2014
    10. ↑ Follow the Money, "North Dakota State Senate 2004 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 23, 2014
    11. ↑ Follow the Money, "North Dakota State Senate 2002 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 23, 2014
    12. ↑ Follow the Money, "North Dakota State Senate 2000 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 23, 2014
    13. ↑ North Dakota Legislative Branch, "North Dakota Century Code §44-02-03.1," accessed February 6, 2023
    14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 All About Redistricting, 'North Dakota," accessed April 22, 2015
    15. ↑ North Dakota Constitution, "Article IV, Section 2," accessed April 22, 2015
    16. ↑ United States District Court for the District of North Dakota, "Case No. 3:22-cv-22 Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians, et al., vs. Michael Howe," accessed January 8, 2024
    17. ↑ Twitter, "RedistrictNet," January 10, 2024
    18. ↑ U.S. District Court for the District of North Dakota, "Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians vs. Michael Howe, in his Official Capacity as Secretary of State of North Dakota," November 17, 2022
    19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Bismarck Tribune, "North Dakota to follow judge’s redistricting order for 2024 election, despite appeal," January 10, 2024
    20. ↑ Prairie Business, "Oil country funding most anticipated issue of ND legislative session," January 2, 2015
    21. ↑ NewsOK, "Oil issues to dominate ND legislative session," January 6, 2013
    22. ↑ North Dakota Legislative Assembly, "View House Floor Calendar," accessed August 18, 2014
    23. ↑ The Bismarck Tribune, "N.D. House leader: Special session starts Nov. 7," September 15, 2011
    24. ↑ PlainsDaily, "ND Dems Disappointed With No Chairmanship Assignments," May 25, 2011
    25. ↑ North Dakota Legislative Assembly, "61st Legislative Assembly," accessed August 18, 2014
    26. ↑ Find Law, "Tenth Amendment - U.S. Constitution," accessed May 20, 2017
    27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 National Association of State Budget Officers, "Budget Processes in the States, Spring 2021," accessed January 24, 2023
    28. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "Separation of Powers: Executive Veto Powers," accessed January 26, 2024
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