ã¨ããNBERè«æã上がっているï¼ungated版ï¼ãåé¡ã¯ãThe Uncharted Waters of International Tradeãã§ãèè
ã¯Pol Antrà sï¼ãã¼ãã¼ã大ï¼ã
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The field of international trade has undergone significant theoretical and empirical advancements over the last twenty-five years. A key breakthrough has been the emergence of firm-level approaches to studying exporting, importing, and global value chains. The field has also experienced a quantitative revolution, driven by medium-scale models that rapidly assess the implications of trade cost shocks on real income. Additionally, a branch of the empirical literature has unshackled itself from the discipline of theoretical frameworks and from traditional data sources. Yet, several underexplored areas, or `uncharted waters,' remain in international trade research. I outline new potential areas for theoretical research, including incorporating oligopolistic (strategic) behavior into core models, and fostering greater cross-disciplinary collaboration with other fields in economics and social sciences, such as behavioral economics or political science. I also discuss potential uncharted waters for empirical trade economists, while identifying potential new sources of data and ways in which official trade statistics could be improved. Finally, I explore how big data and artificial intelligence could reshape the design of international trade policy in coming years.
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- It is not countries or industries that trade with each other, but rather firms
- Very skewed distribution of exporters and importers:
- Remarkable within-industry heterogeneity in performance correlated with trade participation
- Extensive margin of exports and imports (i.e., number of firms; entry/exit) account for most of the cross-country variation in international trade flows
- Multinational firms account for a huge percentage of world trade flows
- And intrafirm trade (within multinationals) constitutes a very significant share of world trade
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- There is currently huge demand for computing counterfactuals
- What are the real income implications of the US-China trade war or of Chinese âdecoupling'?
- How was real income in Germany affected by the war in Ukraine?
- 20th century: computable general-equilibrium (CGE) models (Shoven, Whalley, Kehoe...)
- 21st century: quantifiable general-equilibrium models (Eaton and Kortum, 2002, and follow-up work)
- What are the main differences?
- Theoretical work has shown that a few sufficient statistics are sufficient to answer certain counterfactual questions
- Don't need to compute the equilibrium to shed light on certain counterfactuals
- All you need is data and a (small) vector of trade elasticities that can be 'credibly' estimated
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- 21ä¸ç´ï¼å®éåå¯è½ä¸è¬åè¡¡ã¢ãã«ï¼Eaton and Kortum, 2002*2, ããã³ãã®å¾ã®ç ç©¶ï¼
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ã¾ãã徿¥ã®å®è¨¼ç ç©¶ãæç¸ãã¦ããçè«ã¨ãã¦ããã¯ã·ã£ã¼ï¼ãªãªã¼ã³ã¨éåæ¹ç¨å¼ãæãã¦ããããã®æç¸ããè§£ãæ¾ãããç ç©¶ã¨ãã¦ã¯ãã©ã³ãã 忝è¼è©¦é¨ãçä¼¼èªç¶å®é¨ãå°åå¥ã®è²¿æã·ã§ãã¯ã®å½±é¿ã貿æã¨æ§ã ãªãã¼ãï¼å ç«¥å´å*3ã妿´*4ãç°å¢ãæ¦äº*5ãæåã失ãããé½å¸*6ãªã©ï¼ã®çµã¿åããããæãã¦ããã
ããã°ãã¼ã¿ã¨äººå·¥ç¥è½ã«ã¤ãã¦ã¯ãã¸ã£ãã¯ã»ãã¼ã¯ãªã¹ã«ã«ã»ã©ã³ã²*7çãªå¸å ´ç¤¾ä¼ä¸»ç¾©ã®å®ç¾å¯è½æ§ãè¿ã¥ããã¨ããã*8ãAntrà sã¯ãAIããã¤ã¨ã¯ã®ãç¥èåé¡ï¼knowledge problemï¼ãã解決ããããã§ã¯ãªãï¼ï¼ç¤¾ä¼ä¸»ç¾©ã®å¤±æã¯è¨ç®è½åã¨ã¯é¢ä¿ãç¡ããå¸å ´ã«åºã¥ãä¾¡æ ¼ã·ã°ãã«ãåå¨ããªããã¨ã«ããï¼ãã¾ãããã°ãã¼ã¿ã¨æ©æ¢°å¦ç¿ãå ææ¨è«ãå¯è½ã«ããããã§ã¯ãªããã¨ææãã¦ãããããã§ãããã°ãã¼ã¿ã¨AIã«ãã£ã¦æ¿åºä»å ¥ã®è³å¦ã®è°è«ã¯å¤ãã£ã¦ããã ãããã¨ã®ç±ã
*1:cf. Computable general equilibrium - Wikipediaã
*2:cf. 相互主義と中国ショック - himaginary’s diaryã米中貿易戦争とグローバルバリューチェーン - himaginary’s diaryãディキシット=スティグリッツ、ソロー、ルーカス(1972) - himaginary’s diaryã§å«å¼ãããã¯ã«ã¼ã°ãã³ã®è¨èã
*3:cf. The effect of trade liberalization on child labor - ScienceDirectã
*4:cf. Endogenous Skill Acquisition and Export Manufacturing in Mexico - American Economic Associationã
*5:cf. Make Trade Not War? | The Review of Economic Studies | Oxford Academicã
*6:cf. Trade, Merchants, and the Lost Cities of the Bronze Age* | The Quarterly Journal of Economics | Oxford Academicã
*7:cf. オスカル・ランゲ - Wikipediaã
*8:è«æï¼ã¨ã¹ã©ã¤ãï¼ã§ã¯ãã¼ã®2016å¹´ã®æ¬¡ã®è¨èãå¼ãã¦ããï¼ãã®å¼ç¨é¨åãè¦ãéãããã¼èªèº«ã¯ã©ã³ã²ã«è§¦ãã¦ããªãï¼ï¼ãOver the past 100 years, we have come to believe that the market economy is the best system, but in my opinion, there will be a significant change in the next three decades, and the planned economy will become increasingly big. Why? Because with access to all kinds of data, we may be able to find the invisible hand of the market. [...] In the era of big data, the abilities of human beings in obtaining and processing data are greater than you can imagine. With the help of artificial intelligence or multiple intelligence, our perception of the world will be elevated to a new level. As such, big data will make the market smarter and make it possible to plan and predict market forces so as to allow us to finally achieve a planned economy.ã