HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 – REVIEWER

First Man in the Philippines

• Taong Tabon (Homo Sapiens)

• Dr. Robert Fox
• May 28, 1962
• Tabon Cave, Quezon Palawan (Southern Palawan)
• Also known as Callao Cave

ETHNIC HOUSES IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. CAVE
- Natural Chamber or Series of Chambers
- Philippine mural – carved figures of cave walls by ancient cave dwellers
- First natural habitat/ shelter
2. LEAN-TO DWELLING
- Windshield or one-sided lean-to with or without flooring
- Single pitched roof supported by rafters
- Dried leaves/ palm leaves/ dried wood barks
3. PRIMITIVE HUT
- Made up of branches of trees and leaves
- Portable shelter
- Protects from rain and sun
4. TREE HOUSE
o Gaddang
o Kalinga
o Manobo – First recorded treehouse (Bukidnon)
o Mandaya
o Moros
o Negritos
o Bagobo
o Bilaan
o Ilongot
- 2 to 20 meters above the ground
- Protection from floods, wild animals, and enemies
- Northern Luzon and Mindanao
MANOBO TREE HOUSE
o BUKIDNON
o Near small bodies of water
- Forest clearings
- Hillsides
- River
- Valleys
- Plateaus
o Small communities
- 4-12 houses
o Practice slash and burn agriculture

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER OF PRE-SPANISH PERIOD STRUCTURES

• Filipino villages established near bodies of water/ burned agricultural
environment
- Food came from sea
- Fishing provides more yield than those used for hunting
- Water provides good means of transportation
- Bodies of water were the major source for bathing, washing, drinking
• Not permanent
- Light, flexible materials like nipa and bamboo
- Chieftain’s house at the center, usually big for community conferences
and ceremonies

COMMON FEATURES OF THE HOUSE

• STILTS
- Plans with square, rectangular, or octagonal
- Elevated on the ground
- Elevating the house provides protection from insects, vermin, wild animal, and
floods
- Flooring – wood, bamboo rattan, beaten bark, removable reed mat on wooden floor
joist
• POST
- Main structural component
- Beams are made of wood/ tree trunks/ bamboo
• WALLS
- Wooden panels
- Tree bark
- Nipa
- Bamboo
- Sawali
- Coconut and palm leaves
- Cogon grass
- Buri palm
• STAIRS
- Single log with notches as steps
- Bamboo frame with split bamboo as steps
• DOORS
- Sliding of hinge made of wooden panels/ bamboo
• WINDOWS
- Wooden panels
- Bamboo
- Buri
- Nipa
- Sawali
- Sliding or Awning type
• ROOFING
- Hip
- Gable
Pyramidal in form
- Wooden or bamboo framing
- Influenced by environment
PHILIPPINE TRADITIONAL HOUSES
- Permanent dwellings

1. BAHAY KUBO
- Nipa Hut
- Native house of indigenous people in the Philippines before Spanish era
- Square/ rectangular plan
o Batalan
- Dirty kitchen/ laundry area
- Service area
- Also called bangsal
o Paipit
- Purlins/ rafter
o Kilomayor
- Connects of lower part of Sikang
- Main rafter or truss
- Holds roofing
o Kilo
- Vertical supports to roofing
o Kahab-an
- Protection from Sikang and Kilomayor to connect
- Joinery element
o Sikang
- Major beam holding the whole trusses of Kilomayor and Paipitan
- Horizontal purlins to roof
o Dingding
- Wallings
o Yawi
- Lateral support of the slab to the Haligi
- Horizontal connected to Haligi
- Supports Patukaran
o Haligi
- Main post
o Patukaran
- Pinagpapatungan ng soleras
o Soleras
- Support to the final/finishing flooring
- Covers wall or bamboo strip below the house
o Sepo
- Gutter line
- Horizontal frame support of the roofing
-
o Palupo
- Ridge pole or highest pole connecting to Kilomayor
o Hero Liso
-tumatakip sa ridge pole o palupo
o Sahig
- Flooring
o Hamba
- Door jamb
2. IFUGAO HOUSE
- Located on rice terraces in Banaue
o Halipan
- Wooden disk
o Bubong
- Apex of the roof
o Ambubulan
- Support trusses
o Bughol
- Vertical support
- Rafter
o Taknang
- Upright timber that supports the rest of Ambubulan
o Wanan
- Bottom support of roof
- Holds Bughol and Takhang
- Beam supported by Pamadingan
o Pamadingan
- Four-side supported on the main beam
- Openings on doors
o Pagad
- Main support of the roof/ wanan
o Pumpitolan
- Middle horizontal beam
-
o Huklob
- Upper wall beam/ lintel
- Support trusses
o Gaob
- Wall board
- Made of wood and dried leaves
o Mundilig
- Supports Gaob
o Hagait
- Strip wood/ purlins
- Support floor finish
o Dotal
- Floor finish
o Kuling
- Main beam
- Connects four main posts
o Tukod
- Main post
o Hagpo
- Horizontal support on flooring
o Undapulan
- Multipurpose space inside
o Patie
- Eaves
- Supports the
span of the
ridge
o Atop
- Itumatakip
sa roofing
o Ibat
- Horizontal
purlins
3. ISNEG HOUSE
- Built slightly above the ground
- More light and bigger than Ifugao house
- Bamboo layered gable roof
- Inverted boat
o Roofing
- Combination of dried leaves – palm or sawali
- Bamboo strips
o Bobon
- Pinakataas
o Rarat
- Purlins
o Atap
- Roof finish
o Talabawan
- Timber support on Bobon
- Usually bamboo
o Irat
- Horizontal support on roofing
o Tadawag and Baday
- Main king rafter
o Sakkar
- Horiontal support; like trusses
o Pandut
- Vertical support
o Patuna
- Main vertical support up to the ridge pole
o Dingding
- Exterior wall
o Axeran
- Horizontal beam to support sakkar
o Ampakan
- Joining wood
o Datag / Xassaran
- Horizontal beam to support main post
o Tapi
- Support the whole flooring
o Talaxatag
- Purlin strip to support main flooring
o Anidixiyan
- Joinery on flooring
o Sinit
- Inner support to the whole flooring
o Adixi
- Main post

4. KALINGA HOUSE
o Peyong
- Used wood joints/fastener

a) GILITOB
- Wooden Octagonal shaped Noble Family’s house (KACHANGYAN)
- 3.2 x 6.05
- With storage area
o Bubong
- Ridge roll
o Binukol
- Horizontal support of ridge roll
o Manukdon
- King post

b) PILETONG
- Wooden square shaped house of Wealthy Families (BAKLANG)
c) BILULILAW
- Bamboo panel house of Marginal Families (KAPUS)
d) TAKKUBI
- Shanty Dwelling of the impoverished
5. APAYAO HOUSE, Cordillera
6. SAGADA HOUSE, Cordillera
7. TOROGAN HOUSE, Mindanao
- One of the richest traditional houses in the Philippines
- Most colorful traditional house
- Also called Maranao House
- Translates as “place for sleeping”
- House of Elite members of Maranao tribe in the province of Lanao del
Sur in Mindanao
House of Datu and Sultan
o Panolong
- Symbol of status and leadership
- Hand carvings
- Decorative beam ends
o Pulaog Bungan
- King post to support ridge of roof
o Dulog
-Floor joist
o Lantay
- Flooring finish
o Tukob
- Main post

8. BADJAO HOUSE,
Tawi tawi/ Sulu/ Basilan
- Sea dwelling tribe
- “Sea Nomads”
- Stilt house above
the sea

9. BONTOC HOUE,
Mountain Province/
Cordillera
- House cage serves as granary
- Lalagyanan ng naaning produkto
o Angan
- Sleeping quarter
o Choksu
- Utility bench
o Soklut
- Cooking area
o Tap-an
- Pounding area
o Li-im
- Working/ eating area

11. IVATAN HOUSE, Ivatan Batanes

- Made of lime, stone, wood, thatch
- Consists of two structures: house proper and the kitchen
- One of the most unique and extravagant traditional houses in the
Philippines
o Gadagada
- Exterior wall covered by stones
o Aneb
- Entrance
o Sakadayan
- Main entry porch

12. KANKANAY HOUSE

- Ibaloy group
- Igorot of Benguet
- House types:
1. BINANGIYAN
- For leaders
2. APA (INAPA)
- Middle class
3. ALLAO
- Common people
TAUSUG HOUSE, Sulu
- Single rectangular room
- Bamboo or timber-walled
- Thatched roof
- 2-3 meters above the ground
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4
PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE DURING SPANISH COLONIAL TRADITION
• 1480-1521
o Ferdinand Magellan
- Portuguese
- The leader of the first Spanish expedition to reach the Philippines
TWO NATIONS OF IBERIAN PENINSULA
1. Portugal
Became important political and economic forces in Europe
2. Spain

• 1453
- The fall of Constantinople to the Muslim Turks
- Led to the closing of the old trade routes to orient, the Atlantic facing nation set out
to open new routes to the east

• 1487
- Portuguese sailed around the Southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope)
- Going east – reached India and the desired spice islands of Moluccas

➢ Christopher Columbus
- A Genoese
- Failed to convince the Portuguese king he could reach the east by sailing west
- Persuaded the Spanish crown to finance his expedition

• 1492
- Columbus landed in Bahamas believing to be Asiatic Archipelago

• 1493
- Rivalry between Portugal and Spain
- Led to an appeal to Pope Alexander VI
- He divided the globe into 2 spheres by an imaginary line running from north to south
✓ Eastern – Portugal
✓ Western – Spain

• 1516 - 1556
o Charles I (King Charles V)
- Ruled Spain
- Inherited Netherlands, Spain, Naples, Sicily, and Sardina

• 1520
- He became the Holy Roman Emperor
- Succeeding his grandfather, Emperor Maximillan I
• Magellan convinced him that Moluccas can reached through sailing West
- The emperor financed his trip with the help of Jacob Fugger, a German Banker from
Augsburg

• September 20, 1519

- Magellan sailed from San Lucas, Spain
- Commanding 5 ships and 237 men

• March 17, 1521

- After passing through straits of South America, he crossed the Pacific Ocean

• April 01, 1521

- He reached Cebu

➢ Antonio Pigafetta
- Venetian Chronicler
- Gives detailed account of baptism of the first Cebuanos
- Catholic Priest

➢ Queen Juana
- First Cebuano who was baptized
- Chieftain Humabon’s wife
- After the baptism, a statue of the Holy Infant was shown to her
✓ Philippine Folk Christianity originated here
Magellan got involved in the rivalries between Humabon and Lapu-lapu, chieftain of Mactan
• April 27, 1521
- He was wounded and killed

• September 6, 1522
- 1 ship (Victoria) made it back to Spain

King Charles Organized several other Expeditions

• VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION
- Instructed to establish permanent settlement on the Islas de Poniente (Islands of the
West)

• SAMA-LEYTE ISLAND
- Named Filipinas
- Honor of Prince Felipe, the son and successor of King Charles

• 1565 – 1898
- Philippines was a colony of Spain
SPANISH INFLUENCE APPEARED IN ARCHITECTURE
1. Iglesia / Simbahan (Church) and its adjoining Campanario (Bell Tower)
2. Convento (Residence of the Parish Priest)
3. Escuela (School)
4. Fuerza or Fortaleza (Fortification)
5. Civic Buildings like Casa Real, Tribunal, Farola (Lighthouse)
6. Bahay na Bato
7. Puente (Stone Bridges)

• 1556
- Prince Philip II (1527-1598)
- Succeeded his father and became Holy Emperor
LEGAZPI EXPEDITION
• Philip II
- Orders viceroy of New Spain (Mexico) and Fr. Andres Urdaneta
✓ To Christianize the Islands
✓ To establish a permanent settlement (used in the spice trade)
✓ To map a return route to Mexico
• February 1565
- Reached Samar (44 years after /Magellan landed)
- The Natives were unfriendly
- Sailed to Leyte
✓ First mass by Urdaneta
• Success inLa Bohol
- Legazpi was able to enter a pact of friendship with the chief
• April 27, 1565
- He sent a plenary pardon for the massacre of Magellan’s men
- RAJAH TUPAS promised to come to Legaspi on the Capitana, but he never came
- CEBU – Suitable starting point for the return trip to Mexico
• A little box of a statue of the child Jesus was found by a Biscayan Seaman, Juan Zamus

FIRST BUILDINGS IN CEBU

o Temporary chapel/church
- First religious ceremony – procession of the image of child JesuFriary
- Related to the image
- Near the place where the image was found
- Named the Friary of the holy name of Jesus

• Laying out of the settlement (Triangular in form)

- One side – Facing the land
- Two sides facing the sea
- Also serves as the fort
- Surrounded by a palisade and defended by Artillery
- Wells were dug for their water supply
- FORT SAN PEDRO
- Mateo del Sanz
✓ Military Engineer
✓ Maestro de Campo (appointed by Legaspi)
• 1565
- Legaspi and his men erected a triangular fort near the coast of the city
- Fort San Pedro
✓ First in a chain of fortifications erected by the Spaniards
✓ Cebu
• 1571 (Manila)
- Fort Nuestra de Señora de Guia (Our Lady of Guidance)
✓ Fr. Antonio Sedeño
✓ 1440 ft. – Circumference
✓ Corners consisted of Bulwarks
• Manila and Cebu
- Largest pre-Hispanic Settlements
• 1565
• 1609
- Fort San Felipe
- Sangley Airport
- Became the port of call for the Galleons
- Made from granite blocks with walls approximately 30 feet high
-

FIRST CONTACT WITH MANILA

• CEBU
• PANAY – second settlement
- Juan de Salcedo led expedition to the north
- 40 Spanish soldiers
- 500 Bisayans
- Reached Manila Bay
• May 8, 1570
o A Flotilla
- San Miguel
- La Tortuga Led by Martin de Goiti and Salcedo set sail from Panay
- 15 Native boats

- Consists of 120 Spaniards and 600 Bisayans

- Stopped in Mindoro
- Split into two groups:
✓ De Goiti’s Group – Balayan, Batangas
✓ Salcedo – Led his men to Bonbon River in Taal, Batangas
- Salcedo was ambushed and wounded in the leg
- Rejoined De Goiti’s group
- Native Muslim led them to Manila
• Manila consists of two Muslim Kingdoms:
o South bank of the Pasig River
- Rajah Suleiman
o Across the river to the north
- Rajah Lakandula (Suleiman’s uncle)
• May 24, 1570
- Muslims were defeated
• 1571
- They took over the remains of the settlement from Soliman
- Legaspi traced the border – new Spanish city – strategic tongue of land in the mouth
of Pasig city
BEGINNINGS OF SPANISH
- Characterized of colonial town pattern
- Streets were built at right angles to each other – appears to be “chessboard”
- There was a huge open-square – “plaza”
- Situated the most important buildings of the city
✓ Cathedral
✓ The Governor’s Palace
✓ The Tribunal
✓ City Council

FIRST BUILDING
- Wood and Bamboo
- Roofs – Nipa Palm/ Cogon
• 1580’s
o Domingo Salazar
- First Bishop of Manila
o Jesuit Antonio Sedeño
- Built the first stone building
✓ BP. Salazar’s Residence
- One of the defenses of the walled city
• 1587
o Gov. Gen. Santiago de Vera
- Required all buildings in Manila to be built in stone
- Taught Chinese and Filipinos how to quarry and dress stone; how to prepare and use
mortar; how to mold bricks
- Began the first GOLDEN AGE of buildings in stone in the Philippines
• 1645
- Stone walls expanded 3m thick
- Buildings started to employ buttresses
- First story – stone
- Second story – wood
IMPORTANT ELEMENT
- Incorporation of the Pre-Hispanic framework
- Interlocking beams and house post
✓ Holds structure together
1. Haligi/Harique
- Stone walls yielded their load bearing roll to house post
2. Stone walls
- Acted as a solid curtain for their wooden framework
• 1668
- This construction was called ARQUITECTURA MESTIZA
- “Mixed Architecture”
✓ Jesuit Ignacio Alzina
- Partly stone and partly wood
• Maestros de Obra (Masters Builders)
- Native Filipinos
- Had practical experience
- Learned additional skills from friars and engineers

➢ PEDRO JUSEPE
- One of the first master builders of the walls of Intramuros – 1591

2ND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

Philippines enjoying economic boom
- More and more architects and engineers arrived

➢ FELIX ROXAS SR.

- First Filipino professional architect
- Studied abroad
• 1863
- Earthquake struck Manila
- Good result
✓ City engineers got together and produced a set of building ordinances
designed to reduce the destruction caused by earthquakes
• Many building requirements issued
- Considerations
- Variety of materials available
• Filipino Carpenters
- Expert in determining which wood was best suited to which function
o MOLAVE
✓ House post
✓ Impervious to termites
✓ Could be embedded in the ground without rotting
✓ Hardened it at aged
o NARRA
✓ Tabla (floorboards)
✓ Deep red color
✓ Beautiful sheer it acquired in polish
o BRICKS were introduced
- Clay molded in wooden forms, was fired in kilns
✓ Ladrillos (bricks)
✓ Tejas (Rooftiles)
✓ Baldosas (Floortiles)
o ARGAMASA
- Used in cement stones and bricks together
- Mixture of powder lime and water
- Protect masonry walls from erosion and moisture brought about by humid
atmosphere and heavy rains
o PALETADA
- Protective layer of mortar
- To provide orientation for facades and entrances
o WINDOW PANELS
- Made form translucent Capiz clam

Galvanized Iron Sheet Introduced last

Portland Cement decades of 9th century

• Manila & Central Luzon – Adobe

• Northern Luzon – Bricks
• Towns along the coast of Luzon (Batangas & Zambales) – Hewn blocks of coral stone
• Bicol Peninsula – Volcanic Stone

STRUCTURES MAY BE CLASSIFIED INTO 4 MAIN GROUPS BASED ON THEIR FUNCTION IN THE COMMUNITY
1. MILITARY
2. RELIGIOUS
3. DOMESTIC
4. CIVIC

MILITARY ARCHITECTURE
- Spaniards made many enemies
✓ British
✓ Portuguese
✓ Dutch
✓ Chinese
✓ Igorots of the Cordilleras
✓ Muslims of Mindanao
• A typical stone fort had 3 or more sides called “Cortinas”
- “Casamatas” (Stone platform)
- Above some cortinas
- Cannons and other artillery arme

Outwards
o “Baluartes/Bastiones”
- Flanking Cortinas on both ends
o “Goritas”
- Other corners were perched little turrets
- Sentinels kept watch
o “Foso” (Moat)
- Often surrounded the entire fortification
o “Falsabraga”
- Low wall provided for another line of defense
o “Revellin”
- Heavy structure
- Erected on one side of the main entrance for added protection
o “Alojamientos”
- Living quarters for soldiers
o “Calabozo”
- Jail
o “Herreria”
- Foundry
o “Almacenes”
- Warehouse
- For powder, provision and ammunition
o “Pozo”
- Well
o Chapel
Churches were used as Fortresses

I. CORREGIDOR (BATAAN)
• Meaning to Correct
- Served as fortress of defense
- Penal institution
- A station for custom inspection
- A signal outpost to warn Manila
II. FORT SAN PEDRO (CEBU)
III. FORT STA. ISABEL (PALAWAN)
- Fuerza de Sta. Isabelle
- Built by Augustinian recollects
- 1667-1738
IV. FORT SANTIAGO (INTRAMUROS)
- 1571
- Citadel of the walled city of Intramuros
V. SAN DIEGO DE ALCALA FORTRESS (QUEZON)
- Constructed under Franciscan father Francisco Coste
- Erected to help guard the town against pirates attacking Lamon Bay

RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE
SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD

• First Manila Cathedral

- Built in 1578
- Pope Gregorio XIII
- Diocese of Manilla
o Domingo Salazar
- Dominican
- First Bishop in Cebu
- Accompanied by Sedeño & Alfonso Sanchez (first master builder)
• Basilica of Immaculate Concepcion
- Manila Metropolitan Cathedral-Basilica
- Manila Cathedral
- First Basilica constructed
- Central church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila
- On the right – AYUNTAMIENTO
- On the left – FORMER PALACIO DEL GOBERNADOR
- Declared Minor Basilica by Blessed Pope John Paul II in 1981
- Originally named Church of Manila (1571)
- Patronage of Sta. Potenciana
- 1581 – Royal decree ordered – cathedral was to be built for the newly colonized city

o 1581 (FIRST CATHEDRAL)

✓ Made of Nipa, wood, and bamboo
✓ Prone to fire
✓ Completely razed the church to the ground in 1583
o 1583 (SECOND CATHEDRAL)
✓ Made of stone
✓ Was destroyed by earthquake in 1600
o 1614 (THIRD CATHEDRAL)
✓ Was destroyed by another earthquake in 1645
o 1654-1662 (FOURTH CATHEDRAL)
✓ Under archbishop Poblete
o 1760 (FIFTH CATHDRAL)
✓ Under supervision of Florentine
✓ Architect – Fray Juan de Ugguciaoni
✓ Was reconstructed
✓ The new façade was patterned after the IL GESU ROME (BAROQUE STYLE)
✓ Showing Plaza Mayor with the statue of King Carlos IV, Ayuntamiento on the left
and Palacio del Gobernador on the right
✓ Was extremely damaged during the 1852 earthquake
o 1858 (SIXTH CATHEDRAL)
✓ Uguccioni’s Baroque Façade – replaced – new neoclassical
✓ The cathedral’s dome
✓ From box-like cupola to circular
✓ Was destroyed by earthquake in 1863
✓ Bell tower remains
✓ Neoclassical sixth cathedral, signed by Arch. Vicente Serrano
o SEVENTH CATHEDRAL
✓ Headed by Arch. Serrano
✓ Followed by Neo-Romanesque/Byzantine style with an Oriental mix
✓ Isabelo Tampinco – Filipino Sculptor
o 1954-1958 (EIGHTH CATHEDRAL)
✓ Was rebuilt
✓ Headed by arch. Fernando Ocampo
✓ He retained the Neo-Romanesque façade
✓ Adding a slender, Quadrilateral Bell tower near the church\

• Santo Domingo Church

- Mother church of the Dominican Order in the Philippines
- Hosted the feast of the Our Lady of La Naval de Manila
- 1611, Fr. Miguel de Benavides established university of Sto. Tomas
o 1588 (FIRST CHURCH)
✓ LASTED ONLY FOR A YEAR
✓ Was destroyed either an earthquake or a fire
o 1592 (SECOND CHURCH)
✓ Made of stone
✓ Burned down in 1603
o THIRD CHURCH
✓ With stone vaults
✓ Collapsed during earthquake in 1610
o 1610 (FOURTH CHURCH)
✓ Lasted for almost 200 years
✓ Sported a new Neoclassical façade
✓ Patterned after Christopher Wren’s St. Paul Cathedral in London
✓ After a year the church collapsed because of an earthquake
o FIFTH AND LAST CHURCH
✓ Masterpiece of Filipino Architect Felix Roxas
✓ Upper floors were made of wood and steel, resting on a lower story of stone (as
a precaution against earthquake)
✓ Construction started – 1864
✓ Inaugurated in 1868

• SAN IGNACIO CHURCH

- Source of pride and inspiration for society of Jesus (Jesuits)
- Jesuits’ “Sueno Dorado” or their GOLDEN DREAM
- Manila’s most skilled architects, artists, and even workers shared 1 common goal
- To build something to majestic that significantly featured Filipino artistry and talent
o 1878
- Construction of the new building
o 1889
- Inaugurated and Concecrated

Main element of the façade is PEDIMENT

Supported by four pairs of twin columns
- Bottom column – rendered in the ionic order
- Top – Corinthian Style

• San Agustin Church

- the mother of all Philippine colonial churches
- of its centuries old splendor
- being one of the few remaining churches on the Philippines that survived
✓ natural calamities
✓ wars and
✓ even Filipino negligence
- considered first earthquake-proof building
- endured catastrophic earthquake
- proof of its strength and vigor to stand the test of time
dubbed as a permanent miracle in stone

• 1993
- declared by UNESCO world heritage site
- under the title = Four Baroque Churches in the Philippines

Augustinian Complex 1713

o Top – san agustin church
o Center – attached convent (museum)
o Bottom Left – Monastery (Ruins)

- The oldest stone church in the country

- located along Calle general Luna cor. Calle real
- the present structure – the third church to be built un the same lot
- the 2 churches destroyed by fire in 1574 – 1584
• 1587
- plans of constructing a church
- and an attached monastery made of stone
Approved by the friars headed by Spaniards Juan Macias

• 1606
-formally declared complete
-was originally named Iglesia Y Convento De San Pablo (Church of Convent of Saint Paul)
Design of the Church
-derived from Augustinian churches in Mexico

• 1854
-renovations were made under the supervision of Luciano Oliver
• 1863
-only public building left undamaged by earthquake
-Originally has 2 bell towers but 1 was damaged by 1880 earthquake

Simple and Direct to the point facade

- is in high renaissance style
Compared to other Churches facades
- church facades lack grace and charm
Ornate carving on its wooden doors
- example of the baroque
Near the church entrance
- 2 granite sculptures of lions
- gifts from the Chinese – converted to Catholicism

Symmetrical Compositions is prefixed by:

- pairs of Tuscan columns (planks the main door)
- vertical movement of paired columns is adapted at second level
- equally paired Corinthian columns
- @ 2nd level
✓ mass and void alternate in a simple rhythm of solid walls and windows
- 2 levels
-emphasized by horizontal cornices
-capped by pediment accentuated with simple rose window
-the interiors

-Trompe de Loeil walls and ceiling

-considered a marvel in all the country’s colonial churches
-painted by Italian artist
-Cesare Alberoni
-Giovanni Dibella
-Managed to sculpt and give life to the interiors using only their brushes
-contains the remains of notable filipino and Spanish people who have made their marks on history
-Miguel Lopez De Legazpi
-Juan de Salcedo
-Martin de Gotti
-Juan Luna
-Pedro Paterno
-The only church that survived the bombs and the shelling of the Japanese and American forces during
world war 2
-Only sustained damage on the roof and bullet holes all over
-Attached Convent was rebuilt as a museum in the 1970’s

San Nicolas De Tolentino Church

• It was the home of the Augustinian recollect order
• The order’s main headquarters in Asia
• Formerly housed the Nuestro Padre Jesus Nazareno
o The Black Nazarene
• Located along Calle Cabildo
• Famous
o Beautiful Interiors
o 5 – Tier Belfry
o Elaborately Carved Façade
• Recollects
o Reformed branch of the Augustinian order
o Arrived in manila in 1606
• Characterized by
o 4 story bell towers (built to the left of the church)
o Cruciform
o A crossing tower covering the intersection of main Nave and Transept
o Facade
▪ Similar in temper to Franciscans
▪ Less ornate and more architectural
• Church Interiors
▪ Distinguished the church
o Main altar
▪ In baroque style
o Gilded retable
▪ In alternated images and painted canvases
▪ Divided into niches and stories
o A massive pipe organ
▪ Fray Diego Cera
• recollect organ builder
• built the last pinas bamboo organ
▪ outfitting the nave with pipes(hidden)
• when sounded
o seemed to sing
o walls
▪ painted with figurative drawings
• transept walls
o depicted the pope and St. peter’s in Rome
• Heavily Damaged during the world war
• The black Nazarene was transferred to the Quiapo church
• 1959
o It was totally demolished
• 1976
o Manila bulleting bought the lot
▪ Set up their offices
DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE
- Built in consideration of the climate in the Philippines, including the typhoons and earthquakes

• Second phase of the development

- Exerior walls
- Reinforced into structural frame
- Vertical wooden post supported by floor beams
- Post-to-post beams
- Masonry walls – Curtain walls – walls or partition that does not carry load

• Third and Final stage of the development

- Retained the wooden supporting the structure
- Restricted the use of bricks and stones on the lower level
- Consider local culture
- Use capiz windows from seashells

1. Main door
- Main decorative treatment
- Treated with Pilasters capped with Cornice and Pediments
2. Ventinillas
3. Eaves
- To give shading on the lower floor
4. Ceremonial stairs
- Focal point of the house
5. Windows
- Capiz shells
6. Layout
- Ground floor – utilities
- Second floor – Large sala, balcony, azotea, kitchen, dining, bedroom, comedor

CIVIC ARCHITECTURE
Public spaces/buildings

1. PALACIO DEL GOBERNADOR

- known as Palace of the Governor-Generals
- State residence of the Governor General of the Philippines
- The first palace was constructed in 1599 in Fort Santiago
- First palace was destroyed by an earthquake in 1645
- Moved to Intramuros
- Constructed in 1733 and 1747
- Damaged by an earthquake in 1771
- 1850, Spanish type façade was added to the building
- Destroyed in 1863 by an earthquake
- Used as air-shelter during war
✓ 80 male civilians were massacred in 1945
- Site was formerly occupied by the stately residence of Captain Manuel Estacio Venegas
- Current building was constructed in 1876
-
MILITARY ARCHITECTURE

• IN THE PROCESS OF COLONIZING THE PHILLIPINES SPANIARDS MADE MANY ENEMIES

- BRITISH

- PORTUGUESE

- DUTCH

- CHINESE

- IGOROTS OF THE CORDILLERAS

- MUSLIMS OF MINDANAO

• 1565 (CEBU)

- LEGASPI AND HIS MEN ERECTED A TRIANGULAR FORT NEAR THE COAST OF THE CITY

- FORT SAN PEDRO (CEBU)

- FIRST IN A CHAIN OF FORTIFICATIONS ERECTED BY THE SPANIARDS

• 1571 (MANILA)

- FORT NUESTRA SENORA DE GUIA (OUR LADY OF GUIDANCE)

- FR. ANTONIO SEDEÑO

- AT ONE CORNER OF THE WALLED CITY FACING WHAT IS NOW RIZAL PARK

• 1590’s

- FORT SANTIAGO

- GOV. GENERAL GOMEZ PEREZ DASMARIÑAS

- BUILT STONE WALLS ENCLOSING MANILA

- WAS CONSTRUCTED OVER RUINS OF THE FORTIFICATIONS OF THE CITY’S PREVIOUS

RULER – SOLIMAN

- NAMED AFTER SPAIN’S PATRON SAINT, SANTIAGO

- GUARDED THE MOUTH OF PASIG RIVER

• FORT SAN FELIPE

- 1609

- SANGLEY POINT NAVAL BASE, CAVITE

- BECAME THE FORT OF CALL FOR THE GALLEONS

- MADE FROM GRANITE BLOCK WITH WALLS APPROXIMATELY 30 FEET HIGH

• A TYPICAL STONE FORT HAD 3 OR MORE SIDES CALLED “CORTINAS”

“CASAMATAS” (STONE PLATFORM)

- ABOVE SOME CORTINAS

- CANNONS & OTHER ARTILLERY AIMED OUTWARDS

“BALUARTES / BASTIONES”

- FLANKING CORTINAS ON BOTH ENDS

“GORTITAS”

- OTHER CORNERS WERE PERCHED LITTLE TURRETS

- SENTINELS FEPT WATCH

“FOSO” (MOAT)

- OFTEN SURROUNDED THE ENTIRE FORTIFICATION

• FALSABRAGA

o LOW WALL PROVIDED FOR ANOTHER LINE OF DEFENSE

• REVELLIN

o HEAVY STRUCTURE

o ERECTED ON ONE SIDE OF THE MAIN ENTRANCE FOR ADDED PROTECTION

• ALOJAMIENTOS

o LIVING QUARTERS FOR SOLDIERS

• CALABOZO

o JAIL (LOCATED BELOW GROUND)

• HERRERIA

o FOUNDRY

• ALMACENES

o WAREHOUSE

o FOR POWDER. PROVISION & AMMUNITION

• POZO
o WELL
• CHAPEL
• CHURCHES WERE EVEN USED AS FORTRESSES

1. CORREGIDOR (BATAAN)

• MEANING TO CORRECT
o SERVED AS FORTRESS OF DEFENSE
o PENAL INSTITUTION
o A STATION FOR CUSTOM INSPECTION
o A SIGNAL OUTPOST TO WARN MANILA
o ALL SHIPS ENTERING MANILA BAY WERE REQUIRED TO STOP & HAVE THEIR
DOCUMENTS CHECKED & CORRECTED.

2. FORT SAN PEDRO (CEBU)

o FIRST FORT
o TRIANGLE PLAN LOCATED ALONG THE RIVER

3. FORT SANTA ISABELLE (PALAWAN)

o FUERZA DE SANTA ISABEL
o BUILT BY AUGUSTINIAN RECOLLECTS
o 1667 – 1738

4. FORT SANTIAGO (INTRAMUROS)

o 1571
o IS THE CITADEL OF THE WALLED CITY OF INTRAMUROS

5. SAN DIEGO DE ALCALA FORTRESS (QUEZON)

o CONSTRUCTED UNDER FRANCISCAN FATHER FRANCISCO COSTE
o ERECTED TO HELP GUARD THE TOWN AGAINST PIRATES ATTACKING LAMON BAY
CIVIC ARCHITECTURE – PUBLIC SPACES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS THAT ACCOMODATES THE NEED OF THE PUBLIC

PALACIO DEL GOBERNADOR

- KNOWN AS THE PALACE OF THE GOVERNOR GENERALS
- IT WAS A STATE RESIDENCE OF THE GOVERNOR GENERAL OF THE PHILIPPINES (HIGHEST GOVERNMENT
POSITION)
- THE FIRST PALACE WAS CONSTRUCTED IN 1599 IN FORT SANTIAGO
- DESTROYED BY AN EARTHQUAKE IN 1645 ( KASABAY NG MANILA CATHEDRAL)
- IT WAS MOVED TO INTRAMUROS
- RECONSTRUCTED IN 1733 AND 1747
- DAMAGED AGAIN BY AN EARTHQUAKE IN 1771
- IN 1850 THE SPANISH FAÇADE WAS ADDED TO THE BUILDING
- AFTER 13 YEARS DESTROYED BY AN EARTHQUAKE IN 1863
- USED AS AIR SHELTER DURING WAR (TAGUAN NG MGA SUNDALO)
- 80 MALE CIVILIANS WERE MASSACRED IN 1945
- THE SITE WAS FORMERLY OCCUPIED BY THE STATELY RESIDENCE OF CAPTAIN MANUEL ESTACIO VENEGAS
 SECRETARY TO GOVERNOR DIEGO FAJARDO
 DIED ON MARCH 7, 1660
 INCARCERATED AT THE FORT SANTIAGO
 HIS RESIDENCE WAS CONFESCATED AND BECOME THE PALACIOS OF THE GOVERNORS
 DESTROYED ON JUNE 3 , 1863
- THE CURRENT BUILDING WAS COSTRUCTED IN 1976
 HOUSES THE GOVERNMENT OFFICES

CABILDO BUILDING ( THE CITY GOVERNMENT BUILDING )

“ KUNG NAABUTAN NYO SYA DATI PINAPAPASOK KAMI DYAN EH NGAYON DI NA NAGPAPAPASOK SOBRANG GANDA NG
GRAND MARBLE HALL – TREASURY NA NG PINAS

- FACING THE PALACIO REAL

- LATER CALLED AYUNTAMIENTO
- GROUND – PRISON
 THE COURT OF THE PERMANENT ALCALDES
- CONSTRUCTION BEGAN IN 1738
- CONTEMPORARY EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURAL ARTICULATION
- THE ARCHED HALLWAYS (LOWER LEVEL)
 WAS INTENDED FOR INFORMAL DISCUSSIONS OF BUSINESS CONTRACTS WITH THE CITY
- DESTROYED IN 1945
- RECONSTRUCTED IN 2009
- SUPPOSED FINISH IN 2011
- COMPLETED IN 2013
THE CULTURAL BUILDINGS
1790 THEATRO COMICO
1841 – TONDO THEATRE ( TEATRO LIRICO DE TONDO)

1846 – TEATRO CASTELLANO ( TEATRO DE BINONDO)

1862 – TEATRO DEL PRINSIPE ALFONSO

SCHOOLS
REAL COLEGIO DE SANTA POTENCIANA (DATI DENG NASA INTRAMUROS , YUNG LOCATION NGAYON
AY RED CROSS NA )
-FOUNDED IN 1589 BY ROYAL DECREE OF PHILIP II

- STARTED AS AN ORPHANAGE FOR GIRLS

- 1866 THE REMAINING STUDENTS WERE TRANSFERRED TO SANTA ISABEL (TAKEN OVER BY TH
GOVERNMENT
SANTA ISABEL MANILA
- STARTED AS A SCHOOL FOR ORPHANS OF SPANISH MILITARY PERSONNEL
- BECAME ONE OF MANILA’S IMPORTANT COLLEGES FOR GIRLS
Colonial Churches in the Philippines
(Also Identified as National Cultural Treasures)
INTRODUCTION The Philippines is home to hundreds of centuries-old Spanish colonial churches. Built at the height of Spanish
Influence in the archipelago, these churches still stand out from the country’s modern cityscapes and continue to play a key role in
the spiritual development of the country’s 58 million Catholics. Although these churches have remained largely intact for centuries,
the ravages of population and urban development have taken their toll on these edifices.

Colonial Churches in the Philippines

1. San Carlos Borromeo (Mahatao, Batanes)

This 19th century church, built by Dominican order, includes a stone beaterrio, or house for laywomen, as well as other
structures that served as guides for offshore fishermen to find their way home

• San Carlos Borromeo Church Architectural features

✓ The church is made of stone and lime, common building materials in Batanes.
✓ An espadaña belfry is located on top of the facade's pediment with one of its bells dated 1874.
✓ The church has uneven wall thickness due to addition of step buttresses and even buttress walls.
✓ Its interiors, decorated in Baroque style, showcase floral designs sunburst ornaments painted in
polychrome and gilt which lends a golden glow among the statuary.
✓ The second floor of the convent is not the typical volada or cantilevered gallery for convents in the
Philippines but an open extended deck.

2. St. Andrew the Apostle Church: (Bacarra, Ilocos Norte)

Colonial Churches in the Philippines The Parish church of St Andrew the Apostle was first constructed at the end of the 16th
century by the Augustinians but was destroyed by earthquakes in 1700s. The present structure was built by Fr. Juan Martin
in the mid-19th century.

• St. Andrew the Apostle Church Architectural features:

✓ Rectangular in shape
✓ Supported by large buttresses
✓ Noteworthy are its baptismal area, and its dome-like brick roofing.
✓ an unaltered rectangular shaped brick deep well with stairs.

3. San Agustin Paoay, (Ilocos Norte)

Construction on this church began in 1694 and was completed in the early 17th century. Architect: Father Antonio Estavillo

• San Agustin Paoay, Ilocos Norte Architectural features:

✓ The most striking feature of Paoay Church is the 24 huge buttresses of about 1.67 metres (5.5 ft) thick at the
sides and back of the church building.
✓ Its walls are made of large coral stones on the lower part and bricks at the upper levels.
✓ The stone facade appears as massive pediment rising from the ground and is built leaning towards the front.
Square pilasters and stringed cornices divide the facade vertically and horizontally respectively. Its bottom
part is plain.
✓ Gothic features are also present using finials while the triangular pediment shows Chinese elements and
Oriental strokes.
✓ Adjacent to the facade is a three-storey coral bell tower constructed separately from the church building on
the right side resembling a pagoda. It was in 1793 when the cornerstone of the bell tower was laid.
4. San Guillermo Ermitaño: (Magsingal, Ilocus Sur)

• San Guillermo Ermitaño Architectural features:

✓ The pulpit and retablo adorning the altar of this church are of the Baroque style.
✓ The sidewalls are reinforced by steep buttresses reminiscent of similar structures found on the exterior of
European Gothic churches.

5. San Reymundo De Peñaforte: (Cagayan, Rizal)

Archdiocese in Tugeugarao

17th century-Dominican-built

6. Santa Catalina de Alejandria: (Tayum, Abra)

Built by secular clergy in 19th century, this church features palayok art motifs.

• Santa Catalina de Alejandria Architectural features:

✓ The church is predominantly Baroque in style
✓ Its first level is devoid of any embellishment or fenestration save for the main semicircular arched portal
and the wave-like cornices and rounded, high- relief pilasters.
✓ To the right of the façade stands the four- tiered bell tower with its rectangular base and octagonal upper
levels.
✓ The curved pediment ends smoothly into two large volutes which seat beside two, large, urn- like finials.

7. San Matias: (Tumauini, Isabela)

Built by the Domincans in 1980’s. It may be the considered as the best and most artistic brick structure in the Philippines.
Architect: Fr. Domingo Forto

• San Matias Architectural features:

✓ Tumauini is an ultra-baroque church known for its extensive use of red bricks on its exterior and interior
ornamentations. Brick was used due to lack of good quality stones in the area.
✓ A closer look at the brick façade shows numbers and dates for the correct sequence of the bricks in Forto's
design.
✓ The façade is flanked by two pseudo-Corinthian columns and niches, one located above the entrance and
the two remaining larger niches on each side of the columns.
✓ The church's circular pediment is unique relative to all other churches built during the Spanish Era.
✓ Attached to the church's façade is a unique cylindrical belfry built in 1805.It is the only known Spanish
colonial era cylindrical tower in the country. The tiered belfry notably resembles a wedding cake. The bell
housed within has bullet holes but was never recast.
✓ The ruins of the church's convento (clergy house) are located on the gospel side of the church.
8. La Asuncion de la Nuestra Señora: (Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur)
The parish of Santa Maria started as a chapel-of-ease (visita) of Narvacan, its neighbouring town to the north, in 1567. The
influx of the settlers after the full conquest of the Ilocos Region by the Spaniards greatly increased the population of Santa
Maria.

• La Asuncion de la Nuestra Señora Sur Architectural features:

✓ The church brick façade has one large portal with three windows. The recessed arched entrance is flanked
by a pair of rectangular pilasters dividing the façade into three well-defined planes.
✓ The church measures about 99 meters (325 ft) long and 22.7 meters (74 ft) wide.
✓ The church follows the standard Philippine layout with the facade fronting a long single nave rectangular
building.
✓ The bell tower is freestanding, constructed separate from the church and not parallel to the facade but
situated about a third of the wall from the front.

9. Santa Catalina de Alejandria: (Luna, La Union)

Since 1587, Namacpacan was a visita of Purao (presently known as Balaoan). In November 25, 1690, the town was founded
and a parish under the advocacy of Saint Catherine of Alexandria was canonically erected. The first church of Namacpacan
was built under the supervision of Father Mateo Bustillos, the parish priest from 1695 to 1697.

• Santa Catalina de Alejandria Architectural features:

✓ Namacpacan Church is classified as an Earthquake Baroque church with thick walls and buttresses
connected to a brick exterior stairway of different designs and shapes.
✓ A ceremonial archway or capilla possa can be found at the church's entrance
Its 1872 white and yellow facade falls under the Baroque style with the presence of rounded pediments.
✓ Three sets of two pairs of engaged columns and two sets of single columns along with twin belfries
adorning the façade.
✓ Its convento is now used as a school

10.San Vicente Ferrer Dupax, (Nueva Visacaya)

This Dominican Church was established in the late 18th century. Features baptistery and narthex pillars covered with finely
carved stucco. The church convents retains some features from its violent past, such as slits on the outer walls which were
used by archers to defend against attacks

11.San Pedro y San Pablo: (Calaciao, Pangasinan) (1588)

The church has survived several earthquakes and remains among the province’s best-preserved church complexes despite
restoration work on some parts.

• San Pedro y San Pablo Architectural features:

✓ Its unique architectural design reflects the Spanish and Latin American architecture integration of
indigenous Philippines works of art with Chinese style fusion
✓ Its massive bricks or ladrillo had been designed to withstand revolts and rebellions, due to its fortresses
facade. Its massive retablo mayor is massive and complex woodwork is seen at the back
12.San Andres: (Mansiloc, Zambales)
The exact date of construction of the present coral stone church cannot be traced although some records tell that a certain
Father Francisco de San Guillermo requested for the construction of the church and convent in 1616 using materials that
were also used in the construction of a fortification.

• Architectural features San Andres

✓ The façade of the church is predominantly of Barn-style Baroque with Neo-classic features.
✓ The front is divided into the triangular pediment, two horizontal sections and three vertical ones with an
extended left portion forming the bell tower.
✓ It features saints’ niches on the first level, rectangular windows on the second and an elaborately carved
niche of the town’s patron saint and carving of geometric shapes and medallions on the pediment.
✓ Triglyphs decorate the architrave between the second level and the pediment, giving the church a classical
appearance. The belfry is designed like a circular template surmounted with a lantern and a cross

13.Santiago Apostol: (Betis, Pampanga)

The baroque-inspired Betis Church was built around 1660 under Father José de la Cruz. The preliminary structure was made
out of light materials which was composed mainly of wood and stucco. Fire broke out within the church several times due
to these light materials, so it was finally built with concrete materials in 1770.

• Santiago Apostol Architectural features:

✓ The unique design of Betis Church reflects the integration of Spanish and Latin American architecture to
indigenous architecture, including elements of Oriental style during the Spanish colonial era. The retablo, a
classic altar, is ornately decorated with carved designs
✓ The religious frescoes in the ceiling and murals on the wall with its intricate sculpture and paintings in gold
dust are reminiscent of the Renaissance age of European Art. One can behold the majesty of its ceiling,
walls and the altar from the aisle near the main door

14.Nuestra Señora De los Desamparados: (Sta. Ana, Manila)

The Spaniards established settlements in Santa Ana that served as the seat of Namayan, with the area awarded to the
Franciscan missionaries.

They were the first to establish a mission beyond the walls of Intramuros, the Spanish colonial seat of power in Manila, in
1578.

The church as it stands today was first built in 1720 and is known as the National Shrine of Our Lady of the Abandoned
(Nuestra Senora de los Desamparados).

15.San Ildefonso: (Tanay Rizal)

In 1678, Fr. Pedro de Espallargas initiated the building of a stone church and the first church was completed in 1680
through the contributions of churchgoers and devotees of Purísima Concepción. The first mass was celebrated on April 20,
1680.

• San Ildefonso Architectural features

✓ This church features five-panel retablo done in Rococo Style, As well as Via Crucis with remarkable
indigenous motifs
✓ The carvings are depicted to have Malay features as evidenced by the brown skin of the natives and their
squat figures, all of which are believed to have created by native Tanay artists. Some distinct depictions are
borrowed from the native culture such as the "Tambuli" made of carabao and the bolo instead of the
typical Roman sword.
16.La Inmaculada Concepcion: (Intramuros, Manila) (Manila Cathedral)
The only church within Intramuros to survive the destruction of World War 2. The cathedral was originally a parish church
owned and governed by the Archdiocese of Mexico in 1571, until it became a separate diocese on 6 February 1579 upon
the issuance of the papal bull, Illius Fulti Praesido by Pope Gregory XIII.

• La Inmaculada Concepcion Architectural features:

✓ This structure features tromped l’oeil paintings in its interior as well as the earliest retablo, pulpit, choir,
lactern and chior stalls.
✓ The church also features a crypt house the remains of Manila’s founder, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, Filipinio
patriot and artist Juan Luna, And other prominent historical personages.

17.La Asuncion de la Nuestra Señora: (Maragondon Cavite)

This Augustinian Recollect church features intricate galleon and floral motifs in its pulpit and church doors, which dates
from the Jesuits.

Bell tower and lower portion is made up of river stones.

The church also features a distinctive horseshoe- shaped communion rail

18.La Inmaculada Concepcion: (Balayan, Batangas)

In 1575 the Augustinians made Balayan a visita of Bombon, now Taal. Balayan originally comprised what are now the
independent towns and parishes of Nasugbu, Lian, Calatagan, Tuy, and Calaca. In 1578, however, this territory was turned
over to the Franciscans who in turn passed Balayan to the Jesuits in 1591.

• La Inmaculada Concepcion Architectural features:

✓ Planks of narra were used for the floor of the nave, while blue and white tiles were fitted to the main altar.
✓ An extension was added behind the church to serve as an ante sacristy in 1878.
✓ The decorative iron grilles were put around the atrium in 1887. The camapanario was repaired in 1892 with
bricks instead of stones used for the upper second and third stories

19.Basilica of San Michael Arcangel: (Tayabas, Quezon

The Catholic community of Tayabas was established in 1578 by Franciscan priests Fray Juán Portocarrero de Plasencia and
Fray Diego de Oropesa de San José, known as the Apostles of Laguna and Tayabas.In 1580, the town of Tayabas was
established as a parish with St. Michael the Archangel as its designated patron saint in 1580.

• Basilica of San Michael Arcangel Architectural features:

✓ The church at Tayabas is generally considered to be Baroque architecture. It is included in a list of more
than 30 churches declared National Cultural Treasures by the National Museum of the Philippines.
✓ The influence of Chinese architecture in Tayabas is present in the design of Tayabas Basilica. Lion statues in
front of the building show a link to the influence of Chinese traders before the Spanish colonial era. Cherubs
in stone reliefs playing the lute, trombone, drum and trumpet can be seen in the church patio.
✓ Tayabas Basilica has a unique floor plan that resembles a key.
✓ Tayabas Basilica's interior is built in the Neo-Classical style with seven altars. An image of the Nuestra
Señora de los Angeles ("Our Lady of Angels") stands in the central retablo of the altar.
✓ The basilica's 18th century clock was erected in early 1900 on the belfry; it is one of the oldest and largest
church clocks in Asia. The clock is 0.5 m (1.6 ft) tall and has a circumference of 42 cm (1.38 ft). The hour and
minute hands are 0.5 m (1.6 ft) and 62 cm (2.03 ft) long respectively.
20.Nuestra Señora dela Porteria: (Daraga, Albay)
The present church of Daraga was built under the Franciscan priests in 1773. Built at the time that Daraga was a visita of
Cagsawa, the church was erected atop a hill in barangay Santa Maria overlooking the Mayon Volcano.

• Nuestra Señora dela Porteria Architectural features:

✓ The church is known for its Churrigueresque architectural style in its façade, a fine example of Baroque
architecture. The façade and its walls are made from volcanic rocks, which are rich in the area. The white
façade is the result of a coating of lime for protection from deterioration.
✓ It is one of the few churches in the country that has four spiral columns known as Solomonic columns or
salomónicas. The four columns bear round medallions, each with carved images of the four Evangelists.
The octagonal bell tower, located on the left side of the church, has carved images of the twelve apostles
distributed in the base's six faces. The tower has four levels, each tapered upwards and topped with a
dome and cross

21.San Bautista: (Tabaco, Albay)

Tabaco church was established as a visita by the Franciscans under the patronage of Saint John the Baptist in 1587. It was
separated from Cagsaua in 1616 when Father Pedro de Alcareso was named as parish priest.

• San Bautista Architectural features:

✓ The church is built out of dark volcanic soil and stones found in the area.
✓ One unusual characteristic of the church is the presence of mason's marks on stones used for the
construction of the church building, a rare feature in the Philippines
✓ Its unusual floor plan contains compartments for which there is currently no explanation.
✓ It is known for its beautiful and bell tower embedded with rococo designs.

22.Cathedral de San Jose: (Romblon, Romblon)

• Cathedral de San Jose Architectural features:
✓ The Interior of this church, constructed by the Augustinian Recollects, features Baroque-style retablos.
✓ Erected in 1974, the diocese has experienced no jurisdictional changes, and is a suffragan of the
Archdiocese of Capiz.

23.Santa Monica: (Pan-ay, Capiz)

The missionaries who went with the expeditions of the would-be Spanish colonizers were the Augustinian friars. They
accomplished many significant firsts in the history of the Philippines. It was they who fanned out from Cebu to the other
islands of the archipelago, including Panay.

• Santa Monica Architectural features:

✓ The church, built in the Filipino Colonial Baroque style with Neo- Classical influence, is a grand structure of
coral stone that is 70 meters long, 25 meters wide and 18 meters high.
✓ The walls are 3 meters (or about 10 feet) thick and the floor is covered with marble.
✓ Its structure is shaped in the form of a Latin cross with one large central altar and four lateral ones, each
fitted with gorgeously decorated and gilded retablos of hardwood, decorated with various polychrome
statues of high artistic quality.
24.Santo Tomas de Villanueva: (Miag-ao, Iloilo)
Miagao was formerly a visita of Oton until 1580, Tigbauan until 1592, San Joaquin until 1703 and Guimbal until 1731.It
became an independent parish of the Augustinians in 1731 under the advocacy of Saint Thomas of Villanova. Santo Tomas
de Villanueva: Miag-ao, Iloilo

• Architectural features
✓ The church's over-all architectural style falls under the Baroque Romanesque architectural style.
✓ Its ochre color is due to the materials used in constructing the church, adobe, egg, coral and limestone.
✓ The church's foundation is 6 meters deep
✓ and the massive stone walls at 1.5 meters thick are intensified through the use of 4-meter-thick flying
buttresses as protection to the Moro invaders as stipulated under Royal Decree 111 of 1573 (Law of the
Indies). Santo Tomas de Villanueva: Miag-ao, Iloilo

25.San Joaquin: (Iloilo)

• Architectural features
✓ The main church in town, a Roman Catholic parish was built in 1869 by Spanish priest Reverend Tomas
Santaren
✓ The church is unique among those in the Philippines for its large pediment featuring a military scene, the
Spanish victory over the Moors in the Battle of Tetuan.

26.La Inmaculada Concepcion: (Guiuan, Estern Samar)

Guiuan (also spelled as Guiguan) was founded by the Jesuits in 1595. It was handed over to the Augustinians upon
instructions from the Spanish colonial government due to the Jesuits Suppression in 1768. It was then transferred to the
Franciscans in 1795 but due to lack of priests, Father Miguel Pérez, the first Franciscan priest of Guiuan was only assigned in
1804. La Inmaculada Concepcion: Guiuan, Estern Samar

• Architectural features
✓ Due to Typhoon Haiyan, all its original retablo, roof (dated 1700s) and other church relics were
unfortunately damaged
✓ Only the stone walls and bell tower remained standing. Restoration of the church is on-going under the
supervision of the National Museum of the Philippines.

27.Parroquia dela Santa Cruz: (Maribojoc, Bohol)

The Jesuits started evangelizing the town of Maribojoc (originally Malabojoc) as a mission station in the early 1600s.It was
built in the settlement along the Abatan River at Viga, now part of Antequera, including a church built by Father Gabriel
Sánchez. The parish was founded in 1767 or 1768.

• Architectural features
✓ The church of Maribojoc resembled a cross or cruciform with a low, four-sided pyramidical roof and
octagonal cupola.
✓ Its façade was simply decorated by narrow pilasters and niches of saints
✓ The belltower of Maribojoc had seven bells and two windows with clock faces. One of the clocks, installed
on October 15, 1893 during the term of Father Lucas Martínez, had an inscription of "José Altonaga",
indicating that it came from a well-known company in Manila during the late 19th century.
✓ Maribojoc had five intricately carved Neo-Gothic retablos in the sanctuary and transepts.
28.Nuestra Senora de la Luz: (Loon, Bohol)
The Jesuits established the parish of Loon on June 22, 1753 under the patronage of the Our Lady of Light, locally known as
Birhen sa Kasilac. It is believed that the first Jesuit church was located in the downtown area called Napo (formerly the
town's center) along the sea. The center, including the church, was moved in the upper portion called Moto due to pirate
raids.

• Architectural features
✓ The church forms a wide rectangular plan with an internal transept and a crossing surmounted by a
quandrangular pyramid.
✓ Inside the church, the narthex with azulejos flooring has a ceiling painting known as "The Entry into
Jerusalem".
✓ There are three neogothic retablos in Loon: one retablo-mayor and two side retablos in each side of the
transept. Located in the sanctuary is the beautifully carved retablo-mayor which houses the image of the
patroness, Nuestra Señora de la Luz in the central niche. Nuestra Senora de la Luz: Loon, Bohol

29.Immaculada Concepcion de la Vergen Maria: (Baclayon, Bohol)

The Jesuits, the first evangelizers of the Baclayon, planted the first seed of Christianity in Bohol upon the request of Doña
Catalina de Bolaños, mother of the encomendero of Bohol island, Pedro de Gamboa to Father Antonio Sedeno, mission
superior of Leyte and Samar.

• Architectural features
✓ A Baroque and Neoclassical pulpit made in the 1870s is located on the right side (epistle) of the church,
facing the altar.
✓ The retablo mayor has inscription of the Jesuit motto, Ad maiorem Dei gloriam which gave the idea that the
Jesuits left Baclayon with this church altar. Immaculada Concepcion de la Vergen Maria: Baclayon, Bohol
✓ The church, built out of coral stones, is a cross shaped (cruciform) church with its juncture or crossing
surmounted by a pyramidal wall.
✓ The facade is simply designed with its upper half hidden by an extended choir loft which houses an 1824
pipe organ

30.Patrocinio de Santa Maria: (Boljoon, Cebu)

It was elevated to a parish on October 31, 1690, based on the decision of Father Francisco de Zamora, Provincial of the
Augustinians, as a result of the increasing number of Christians in the area. The decision was implemented upon the
appointment of Father Nicolás de la Cuadra as its first parish priest on April 5, 1692.

• Architectural features
✓ The church is a fortress church, built of coral stones and located on a hill near the sea. It originally served as
a watchtower for possible Moro raids.
✓ The church is known for its original terra cotta roof tiles and its distinct folk art or Filipino Baroque style,
predominantly on its choir screen and pulpit.
✓ Twenty-eight pillar support the 2-metre (6.6 ft) thick walls made of mortarand lime. Its ceiling paintings are
the work of Miguel Villareal, a native of Boljoon. The three gates and the walls of the church are made of
coral stones and were constructed from 1802 to 1808 under the auspices of Father Bermejo
✓ The main retablo is in pseudo-baroque rococo with gold lead highlights and polychrome accents.
31.San Pedro: (Loboc, Bohol)
After the establishment of the Jesuit mission in Bohol, Father Juan de Torres, SJ, moved to the community along the Loboc
River in late 1596 to establish a second mission station. The first church, made of wood, was built by the people of the area
on a site called Calvario, Sawang, near the location of the present-day church. It was dedicated under the patronage of
Saint Michael the Archangel

• Architectural features
✓ The coral stone church follows a cruciform plan, with a sunken pyramidal roof on its crossing. As a church
built by the Jesuits, exterior walls of the church have the Jesuit insignia and icons of an angel's wing and
head.
✓ The interior of the church is adorned with ceiling paintings by Canuto Avila and his sons, Ricardo and Ray
Francia, created from May 1926 to July 1927, and retouched by Cris Naparota in 1995
✓ The inner baroque façade, which is part of the 1734 church built by the Jesuits, is decorated with pilasters,
capitals, blind niches and volutes

32.San Isisdro Labrador: (Lazi, Siquijor)

Lazi (formerly Tigbawan) became an independent parish from Siquijor on August 8, 1857. The present stone church was
built in 1884 by Filipino artisans followed by the bell tower in the following year

• Architectural features
✓ The construction of the convent was made with coral stones and hardwood, commenced in 1887 and
completed in 1891.
✓ The church is built of sea stones and wood.It belongs to the neoclassical style. It has two pulpits and has
retained its original retablo and wood florings.

33.La Inmaculada Concepcion: (Jasaan, Misamis Oriental)

The first church of Jasaan was built out of lime from 1723 to 1830 under the supervision of Fr. Ramos Cabas, parish priest in
sitio Kabitauganin barangay Aplaya. The first church is currently a ruin and a "cotta" or fortification is visible on the low hill
near the highway.

• Architectural features
✓ The church of Jasaan falls under Barn Style Baroque with originally a tri- partite partition. It spans 150 ft
long and 60 ft wide.
✓ The brick wall on all sides about 20 ft high and almost 4 ft thick. The portal area leads to two semi-arched
openings to the choir loft area.
✓ The church is flanked by square towers to a level above the apex of the pediment.
✓ Significant church portions include the original brick paving, neo- Gothic retablo, and ceiling woodwork
(reminiscent of basket weave).
✓ The church has two bell towers containing 4 bells in totality. The oldest of the four bells is dated 1807 while
the largest is cast "Nuestra Señora de la Inmaculada Concepcion de Jasaan Año 1854."
34.San Bautista: (Jimenez, Misamis Occidental)
The town of Jimenez was originally established by the Augustinian Recollects in 1829 and with Our Lady of the Most Holy
Rosary as its patron saint. The present church, built mostly from hewn coral stone, was erected in the 19th century on a site
previously settled by the Subanons, a local tribe. The erection of the church structure is attributed to Father Roque Azcona
between the years 1862 to 1863. The church was believed to have been completed in the late 1880s.

• Architectural Features
✓ The church is predominantly Baroque in architecture with features reminiscent of the Renaissance style
Architectural features
✓ It features a portico with three semicircular arched entrances lined on top with a parapet.
✓ The interiors of the church are reportedly one of the best-preserved interiors of a Roman Catholic church in
Mindanao.
✓ It features a painting done in 1898 and portions made of tabique pampango, a local version of a dry wall
using panels of interwoven slats or branches and covered with lime. San Bautista: Jimenez, Misamis
Occidental
IVATAN HOUSES
Philippine Vernacular House

Ivatan, Batanes islands

- Dwellings designed and built not only to withstand the battering of the most severe of
storms, sea sprays and gusting rains, they are also built to overcome devastating
earthquakes

- With knowledge of processing lime for building, the ivatans are able to construct their
more familiar houses made of stone and mortar known as kalikanto

- The most common type is a one storey house with a partially submered basement used
as storage referred to as sinadumparan or maytuab depending on the roof
configuration

- Two storey houses are called rakuh, very thick stone and lime masonry are topped with
gable or hip roof

- An elaborately crafted truss system with a combination of bamboo, reed, rattan, and
cogon roof cover.

- Wooden post and lintel frame works are implanted in the walls

- A meter thick cogon thatch roofinh sharply slopes down and is heavily fastened onto a
ceiling.

- The fourth windowless wall faces the direction of the strongest typhoon winds as the
house is oriented North-South

- A big roof called panpe made of strong ropes fastened securely to the ground via strong
pegs or large stone anchors is thrown over the entire roof during typhoons.

ARCHEOLOGICAL TRACES

- Before the Spaniards came, the Ivatans lived on the slopes of the mountains.

- The mp recorded that they inhabited together in small villages built on the sides and
tops of rocky hills. Three or four rows of house, one above another. And that they may
not be assulted from above, the take care to build on the sides of such high, steep,
perpendicular precipise all together inaccessible.
- One of these places must have been what is now raquadee settlement, where one still
finds the remains of an old habitation such as colander stones with holes and what used
to be food grinders.

- Dr. Dizon also found that the Idiangs (12th to 16th century AD) or what many ivatan
citizen believe were citadels were also habitation sites.

- Sabidug was one of the best idiangs (from around 12th to 16th century AD), it was one of
the best habitation place that they had and it could also be used as a fortress. Low
packed walls terrace around the sabidu idiang indicating for vegetable cultivation.

- Missionaries reported that the houses were so small they more looked like caves ,made
of cogon constructed to take advantage of the contour of the terrain and resituated
near the sea facing the east and northeast to protect themselves from the winds.

- Governer Jose Basco Y Vargas not only resettled the ivatans, he also brought in masters
to teach the locals how to build houses made of stones, lime and sand.

- Later in 1895, Father Anastacio Idagoras noted an improvement in the houses and
settlements in the islands. He said that the province had substitute for wood which
were lime and sand. These they had in abundance and could obtain without difficulty.
These materials were the most appropriate for building purposes in these islands as
they are more often than not exposed to strong typhoons.

- The houses were grouped together in an orderly manner that that is assymetrical in
straight lines.

Ivatan house shows a unique style of Philippine Architecture. An architecture that was
stregthened by time and challenged by nature. The product of Ivatans' unity surpass natural
forces.