Module - 1 - Pre Hispanic Era

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4

ARKITEKTURANG FILIPINO

ASST. PROF. ELMER M. SOLIMAN JR

COURSE OUTLINE
1. Pre-Hispanic Era
2. Spanish Colonial Era
3. American and Japanese Era
4. Post World-War II Era
5. Late Twentieth Century
6. The New Millennium
1. PRE-HISPANIC ERA
EARLY PHILIPPINE SHELTER
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Architecture has began as

a response to nature.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PREHISTORIC BUILDING TYPES

• Caves
• Lean-to shelters
• Arboreal shelters
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CAVE DWELLINGS
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
• Prehistoric Cave shelters
were the earliest form of
human habitations
• Predated the
emergence of Homo
Sapiens
• Require minimal site-
works and modification
• Made from excavation
rather than construction
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
Pleistocene People
• Earliest dwellers of
caves in the
Philippines
• Offsprings of Iced
Aged
• Theory of Land /
Tulay na Lupa
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
TABON CAVE
• Most antiquated and
perhaps the largest
• Tabon Caves, dubbed as
the Philippines' Cradle of
Civilization
• Located at Lipuun Point,
north of Quezon
municipality, Palawan
Island
• The caves are named
after the Philippine Tabon
Megapode/Scrufowl
bird.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
TABON CAVE
• The Tabon Caves complex has 29 explored caves
where only seven of which are open for public viewing.
• The major caves open to the public are Tabon Cave,
Diwata Cave, Igang Cave, and Liyang Cave.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
TABON CAVE
• The Tabon Man was discovered in the caves, one of the
oldest remnants of human inhabitants found in the
Philippines. Other remains that were excavated have
remained onsite and have yet to be examined in detail.
• The largest, cave periodically dwelt in prehistoric families
30,000 years ago
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
TABON CAVE
• Manunggul Jar is a
secondary burial jar
excavated from a Neolithic
burial site in Manunggul
cave of Tabon Caves
• Dating from 890–710 B.C.
• The two prominent figures
at the top handle of its
cover represent the journey
of the soul to the after life
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
TABON CAVE
In 2006, the Tabon Cave

Complex and all of Lipuun was
added to the tentative list of
the Philippines for
future UNESCO World Heritage
Site nomination.
The complex is managed by

the National Museum and was
declared as a National
Cultural Treasure by the same
institution in February 2011.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
TAU’T-BATU CAVE
• The Tau't Batu, or
'People of the Rock'
live here and they are
the last discovered
tribe in the Philippines
• Singnapan Valley in
southern Palawan
• Fear of thunder
• Believe that their world
is inhabited by a vast
population of of forest,
rock, and water spirits.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
TAU’T-BATU CAVE
• Shelter more than on
family
• Datag - The basic
sleeping platform.
Made from tree
branches and dried
leaves and built inside
the cave, raised slightly
above the ground
• modular sleeping
platform incorporated
with a fireplace
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
TAU’T-BATU CAVE
• Shelter more than on
family
• Datag - The basic
sleeping platform.
Made from tree
branches and dried
leaves and built inside
the cave, raised slightly
above the ground
• modular sleeping
platform incorporated
with a fireplace
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
ANGONO PETROGLYPHS
• Oldest known work of
art in the Philippines
located in the
province of Rizal.
• There are 127 human
and animal figures
engraved on the
rockwall dating back
to 3000 BC.
• Evidence of ancient
Filipino’s attempt to
embellish his place of
domain with symbolic
values
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
ANGONO PETROGLYPHS
• Inscriptions of stylized human figures, frogs and lizards, along with
other designs
• Erosion may have caused it to become indistinguishable.
• Petro (stone) Glyph (illustration)
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
ANGONO PETROGLYPHS
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
ANGONO PETROGLYPHS
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
ANGONO PETROGLYPHS
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
ANGONO PETROGLYPHS
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
ANGONO PETROGLYPHS
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
ANGONO PETROGLYPHS
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
CALLAO CAVE
• Located in the Municipality of Peñablanca, Cagayan province
• The seven-chamber showcave is one of 300 caves for tourism
• Named as Peñablanca (Spanish for white rocks) for the presence
of white limestone rocks in the area.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
CALLAO CAVE
• Callao man refers to
fossilized remains
discovered in Callao
Cave, Peñablanca,
Cagayan
• In 2007 by Armand
Salvador Mijares.
Specifically, they find a
single 61-millimeter
metatarsal which was
found to be about
67,000 years old.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
CALLAO CAVE
• Researchers also believe that Aetas, mountain dwellers
today on Luzon Island, could be descendants of the
Callao Man
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
CALLAO CAVE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cave Dwellings
CALLAO CAVE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Lean-to Shelters
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Lean-to Shelter
Lean-to Shelter
• Ephemeral Architecture
was one of the first
artifacts created by
humans.
• Temporary Shelter
• Readily Available
materials and limited
investment in time and
energy
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Lean-to Shelter
Lean-to Shelter
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Lean-to Shelter
Lean-to Shelter
• Demountable
• Fundamental act of
building was
practiced by
nomads in form the
windbreak (lean-to),
windscreen or
windshield
• Wind-sun-and rain
screen anchored by
a pole or stick an
angle on the ground.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Lean-to Shelter
Lean-to Shelter
• The basic concept of architecture Lean-to
• They carry their shelter, they don't need
permanent settlement
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Lean-to Shelter
Lean-to Shelter
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Lean-to Shelter
Lean-to Shelter
1. Hawong - Pinatubo Aeta
constructed with a ridge pole
supported by forked stakes or
limbs
2. Panahang - Agta & Casiguran
damages aetas from aurora
3. Dait-Dait – Mamanua Aeta
from Mindanao used when
hunting. Made of wild banana
leaves, coconut fronds with grass
of rattan.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Arboreal Shelters
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Arboreal Shelters
Arboreal Shelters
• Dwelling on high trees or
Tree Houses
• First shelter to be
constructed were made of
interlocking branches.
• Architectural institution
fashioned by nature
• 20, 30 to 60 ft above
ground for protection
against animal & human
enemies
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Arboreal Shelters
Arboreal Shelters
• Tinguian, in Palan Abra, had
a separate daytime and
nocturnal abode
• Small hutof bamboo and
thatch built on the ground
for day abode
• Alligang, smaller and rested
on the top of a tree, 18-24
meters from the ground,
safe guard from nighttime
ambush.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Arboreal Shelters
Arboreal Shelters
• Built and used by
Gaddang and Kalinga of
Luzon, the Manobo and
Mandaya of Mindanao
and by the Maranao of
Lake Lanao
• It can be found in areas
where violent intertribal
conflicts and nocturnal
raids are frequent
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Arboreal Shelters
Arboreal Shelters
• These houses are
perched on the Fork
Branches of trees
• 6, 12, or 18 meters
above ground
• Other reasons, to
protect the families
living in isolated
communities from
the animal attacks
and human enemies
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Arboreal Shelters
Arboreal Shelters
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Arboreal Shelters
Arboreal Shelters
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
RICE TERRACES
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Rice Terraces
Rice Terraces
• The Prehistoric Megastructure
• The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras is an outstanding
example of an evolved, living cultural landscape that can be
traced as far back as two millennia ago in the pre-colonial
Philippines.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Rice Terraces
Rice Terraces
• Carved into the mountains
• The technique used to mountainous terrain has created a terraced
landscape
• Testament to Philippine Modern Engineering
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Rice Terraces
Rice Terraces
• Up to 6 meters
High
• Stone Walls
• Exceeded the
amount of
stones of
Egypt
Pyramids and
Great wall of
China
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Rice Terraces
Rice Terraces
• The Rice Terraces of
the Philippine
Cordilleras were
declared National
Treasure
• The terraces are
likewise protected
by the Republic Act
No 10066, providing
for the protection
and conservation of
the National Cultural
Heritage.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Rice Terraces
Rice Terraces
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Rice Terraces
Rice Terraces
3 Basic Elements
1. Terrace Space
2. Embankment
3. Soil Body
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
END OF EARLY PHILIPPINE SHELTER
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Vernacular Architecture
• Derived from the Latin “vernaculus”,
meaning domestic, native, indigenous
• Folk, indigenous, tribal, ethnic and traditional
architecture
• Category of architecture based on local
needs and construction materials and
reflecting local traditions
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
• Rearranging the environment it becomes
architecture.
• Protection from animals tribe and natural
Calamities
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
THE FIVE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF VERNACULAR

ARCHITECTURE
1. The builders, whether artisans or those who

planning to live in the buildings, are non
professional architect or engineer
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ARCHITECTURE
2. There is consonant adaptation, using natural

materials, to the geographical
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ARCHITECTURE
2. There is consonant adaptation, using natural

materials, to the geographical
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ARCHITECTURE
3. The actual process of construction involves

intuitive thinking, done without the use of
blueprints or any for construction drawings
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ARCHITECTURE
4. There is balance between social/economic

functionality and aesthetic features
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ARCHITECTURE
5. Architectural patterns and styles are subject

to a protracted evolution of traditional styles
specific to an ethnic domain.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ARCHITECTURE
5. Architectural patterns and styles are subject

to a protracted evolution of traditional styles
specific to an ethnic domain.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
• Vernacular buildings also demonstrates the
achievements and limitations of early
technology.
• Utilizing technologies learned only through

tradition.
• Can address the most common of structural

problems with simplicity and logical
arrangement of elements.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Philippine Vernacular
architecture inspired the
invention of a new
structural system which
made possible the soaring
skyscrapers of Chicago
school
Structural logic and

architectonic principle:
steel-frame to replace the
Philippine wooden frame
construction of bahay
kubo
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Philippine Vernacular
architecture inspired the
invention of a new
structural system which
made possible the
soaring skyscrapers of
Chicago school
Tectonic principle: iron

steel frame to replace
timber and bamboo
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
AUSTRONESIAN ANCESTRY
• Southeast Asian culture descendants

• The term Austronesian peoples refers to a population
group present in Southeast Asia or Oceania who speak,
or had ancestors who spoke, one of the Austronesian
languages.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
• Water born lifestyle
• Manifest vernacular Architecture
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
• In the Philippines, vernacular
architecture professes strong
allegiance to a greater
Austronesian Building Heritage
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
ARCHETYPAL
AUSTRONESIAN HOUSE
“Stilt Houses”
• An Austronesian
Legacy
• Raised Wooden
Structure
• Rectangular
• Structure
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
ARCHETYPAL
AUSTRONESIAN HOUSE
“Stilt Houses”
• Elevated Post
• Thatch Pitch Roof
with extended
ridges
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
ARCHETYPAL AUSTRONESIAN HOUSE
• Aquatic base of life
• Settlement has a direct connection to
bodies of water
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
ARCHETYPAL AUSTRONESIAN HOUSE
• Water is the means of transportation
• Communities are developed along
sheltered base and coastal areas
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Bahay Kubo
• Pure, Southeast asian type of domestic
architecture found in non-hispanized, non-
anglosaxon communities in the country
• House / tahanan / tirahan
• Cube House
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Balai / Bahay
Archetypal Tropical Characteristic
1. Elevated living floor

2. Buoyant Rectangular volume
3. Raised pile foundation
4. Voluminous thatched roof
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Balai / Bahay
Examples of South East Asian Houses
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Balai / Bahay
Examples of South East Asian Houses
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BOTANIC BUILDING MATERIALS

• Timber
• Bamboo
• Thatch
• Fibers
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BUILDING MATERIALS
Vernacular Structural Element

Buildings with pile or stilt foundations are a
pervasive feature not only in the mainland and
island southeast asia
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

FOUNDATION
• It is usually build with
wooden post as its
framework.
• It has several advantages in
a tropical climate. Especially
when settlement patterns
are mainly concentrated in
coastal, riverside, and
lakeshores
• Underfloor space often used
as pen for stabling domestic
animals and as a place for
storage
• TWO OPTIONS: SUPERSEDED
PILE/STILTS OR ROLLERS
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

VOLUMINOUS THATCH ROOF
• The most distinctive feature
of the Austronesian
vernacular architectural
form is EXTENDED LINE OF
THE ROOF, often with
outward sloping gables
forming elegant
saddleback curves.
• Cases seen as pyramidal
• Grasses and palm leaves
are the most widely used
traditional materials.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

CONSTRUCTION
TECHNIQUES
• Post and lintel method of
construction
• Walls and floors do not
constitutes a parts of the
main load-bearing elements
but may brace the structure
as a whole.
• Framing system consist of
vertical studs slotted into
horizontal sills
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
• Assembled without nails
• Tongue & grove mortise, tenon, lapped and notched
jointing system
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

CONSTRUCTION
TECHNIQUES
• Walls may consist of
matting, palm leaves
folded round a lath and
stiched together (banig)
• Plaited with bamboo
• As well as wooden boards
and panels depending on
the use and status of the
building
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
END OF
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
REGIONAL HOUSE TYPES
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
REGIONAL HOUSES
UPLAND and LOWLAND houses have

acquired distinct architectural features
because of difference of environmental
conditions and site contexts
Lowland Dwellings – Open, airy interior

Highlands – Sealed of solid planks, having
few or no windows as defense against the
cold upland climate
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
REGIONAL HOUSES
BATANES
“IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
REGIONAL HOUSES
BATANES
“IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

Ivatan Idjang
Defensive Engineering of the Early Ivatan settlers
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

Ivatan Idjang
Defensive Engineering of the Early Ivatan settlers
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ABORIGINAL IVATAN - made up of wood,
bamboo and thatched
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

bamboo and thatched
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

bamboo and thatched
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

Dominican Friars
introduced the Cal y
Canto technique
• Stone and Mortar

Construction
• In row on the steep
terrain of mountain
hill slopes
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

Dominican Friars
introduced the Cal y
Canto technique
• A Fireplace was
built at one end of
the house.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

IVATAN HOUSE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

IVATAN HOUSE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

IVATAN HOUSE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

IVATAN HOUSE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

IVATAN HOUSE
Cogon grass
is the main
roofing
material
•Villages located on the slopes or peaks of hills

•Huts were low, partly because high structures would easily
toppled by the strong winds
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

IVATAN HOUSE
Walls are made of
stones held
together by
FANGO, a mortar
formed by mixing
mud and cogon
•Batanes island did not possess enough timber resources nor

appropriate tools for larger construction
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

IVATAN HOUSE
•PANPET- ROOF NET made of ropes fastened securely to the

ground by a strong pegs
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

RAKUH - 2 IVATAN HOUSE
STOREY IVATAN WINDOWLESS
HOUSE PART
ORIENTED TO
With 2 THE
windows and STORMINDS
door built on
three walls,
while the 4th
wall faces the
direction of
the strongest
wind.
• thick stone + mortar (limestone walls)
• reed, rattan, cogon or bamboo gable or hip roofs
• strong enough to withstand typhoons and earthquakes
• north – south orientation
• one windowless wall facing strong winds
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

IVATAN HOUSE
Classified according to roof configuration
Maytuab (hip roof) & Sinadumparan (gable roof)
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

IVATAN HOUSE
Sinadumparan Building Anatomy
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

IVATAN HOUSE
Sinadumparan Building Anatomy
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
REGIONAL HOUSES
CORIDILLERA REGION
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
According to William Henry Scott
in his book
“of igorots and independence”
• 1593 gold mine diggers and

traders to Ilocos region
• Dominicans evangelized
Pangasinan and Nueva Vizcaya
• Pangasinan and some parts of
Ilocos are Igorot lowland
territories
• Failure of Evangelization
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
CORDILLERA PEOPLE
NORTHERN STRAIN
SOUTHERN STRAIN
IGOROT(Mountain chain
dwellers)
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
CORDILLERA PEOPLE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
CORDILLERA PEOPLE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
CORDILLERA PEOPLE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
CORDILLERA PEOPLE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
CORDILLERA PEOPLE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
END OF HEAD HUNTERS
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
END OF HEAD HUNTERS
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
CORDILLERA PEOPLE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
CORDILLERA PEOPLE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
CORDILLERA PEOPLE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
Cordillera Building Examples
THE NORTHERN STRAIN
• Consists of houses made by the ISNEG & KALINGA

• Isneg With rectangular plan covered by high gabled roof
• Kalinga having Octagonal plan & three divided floorings
• Roof framing is independent of the floor framework
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
THE SOUTHERN STRAIN
• Consists of houses made by the IFUGAO, BONTOC, IBALOI

AND KANKANAY
• With Square plan covered by high gabled roof.
• Roof framing is dependent of the floor framework
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
THE NORTHERN STRAIN
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
ISNEG
CORDILLERA REGION REGIONAL HOUSE TYPES

ISNEG
• The Isnag people (also referred to as
the Isneg and Apayao) are an Austronesian
ethnic group native to Apayao Province in
the Philippines' Cordillera Administrative
Region.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ISNEG - BINURON
• Windowless
• Low walls & roof, which
keep the inhabitant
warm
• 0.9 raised above the
ground
• Distinguishes itself from
the typical cordillera
house by its boat like
appearance.
• Apayao is the only
region in cordillera with
a NAVIGABLE RIVER
• Located in Apayao
Province
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ISNEG - BINURON
• rectangular plan
• high gable roof
bowed to a
shape of a boat
(BARANAY)
• roof framing
independent
from floor
framework
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ISNEG - BINURON
• The largest among the most substantially
constructed houses in the cordilleras
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ISNEG - BINURON
Binuron practical feature is its ROLL UP FLOOR made
from long reeds
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ISNEG - BINURON
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ISNEG - BINURON
Binuron platform can

be converted, to be
used for rituals,
ceremonies and
meetings
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ISNEG - BINURON
Binuron extension structure is TARAKIP
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ISNEG - BINURON
Binuron roof feature is the bamboo tubes are split in two, laid in
Alternating face-down-face-up arrangement in their sides
interlocking together
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

ISNEG - ALANG
Rice storage/ granary
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Cordillera Theory
• House as womb; Space Concept

• Basket like
• Stretch leg-like ladder
• Comparison to the tudong or rain cape
for women
• Interior suggest as a womb
• Occupants of most houses are usually
only the husband & wife and perhaps
children.
• It is a symbol of fertility
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
KALINGA

KALINGA
• BINAYON the octagonal shaped plan
• FORUY the square shaped plan
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

KALINGA - BINAYON
• octagonal in plan
• three divided floorings, lowest in the center
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

KALINGA - BINAYON
• three divided floorings,
lowest in the center
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

KALINGA - BINAYON
• three divided floorings,
lowest in the center
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

KALINGA - BINAYON
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
KALINGA - BINAYON
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

KALINGA - FORUY
• Elevated, Rectangular,
One room house
• Made of timber materials
• Roof is made from 8-10
layers of cut bamboo
laid one above other
• Removable wall panel
for ventilation
• Elevated wall along
perimeter of the wall
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

KALINGA - FORUY
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
KALINGA - FORUY
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
KALINGA - FORUY
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
KALINGA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
KALINGA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
KALINGA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CORDILLERA REGION
THE SOUTHERN STRAIN
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BONTOC

BONTOC
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

Ili’s 3 Basic Residential Structures
• Bontoc Ili – Bontoc Village
• ATO men's meeting place /
council house / dormitory for
the young and old unmarried
males.
• ULOG/OLOG - Dormitory for
female. A public structure
where young women of
marriageable age go to sleep
at night
• AFONG- Family Residence or
Bontoc House
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

Classification of Bontoc Structures
• ATO men's meeting place / council house /
dormitory for the young and old unmarried males.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

BONTOC - AFUNG
• House within a
house
• Windowless
• Shelter for people,
rice, chicken, pigs
• With attic
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

BONTOC - AFUNG
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

BONTOC - AFUNG
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

BONTOC - AFUNG
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

BONTOC - AFUNG
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

BONTOC - AFUNG
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BONTOC – Katyufong
• For the poor
• Smaller & enclosed
• Stone-walled
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BONTOC – Katyufong
• Katyufong or
Kol-lob is the
residence for
widows and
unmarried old
women
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BONTOC - Katyufong
For the poor
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BONTOC – Fayu
• For the Rich
• Open and
Relatively Large
• 3.6 – 4.5 Meters
• .4m Door
Opening
• Windowless
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BONTOC – Fayu
• For the Rich
• Open and
Relatively Large
• 3.6 – 4.5 Meters
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BONTOC – Akhamang
Rice Granaries
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BONTOC – Al-Lang
Repository of food and other supplies
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BONTOC – Falinto-og
Pigpens
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BONTOC – PABAFUNAN
Open court where people gathers to perform
rituals
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BONTOC
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BONTOC
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
IFUGAO
IFUGAO
• 12 to 30 houses,
situated amid rice
terraces and often
near a spring or grove
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
IFUGAO – FALE/BALE
• Three Layer Structure
• Square Plan
• Pyramidal or conical
roof
• Windowless
• 12-15 SQM
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
• Square Plan
roof
• Windowless
• 12-15 SQM
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
• Square Plan
roof
• Windowless
• 12-15 SQM
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
• Halipan – rat guard
• 1.2 to 1.8m from
ground
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
IFUGAO – BUL-UL
Carved granary guardians
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
IFUGAO – ABONG
• House for the poor
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
IFUGAO – FALE
• For wealthy family
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
IFUGAO – FALE
• For wealthy family
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
IFUGAO – KANYAW
• has been popularized
by lowland brethren
which collectively
refers to any ritual
dancing by
indigenous peoples of
the Cordillera.
• Part parcel of the
Ifugao ritual life. Pig
and Carabao skulls,
the remains of
sacrificial animals are
proudly displayed
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
IFUGAO – KANYAW
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
IFUGAO – HAGABI
• prestige bench of upper class
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
IFUGAO – HAGABI
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
IFUGAO – HAGABI
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
IFUGAO – FALE CONSTRUCTION

• Two-year construction and can be dismantled in a day
• 5-6 generations
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

• Gateways made of vertical sharp edges stones
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Photo courtesy: NCCA

Subject: The Batad Ifugao House Restoration and
Conservation Initiative with
Board Res. No. 2010-367
The Batad Rice Terraces Rice Cluster Restoration Project
Board Res.
No. 2012-122
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
KANKANAY
KANKANAY
• A typical village with 700 inhabitants
• Slopes of hills or mountains are flattened so that houses
can be built.
• Main types of dwelling
• Binangiyan – Kankanay Abode
• Apa/Inapa & Allao - dwellings for poorer family
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
KANKANAY - BINANGIYAN
• Has a resemblance
to Fale
• Pyramidal in form
• Box-like
compartment – a
single-room dwelling
with spacious attic
(baeg)
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
• Has a resemblance
to Fale
• Pyramidal in form
• Box-like
compartment – a
single-room dwelling
with spacious attic
(baeg)
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
KANKANAY – BABAYAN BAEY
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
KANKANAY-
BABAYAN BAEY
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
KANKANAY-
BABAYAN BAEY
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
END OF REGIONAL HOUSE TYPES
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
MUSLIM SPACE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
MUSLIM SPACE
ISLAM IN THE PHILIPPINES

• The earliest evidence of Muslim presence was in Sulu
during the 14th century
• Islam was establish to the rest of Mindanao during
15th Century
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MUSLIM CONCEPT OF SPACE MUSLIM SPACE
• Religion Congregational Worship

• Permanent and Separate Architecture
• “Twahid” means Unity of Allah
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
• Five Pillars (pattern of a quincunx)
• Architecturally derived from early
Christian Churches
• Two Types
• Masjid
• Langgal (Tausug and Yakan) & Ranggar
(Maranao)
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
• Chinese Pagoda and Japanese
Temple Inspired
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
• Pagoda-style Mosque - used by
Muslims throughout Islamic areas in
the Philippines prior to the
importation of the Arabian-style
mosque architecture.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
• These mosques have eight, five, or
three tiers
• Pathways to heaven..
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
• The pagoda-style mosque building is
currently an endangered art form in
the Philippines, as most mosques are
now built in the Domed/Arabian-
style.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
There is a dearth knowledge
regarding the evolution of mosque
typology in the Philippines.
1. Much of the earliest types of

mosques constructed by early
missionaries were made of temporary
materials like wood, bamboo, and
cogon which do not last for years
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
2. The remaining earlier types were either
demolished, destroyed during
earthquakes, or were reconstructed /
remodeled to conform to modern
architectural types sourced from Middle-
Easter designs
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
3. The yearly pilgrimage to Mecca
radically changed all earliest types
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE – FEATURES

Crescent and Star Ornament
• Information on the origins of
the symbol are difficult to
confirm, but most sources
agree that these ancient
celestial symbols were in use
by the peoples of Central
Asia and Siberia in their
worship of the sun, moon and
sky gods.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

OKIR CARVING and BURAK (a mythical
winged creature, half-human, half-horse)
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
Sheik Karimol Makhdum Mosque
• Oldest mosque in the Philippines
• Barangay Tubig Indangan, Simunul, Tawi-
Tawi
• Built on 1380
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

Sheik Karimol Makhdum Mosque
• Square in Plan
• Undergone lot of Construction
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
Masjid Al-Dahab or Golden Mosque
• Modernized Style of Mosque
• Built on 1976
• Maranao Okir
Patterns
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE - Masjid

• Place of Worship
• Bulbous Dome – vault of heaven
• Minaret
• Ablution Area or Wudu
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE - Masjid

• Large and Permanent Construction
• Stone Foundation
• Near bodies of Water where the
faithful perform rituals of ablution
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE – Masjid

• Originally a multi-tiered bamboo
• To accommodate light and air
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE – Langgal / Ranggar

• Smaller Place of Worship
• Light and Semi Permanent
• Rural Areas
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

• These are the oldest form of
mosque in the Philippines.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

• The langgal/ranggar-style mosques
are still being built and used in
Islamic areas in the Philippines,
especially in rural areas.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
ISLAMIC PLACES OF PRAYERS

• Masjid – Daily Prayer
• Jami – Congregational Friday Prayer
• Idgah/Musalla – Worship on Special
Occasions
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
MUSLIM SPACE
MUSLIM SECULAR ARCHITECTURE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
MUSLIM SECULAR ARCHITECTURE MUSLIM SPACE
Forts and Royal Residence

• Early Filipinos constructed forts or KOTA
• A fortified settlement bordered by a palisade,
which series of long strong timber stakes
pointed at the top and set close to each other
to form a defense wall
Mindanao
Sulu Archipelago
Manila
Examples:
• Kota of Raja Sulayman in
Manila
• Kota of Sultan Kudarat in
Lamitan
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Mindanao and Sulu Vernacular Houses

• Distinct archipelagic features of Sulu and the
Mindanao
• Terrestrial and Naval Architecture
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
3 House Categories of Muslim Community
1. Land Based Stilted Dwellings – Situated along

shoreline
2. Oceanic Dwellings – built completely over the
sea and entirely detached from shoreline
3. Houseboats – serves as both home and fishing
boat of Badjao
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
MARANAO
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Maranao Houses
• “People of the Lake”
• The largest indigenous
group in Mindanao
• Three types of Maranao
House
• Lawig - Small House
• Mala-a-walai – Large
House
• Torogan – Residence of
Datu and his extended
family
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Maranao Houses – LAWIG

• Small House
• Raised above grounds with stilts
• Outdoor cooking area
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Maranao Houses – LAWIG

• Mainly used for sleeping
• Usually single family unit dwelling
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Maranao Houses – Mala-a-walai

• Mala–a-walai is a single room and
partitionless structure
• A house of a well-to-do family.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Maranao Houses – Mala-a-walai

• The okir decorations are generally to be
found on the baseboards, windowsills
and doorjambs.
• without Panolong
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Maranao Houses – TOROGAN

• House for Sultans & Datus
• arranged in a line along the river
• Multi-family dwelling
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Torogan structural integrity

• Post numbering to as
many as 25, 22 load
bearing 3 non-bearings.
• To assess the strength and

Resilience, it is tradition to
have TWO CARABAO
FIGHT INSIDE THE
STRUCTURE.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Maranao Houses –
TOROGAN
• Panolong is the
noticeable feature
of Torogan
• Richly carved and

colourful end-beam
design that flares
upward into
sculptured wings
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Maranao Houses –
TOROGAN
• Panolong is the
noticeable feature
of Torogan
• Richly carved and

colourful end-beam
design that flares
upward into
sculptured wings
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Panolong
• The Naga are the Sea Serpent/Dragon
• Pako Rabong are Growing Fern
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Panolong
• The Naga are the Sea Serpent/Dragon
• Pako Rabong are Growing Fern
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Panolong
The Naga and Pako Rabong are alternately
placed on the section of the house to
symbolically capture the sun’s energy
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Interior
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

SPECIAL FEATURES/ORNAMENTS
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

PRE-HISPANIC ERA

PRE-HISPANIC ERA

• Gibon/Paga – Room for Datu’s Daughter
• Lamin or tower built a top the house hiding
the sultan’s daughter
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
MAGUINDANAO
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Maguindanao Houses
• Close Resemblance to Maranao Dwellings
• One Room House without partition and
ceiling
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Maguindanao Houses
• Nine Posts
• Okir Decorations, steep and graceful roofs
• Handcrafted ornaments
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
TAUSUG
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Tausug Houses
• Tausug means “people of the current/taong
dagat or alon”
• Second largest group of Muslim Filipinos and
Foremost indigenous people in Sulu
archipelago
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Tausug Houses
• Inland community are the TAU GIMBA
• Shoreline community are the TAU HIGAD
• Mangingita or Imam will choose the luckiest
site
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Tausug Houses – BAY SINUG

• BAY SINUG – Traditional Tausug House
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

• BAY SINUG – TAJUK PASUNG
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

• Made of Nine post
symbolized the human body.
• They believe should built it as

if a person were being
formed.
• If you don’t follow the

proper order in assembling
the posts, it is believed that
the house will not last.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

• Made of Nine post
symbolized the human body.
• They believe should built it as

if a person were being
formed.
• If you don’t follow the

proper order in assembling
the posts, it is believed that
the house will not last.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Wall slits as windows

to conceal their
unmarried woman
inside
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
YAKAN
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Yakan Houses
• Yakans live in the mountainous interior of
Basilan island
• Houses individually owned and occupied by
one family.
• Clustered around langgal
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Yakan Houses – LUMAH

• Lumah - Traditional Yakan
House
• Rectangular, rdiged
roofed, single room pile
structure of varying size
and elevation from the
ground.
• 50-100 SQM
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

• No ceilings and few or no windows because
of belief that the bad spirits could easily in
through those openings.
Often only one

TINDAWAN(window)
beside the long
bench for guest
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

• Walls are made in horizontally positioned
wooden planks
• Or Sawali
• Lumah can last up to

15 years
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

Lumah Three Parts
• “kokan/tindakan”,main house w/ rituals and

entertainment
• “kosina”, kitchen
• “pantan/simpey”, porch – for clothes
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
SAMAL
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Samal Houses
• Samal mix on various islands with the Tausug
who are dominant group in Jolo island but
more in Borneo
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Samal Houses
• Pile-driven support
• Connected to the shore and linked to one
another by a catwalk
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Samal Houses
• Silong is Boat Storage and area for bathing

• Single level for sleeping, cooking and
eating.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Samal Houses
• Silong is Boat Storage and area for bathing

• Single level for sleeping, cooking and
eating.
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Samal Houses
• No partitions or ornamentations
• Pantan – Open porch or terrace
Receiving area, working area,
hold rituals and playground
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Samal Houses
• Samal Community in coastline
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Samal Houses
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Samal Houses – Comfort Room
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Samal Houses – Comfort Room
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BADJAO
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
BADJAO
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Badjao Houses
• sea gypsies
• from Zamboanga,
Basilan, Jolo
provinces, Tawi-tawi,
and Palawan
• Samal Luwaan
(outcast)
• Sama Dilaut (people of
the ocean)
• Boat house use their
shelters as a means of
Travel
• Whether Nomadic or
settled
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Badjao Houses
• Badjao boats vary in length and depending
on the economic status of the owner
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Badjao Houses
• When all children have
left, the old man of the
house is expected to
marry again or attempt
to join another boat
• The death of the Family

head transforms the boat
into a coffin, making a
symbolic mortuary piece
to transport to dimension
of afterlife
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Badjao Houses
BADJAO TWO TYPES OF

BOAT
1. Dapang/Vinta - Used for

short Fishing trips
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Badjao Houses
BADJAO TWO TYPES OF
BOAT
2. Palaw - Permanent
dwelling place or
temporary lodging during
fishing trips.
TWO TYPES OF PALAW
Lepa - lighter and faster
houseboat
- NO KATIG
Jengning - bigger and
heavier houseboat
WITH KATIG
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Badjao Houses – BOAT HOUSE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Badjao Houses – BOAT HOUSE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Badjao Houses – BOAT HOUSE - JENGNING
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Badjao Houses – BOAT HOUSE - LEPA
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
Badjao Houses – LUMA
• “Harun” (ladder) serves as wash area

• Mirrors are believed to drive away evil spirits
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

PRE-HISPANIC ERA

PRE-HISPANIC ERA
T’boli Houses – GUNU BONG

• South Cotabato
• Home for the extended family ranging 8-16
persons
• Constructed with Bamboo Stilts 2 meters in
height from the ground
• Addition post on side
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

• South Cotabato
• Home for the extended family ranganing 8-
16 persons
• Constructed with Bamboo Stilts 2 meters in
heightfrom the ground
• Addition post on side
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
3 Interior Spaces
• Area of Honor
• Sleeping Area
• Vestibule
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
3 Interior Spaces
• Area of Honor
• Sleeping Area
• Vestibule
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
END OF MUSLIM SPACE
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
CONCLUSION
PRE-HISPANIC ERA
• Philippine Vernacular Architecture is a
broad category
• Majority are dwelling constructed by
community
• Vernacular lineage
• Granaries
• Fortification
• Worship
• Ephemeral
• Contemporary Urban shanties
• Vernacular Building Tradition is an Omni-
present building practice and remain as an
accessible idiom to the majority of the
Filipinos
PRE-HISPANIC ERA

Module - 1 - Pre Hispanic Era

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module - 1 - Pre Hispanic Era

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module - 1 - Pre Hispanic Era

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4

ASST. PROF. ELMER M. SOLIMAN JR

Architecture has began as

PREHISTORIC BUILDING TYPES

In 2006, the Tabon Cave

The complex is managed by

THE FIVE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF VERNACULAR

1. The builders, whether artisans or those who

THE FIVE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF VERNACULAR

2. There is consonant adaptation, using natural

THE FIVE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF VERNACULAR

2. There is consonant adaptation, using natural

THE FIVE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF VERNACULAR

3. The actual process of construction involves

THE FIVE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF VERNACULAR

4. There is balance between social/economic

THE FIVE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF VERNACULAR

5. Architectural patterns and styles are subject

THE FIVE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF VERNACULAR

5. Architectural patterns and styles are subject

• Utilizing technologies learned only through

• Can address the most common of structural

Structural logic and

Tectonic principle: iron

• Southeast Asian culture descendants

Archetypal Tropical Characteristic

1. Elevated living floor

BOTANIC BUILDING MATERIALS

Vernacular Structural Element

Vernacular Structural Element

Vernacular Structural Element

Vernacular Structural Element

Vernacular Structural Element

Vernacular Structural Element

Vernacular Structural Element

UPLAND and LOWLAND houses have

Lowland Dwellings – Open, airy interior

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

• Stone and Mortar

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

•Villages located on the slopes or peaks of hills

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

•Batanes island did not possess enough timber resources nor

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

•PANPET- ROOF NET made of ropes fastened securely to the

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”

BATANES - “IVATAN ARCHITECTURE”