CONTENTS

A. KALINGA HOUSE
• BUILDING CHARACTER
• SIMILARITIES
• BUILDING PARTS
• CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
• BUILDING AREAS
B. BONTOC HOUSE
• KINDS OF HOUSES
• PLAN
• KALINGA IS A LANDLOCKED PROVINCE IN THE PHILIPPINES SITUATED
WITHIN THE CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION IN LUZON. ITS
CAPITAL IS TABUKAND BORDERS MOUNTAIN PROVINCE TO THE SOUTH, 
ABRA TO THE WEST, ISABELA TO THE EAST, CAGAYAN TO THE
NORTHEAST, AND APAYAO TO THE NORTH. KALINGA AND APAYAO ARE
THE RESULT OF THE 1995 PARTITIONING OF THE FORMER PROVINCE OF 
KALINGA-APAYAO; WHICH WAS SEEN TO BETTER SERVICE THE
RESPECTIVE NEEDS OF THE VARIOUS INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN THE
AREA.
• THE PROVINCE'S NAME IS DERIVED FROM THE IBANAG AND GADDANG
 NOUN "KALINGA", WHICH MEANS "ENEMY", "FIGHTER", OR
"HEADTAKER"
• CLIMATE
THE PROVINCE EXPERIENCES AN AVERAGE TEMPERATURE RANGING FROM
17 TO 22 °C (63 TO 72 °F) WITH TYPE 3 WEATHER PATTERNS. THE DRY
SEASON EXTENDS FROM NOVEMBER TO APRIL, WHILE THE REST OF THE
YEAR IS CONSIDERED THE RAINY SEASON, THE HEAVIEST RAINS USUALLY
OCCURRING FROM JULY TO OCTOBER.
-DRY SEASON
-WET SEASON
CULTURE

• THERE ARE MANY SUB-TRIBES IN THE PROVINCE. THE STRONG

SENSE OF TRIBAL MEMBERSHIP AND FILIAL LOYALTY RESULTS
IN FREQUENT TRIBAL UNREST AND OCCASIONAL OUTRIGHT
WAR. DUE TO THE MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN AND WARRIOR-
CULTURE OF THE PEOPLE, THE KALINGA WERE ABLE TO
PRESERVE THEIR CULTURE DESPITE CENTURIES OF
OCCUPATION IN THE LOWLANDS BY THE SPANIARDS, 
AMERICANS, AND THE JAPANESE. UNBEKNOWNST TO MANY,
THE LAST STAND OF PRESIDENT EMILIO AGUINALDO IN 1901
TOOK PLACE IN LUBUAGAN, WHICH HE PROCLAIMED THE SEAT
OF GOVERNMENT,[CITATION NEEDED ] AND WHERE THE AGUINALDO
MUSEUM COMMEMORATES THE EVENT.
KALINGA HOUSE
KALINGA HOUSES ARE OF TWO SHAPES, THE
OCTAGONAL HOUSE AND THE SQUARE HOUSE.
THE KALINGA HOUSE GIVES THE IMPRESSION TO
BE NOTHING BUT A SQUARE AND OCTAGONAL
MESOKURTIC STRUCTURE RESTING ON FOUR AND
TWELVE POSTS
FUNCTIONALITY OF SPACE
DESPITE ITS BEING A ONE-ROOM HOUSE, THE
SPACE OF THE KALINGA HOUSE IS MULTI-
FUNCTIONAL. IT
DOES NOT ONLY SERVE AS A SHELTER FROM
ENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENTS BUT FOR
MULTIFUNCTIONAL
PURPOSES.
BUILDING CHARACTER
• RECTANGULAR OR OCTAGONAL FORM
• OCTAGONAL SHAPE HOUSE IS CALLED BINAYON OR FINATYON
• LIVING AREA IS ELEVATED AT 1.20 METERS
• ATTIC IS LOCATED UNDERNEATH THE ROOF WHICH IS ALSO USED AS
GRANARY
• ELEVATED FIREPLACE IS FOUND AT THE LEFT REAR SIDE
• FLOORING OF THE ELEVATED PORTIONS OF THE HOUSE IS MADE OF
REMOVABLE REED MATS RESTING ON FLOOR JOIST
Square House (Vinulinaw or Pinalton

The poor man’s dwelling among

the Kalinga with four main posts
erected directly at the corner.
Square house is compact,
sophisticated and deceptive in
its simplicity.
Octagonal House(Gilitod/Finaryon)
It is the dwelling of
wealthy families or
the aristocratic class
and this type of
traditional house
could only be found
in some part of
Tanudan, Tinglayan
and Lubuagan.
Similarities of the types of the Kalinga House

Both types of house are elevated by posts, and have a

single room and split bamboo flooring
that can be detached, rolled up and taken to the river for
washing.
BUIDLING PARTS
CROSS
SECTION
• Posts (tu-od)- These are simply set on the
ground with the truncated roots acting as
footing, and this is the one support the whole
house.

• Laths (Chatal)- The center section where the

reed-mat floor(datagon) is laid down.

• Pilling of Logs & lumber (korum) - the pilling

up of logs and lumber along the outside of
the house as if to prevent any enemy from
slipping underneath to drive a sudden spear
up through the bamboo flooring.

• Sills (pisipis) – A short grooved that received

the wallboards.

• Wall Header (patang) – This chest level

transverse beam is where the wall boards
are rabbed.
• Transverse Girders (oling) – It
support the two floor beams and
center floor joist

• Beams or stringers (Puchis) – It is

the center floor beam upon which
the floorboards are fastened.

• Wall boards (gitob/chavvi) –

These measure about one and
one-half inches thick , with
varying width and height.

• Intermediate post (tonak) –These

support the ceiling beam and the
lintel beam or purlin.
• Attic Central Beam (fatangan) – It is upon this
attic central beam where one or two king posts
are positioned.

• King post (taray) – It holds the roof from

collapsing. It stands at the attic central

• Purlin (ati-atig) – It is a horizontal timber

supporting the rafters of the roof. It also carries
the central cross-beam.

• Apex Frame (taffungan) – It supports the upper

ends of the rafters , the roof a pyramid shape.
It also serves as the smoke exhaust of the
house.

• Rafters (pongo) – It is fastened below to the

upper pisipis –beam of the outside wall, are
bowed over the purlins and drawn together
over three small ridgepoles which carry little
actual weight. This is also the first layer of roof
(otop).
• Stick Mat (Sakrot/Pa'ol). These are long, runo
sticks that tied by rattan vine in the rafters
((pongo)or chopped flat boards held by the
square roof apex frame

• Roof (otop) It made of cogon grass, a bundled of

cogon grass roofing are laid beginning from the
base to the top and these are tied over a slit
bamboos.

• Shelves (tap-yay). These are built at the sides of

the walls. From the wall header to the roof,
boards are fitted horizontally to form a shelf
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
1. Post
2. Wall Boards
3. Roof
Traditional Kalinga House First/Ground Level

The first level is a space under/below the

house. It serve as storage area for farm
tools and
equipments, log for firewood, for
pounding rice during rainy seasons and
often times as
animals den during night time. Below the
house, it serves as midday rest,
entertaining
visitors, weaving, carving, and
accomplishing other household tasks.
Traditional Kalinga House Middle/Main Level Areas

• Ladder (alchan). It is a meter wooden ladder

with wooden rungs. It provides access to the
house.

• Porch (Vangsal)- the terrace that opens to the

living room
• Door (sawang). A 2-3 pieces Sliding door
depending on the width board up horizontally to
the end of the wallboards of to the intermediate
posts and door jambs.

• Reed-mat floor (chatagon) – It is made of

bamboo or wood, used to cover the whole floor
area.
Sipi - bedroom / bedspace
• Fireplace (uutuwan). It is
composed of a hearth
(chalpong), fire wood shelf
(suugan), and rice stacking
shelf (salpa-an)
The Traditional Kalinga House Upper Level (roof)

Suugan – firewood shelf

Salpaan – rice stacking shelf

BONTOC (Southern Strain)

Bontoc comes from "bun" (heap) and

"tuk" (top) Mountain.
“the fiercest and most warlike but
their advanced ways make them the
most sociable of all the tribes.” They
are the native inhabitants of Bontoc,
Mountain Province.
The Bontoc ili or village has three basic
residential structures which differentiate
it from the neighboring provinces, where
immigrants settled: the ato, council
house and dormitory for the young and
old unmarried males; the ulog/olog, the
dormitory for the females; and the afong
the family residence.
Religious Beliefs and Practices

Religious practices, rituals and cañoas attend their

cycles of life, death, and agricultural activities. There
are many kinds of cañoa.
Although the Bontoc believe in the anito or spirits of their ancestors
and in spirits dwelling in nature, they are essentially monotheistic
ATO
-a large, compact settlement
built among rice terraces and
divided into wards
Besides, being a term for
social institution, the ato is
also a physical structure
consisting of a large hut,
called the pabafunan and an
open court where people
gather to perform their rituals
FAYU
• known as
“Bontoc
house”

• The basic
form is like
that of the
Ifugao house
except that the
house cage
serves as a
GRANARY
Each ATO has:

- 15 to 50 houses

- Communal center
• pabafunan –

dormitory for young men and

boys in their adolescence.
Adjacent to the pabafunan is
adjacent to an open court with
a fireplace in the center, where
the men congregate when
ceremonies are performed.
OLOG
The olog is a public structure where young women of
marriageable age go to sleep at night

Unlike the the pabafunan the olog is

not institution; hence there is no
ceremonial stone, platform or open
court. It is where the courtship
commences and with the
engagement.
CHAP-AY (circular open space paved with flat stones)
FAWI- house where old men gather.
AFONG This is the general term for houses. The rich
and the poor have different type of afong. A rich
family resides in a fayu and a poor one resides in
katyufong. The residence of widows or unmarried old
women is the kol-lob also called katyufong.
KATYUFONG It is smaller, enclosed and stone
walled.
FAYU
In the Bontoc
house, levels and
compartments
clearly define the
function of
spaces. Areas for
working, cooking,
sleeping, and
storage even have
specific names.
The traditional
Bontoc house was
made of wood or
cogon grass. It was
pyramid- shaped or
Ashaped. It was
small andhad only
one bedroom such
that other members
of the family could
not be
accommodated.
Parts of Fayu
• Falig (granary)

• Cha-la-nan (through
the doorway one
enters the ground
floor, includes the
space under the
granary)

• Ang-an (sleeping
compartment
PLAN
a.Immediate at the left side of the main entrance is
a rice threshing room of about 1.50 sqm. In an
area sunk about .30 meters into the ground.
Found a the center is the mortar used for
threshing rice.
b.At the right side of the entrance ia a bench 1.20
m. wide, 3.60 m., long and .30 m. high where
baskets, other tools were placed. Chickens were
kept underneath this bench.
c.Adjacent to the threshing room was the kitchen.
With an area of 1.50 sqm.
d.At the rear side of the house was the ang-an,
which is for sleeping and storage. This is with
wooden flooring and ceiling.