BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1

MATERIALS: CONCRETE

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
MATERIALS
• Concrete
• is a composite material composed of water,
coarse granular material (the fine and
coarse aggregate or filler) embedded in a
hard matrix of material (the cement or
binder) that fills the space among the
aggregate particles and glues them
together.
• The word concrete comes from the Latin
word "concretus" (meaning compact or
condensed), the perfect passive participle of
"concrescere", from "con-" (together) and
"crescere" (to grow).
• Is the most widely used man-made material
by tonnage
PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
MATERIALS
• Concrete
• FAMOUS STRUCTURES
• The Hoover Dam

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
MATERIALS
• Concrete
• FAMOUS STRUCTURES
• The Roman Pantheon

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
MATERIALS
• Concrete
• FAMOUS STRUCTURES
• The Colosseum
•

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
METHODOLOGIES
• Concrete
• FAMOUS STRUCTURES
• The Petronas Tower

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
HISTORY
Concrete
• Small usages of concrete go back for
thousands of years
• German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann
found concrete floors, which were made of lime
and pebbles, in the royal palace of Tiryns,
Greece, which dates roughly to 1400-1200 BC.
• Lime mortars were used in Greece, Crete, and
Cyprus in 800 BC
• The Assyrian Jerwan Aqueduct (688 BC) made
use of fully waterproof concrete

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
HISTORY
• Concrete
• The Romans used concrete extensively from
300 BC to 476 AD
• Roman concrete (opus caementicium) was
made from quicklime, pozzolana and an
aggregate of pumice.
• Its widespread use in many Roman structures,
a key event in the history of architecture termed
the Roman Architectural Revolution, freed
Roman construction from the restrictions of
stone and brick material and allowed for
revolutionary new designs in terms of both
structural complexity and dimension.

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
HISTORY
• Concrete
• The Roman Architectural Revolution, also
known as the Concrete Revolution,
• Was the widespread use in Roman architecture
of the previously little-used architectural forms
of the arch, vault, and dome
• Potential was fully exploited in the construction
of a wide range of civil engineering structures,
public buildings, and military facilities
• These included ampitheaters, aqueducts,
baths, bridges, circuses, dams, domes,
harbours, and temples.

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
HISTORY
• Concrete
• After the Roman Empire, the use of burned lime
and pozzolana was greatly reduced until the
technique was all but forgotten between 500 AD
and the 1300s
• Between the 1300s until the mid-1700s, the use
of cement gradually returned. The Canal du
Midi was built using concrete in 1670
• There are concrete structures in Finland that
date from the 16th century

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
HISTORY
• Concrete
• A method for producing Portland cement was
patented by Joseph Aspdin on 1824
• Reinforced concrete was invented in 1849 by
Joseph Monier
• In 1889 the first concrete reinforced bridge was
built, and the first large concrete dams were built in
1936, Hoover Dam and Grand Coulee Dam

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
IMPACT IN SOCIETY
• Concrete
• Widely used for making architectural structures,
foundations, brick/block walls, pavements,
bridges/overpasses, highways, runways, parking
structures, dams, pools/reservoirs, pipes, footings
for gates, fences and poles and even boats
• Is used in large quantities almost everywhere
mankind has a need for infrastructure
• Is twice that of steel, wood, plastics, and aluminum
combined for commercial use
• Concrete's use in the modern world is exceeded
only by that of naturally occurring water

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
IMPACT IN SOCIETY
• Concrete
• Concrete is also the basis of a large commercial
industry
• Globally, the ready-mix concrete industry, the
largest segment of the concrete market, is
projected to exceed $100 billion in revenue by
2015
• Given the size of the concrete industry, and the
fundamental way concrete is used to shape the
infrastructure of the modern world, it is difficult to
overstate the role of this material

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Composition
• Aggregate
• Cement
• Water
• Chemical admixtures
• Reinforcements
• Mineral admixtures

• ASTM (American Society for Testing and

Materials)

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Composition
• Aggregates
• Consists of large chunks of material in a
concrete mix, generally a coarse gravel or
crushed rocks such as limestone, or granite,
along with finer materials such as sand.

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Composition
• Cement
• Commonly Portland cement, and other
cementitious materials such as fly ash and
slag cement, serve as a binder for the
aggregate
• Pozzolan cement, though another kind of
cement, is not used for concrete
• is an siliceous or siliceous and aluminous
material
• the broad definition of a pozzolan imparts no
bearing on the origin of the material, only on its
capability of reacting with calcium hydroxide and
water.

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Composition
• Chemical admixtures
• Are added to achieve varied properties
• These ingredients may speed or slow down
the rate at which the concrete hardens
• Hardened concrete may impart many other
useful properties including increased tensile
strength and water resistance
• Types
• Accelerators; speed up hardening
• Retarders: slows the hydration of concrete
• Air Entrainments: add and entrain tiny air
bubbles in the concrete, which reduces damage
during freeze-thaw cycles, increasing durability

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Chemical admixtures
• Types
• Accelerators; speed up hardening
• Retarders: slows the hydration of concrete
• Air Entrainments: add and entrain tiny air
bubbles in the concrete, which reduces damage
during freeze-thaw cycles, increasing durability
• Plasticizers increase the workability of plastic or
"fresh" concrete, allowing it be placed more
easily, with less consolidating effort
• Pigments can be used to change the color of
concrete, for aesthetics
• Corrosion inhibitors are used to minimize the
corrosion of steel and steel bars in concrete

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Chemical admixtures
• Types
• Bonding agents are used to create a bond
between old and new concrete (typically a type of
polymer) with wide temperature tolerance and
corrosion resistance.
• Pumping aids improve pumpability, thicken the
paste and reduce separation and bleeding.

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Composition
• Reinforcements
• Are often added to concrete
• Concrete can be formulated with high
compressive strength, but always has lower
tensile strength
• It is usually reinforced with materials that
are strong in tension (often steel) or, with
the advent of modern technology, cross-
linking styrene acrylic polymers

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Composition
• Mineral admixture
• Are becoming more popular in recent
decades
• The use of recycled materials as concrete
ingredients has been gaining popularity
• stringent environmental legislation
• these materials often have
complementary and valuable properties

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Composition
• Mineral admixture
• are inorganic materials that also have
pozzolanic or latent hydraulic properties.
• Very fine-grained materials are added to the
concrete mix to improve the properties of
concrete (mineral admixtures), or as a
replacement for Portland cement (blended
cements).
• Increase in use is due to cement production
being one of the largest producers (at about
5 to 10%) of global greenhouse gas
emissions
• It also lowers costs, improving concrete
properties, and recycling wastes.
PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Composition
• Types of Admixtures
• Fly ash: A by-product of coal-fired electric
generating plants, it is used to partially
replace Portland cement (by up to 60% by
mass).
• Ground granulated blast furnace slag
(GGBFS or GGBS): A by-product of steel
production is used to partially replace
Portland cement (by up to 80% by mass). It
has latent hydraulic properties.

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Composition
• Types of Admixtures
• Silica fume: A byproduct of the production of
silicon and ferrosilicon alloys. Silica fume is
similar to fly ash, but has a particle size 100
times smaller. This results in a higher surface-
to-volume ratio and a much faster pozzolanic
reaction. Silica fume is used to increase
strength and durability of concrete, but
generally requires the use of superplasticizers
for workability.
• High reactivity Metakaolin (HRM): with
strength and durability similar to concrete; is
usually bright white in color, making it the
preferred choice for architectural concrete
where appearance
PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
is important.
• Concrete
• Production
• Is the process of mixing together the
various ingredients—water,
aggregate, cement, and any
additives—to produce concrete.
• When the ingredients are mixed,
workers must put the concrete in
place before it hardens. In modern
usage, most concrete production
takes place in a large type of
industrial facility called a concrete
plant, or often a batch plant.

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Production

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Production
• Produces in massive quantities using
concrete plants
• Come in two main types
• ready mix plants- mixes all the
ingredients except water
• central mix plants- mixes all the
ingredients including water; more
accurate but must be placed near
the project site

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Production

Cement Mixer-Portable One- Cement Mixer-Truck Type

bagger

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Production

One-bagger being used on site Cement mixer truck delivering mixed concrete on site

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Production
• Modern concrete is usually prepared as a
viscous fluid, so that it may be poured into
forms (containers erected in the field to give
the concrete its desired shape).
• There are many different ways in which
concrete formwork can be prepared
• Slip Forming- a construction method in
which concrete is poured into a
continuously moving form.
• is used for tall structures (such as
bridges, towers, buildings, and
dams), as well as horizontal
structures, such as roadways.
Slipforming enables continuous, non-
interrupted, cast-in-place "flawless"
PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Steel plate constructions
• is a rapid method of
constructing heavy
reinforced concrete items.
• It was developed in Korea
in 2004.
• At a steel fabricator, assemblies
are constructed.
• Each assembly has two parallel
plates joined with welded
stringers. The assemblies are
moved to the job site and placed
with a crane.
• The plates are welded so that
they form parallel walls joined by
stringers. Finally, the space
between the plate walls is filled
PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
with concrete.
• Concrete
• Cast-in-place
• Are made with ready-mix
concrete placed into
removable forms erected
on site.
• This has been one of the
most common forms of
building basement walls.
• The same techniques used
below grade can be
repeated with above-grade
walls to form the first floor
and upper levels of homes.
filled with concrete.

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Workability
• Is the ability of a fresh (plastic) concrete mix to fill the
form/mold properly with the desired work (vibration)
and without reducing the concrete's quality.
• Depends on water content, aggregate (shape and
size distribution), cementitious content and age (level
of hydration) and can be modified by adding
chemical admixtures, like superplasticizer.
• Raising the water content or adding chemical
admixtures increases concrete workability.
• Excessive water leads to increased bleeding (surface
water) and/or segregation of aggregates (when the
cement and aggregates start to separate), with the
resulting concrete having reduced quality.
• The use of an aggregate with an undesirable
gradation can result in a very harsh mix design with a
very low slump, which cannot readily be made more
workable by addition of reasonable amounts of water.
PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Workability
• Measurement
• Slump Test

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Workability
• Measurement
• Compression Test

CONCRETE FAILURES

CONCRETE COMPRESSION
SAMPLE TEST
PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Workability
• Measurement
• Compression Test

COMPRESSION TEST MACHINES

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Curing
• Care must be taken to properly cure concrete,
to achieve best strength and hardness.
• Cement requires a moist, controlled
environment to gain strength and harden fully.
• The cement paste hardens over time, initially
setting and becoming rigid though very weak
and gaining in strength in the weeks following.
• Around 4 weeks, typically over 90% of the final
strength is reached, though strengthening may
continue for decades.

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Curing
• Carbonation- the conversion of calcium
hydroxide in the concrete into calcium
carbonate from absorption of CO2 over several
decades further strengthens the concrete and
makes it more resistant to damage.
• This reaction can cause the reinforcement
bars to corrode
• Hydration and hardening of concrete during
the first three days is critical
• The early strength of the concrete can be
increased if it is kept damp during the curing
process

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Properties
• Concrete has relatively high compressive
strength, but much lower tensile strength
• It is usually reinforced with materials that are
strong in tension (often steel)
• The elasticity of concrete is relatively constant
at low stress levels but starts decreasing at
higher stress levels as matrix cracking develops
• Has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion
and shrinks as it matures. All concrete
structures crack to some extent, due to
shrinkage and tension
• Concrete that is subjected to long-duration
forces is prone to creep
PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Creep

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Properties
• Tests can be performed to ensure that the
properties of concrete correspond to
specifications for the application.
• Different mixes of concrete ingredients produce
different strengths, which are measured in psi
or MPa

Properties:
Tabulation of
Applications and
Strengths

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Degradation
• Concrete can be damaged by many processes
• expansion of corrosion products of the steel
reinforcement bars
• freezing of trapped water
• fire or radiant heat
• aggregate expansion
• sea water effects
• bacterial corrosion
• erosion by fast-flowing water
• physical damage
• chemical damage

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Environmental Issues
• One of the three primary producers of carbon
dioxide, a major greenhouse gas.
• As of 2011 it contributes 7% to global
anthropogenic CO2 emissions; largely due to
the sintering of limestone and clay at 1500 C.
• Is used to create hard surfaces that contribute
to surface runoff
• Is a primary contributor to the urban heat island
effect, though less so than asphalt
• Can cause silicosis, a lung disease

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Recycling
• For concrete to be recycled, it must be:
• free of trash, wood, paper and other such
materials
• is collected from demolition sites and put
through a crushing machine, often along
with asphalt, bricks and rocks
• reinforced bars are removed
• Remaining aggregate chunks are sorted by
size (larger chunks may go through the
crusher again; smaller pieces of concrete
are used as gravel for new construction
projects

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Recycling
• Recycled concrete may be used as:
• Aggregate base gravel laid down as the
lowest layer in a road, with fresh concrete or
asphalt placed over it
• Crushed recycled concrete, sometimes be
used as the dry aggregate for brand new
concrete if it is free of contaminants, though
the use of recycled concrete limits strength
and is not allowed in many jurisdictions
• Research has shown that almost 17% of
worldwide landfill was by-products of concrete
based waste

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Reinforced Concrete
• Is a composite material in which concrete's
relatively low tensile strength and ductility are
counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement
having higher tensile strength and/or ductility.
• The reinforcement is usually, though not
necessarily, steel reinforcing bars (rebar) and is
usually embedded passively in the concrete
before the concrete sets.
• Reinforcing schemes are generally designed to resist
tensile stresses in particular regions of the concrete
that might cause unacceptable cracking and/or
structural failure.
• Modern reinforced concrete can contain varied
reinforcing materials made of steel, polymers or
alternate composite material in conjunction with rebar
or not. PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Properties of Reinforcement
• For a strong, ductile and durable construction
the reinforcement needs to have the following
properties at least:
• High relative strength
• High toleration of tensile strain
• Good bond to the concrete, irrespective of
pH, moisture, and similar factors
• Thermal compatibility, not causing
unacceptable stresses in response to
changing temperatures.
• Durability in the concrete environment,
irrespective of corrosion or sustained stress
for example.
PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Reinforced Concrete
Part of a Concrete
Columns
1) Main bars
2) Concrete Mix
3) Concrete Cover
4) Ties/Stirrups
5) Tie Wires

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• History of Reinforced Concrete
• François Coignet
• French industrialist of the nineteenth century
• a pioneer in the development of structural,
prefabricated and reinforced concrete
• The first to use iron-reinforced concrete as a
technique for constructing building structures.
• Built the first iron reinforced concrete structure
(1853), a four story house at 72 rue Charles
Michels in the suburbs of Paris
• Coignet's descriptions of reinforcing concrete
suggests that he did not do it for means of
adding strength to the concrete but for keeping
walls in monolithic construction from overturning

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• History of Reinforced Concrete
• Joseph Monier
• a French gardener and known to be one of the
principal inventors of Reinforced concrete
• Was granted a patent for reinforced flowerpots
by means of mixing a wire mesh to a mortar
shell.
• In 1877, Monier was granted another patent for
a more advanced technique of reinforcing
concrete columns and girders with iron rods
placed in a grid pattern.
• Though Monier undoubtedly knew reinforcing
concrete would improve its inner cohesion, it is
less known if he even knew how much
reinforcing actually improved concrete's tensile
strength.
PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• History of Reinforced Concrete
• Thaddeus Hyatt
• American New Yorker
• published a report titled An Account of Some
Experiments with Portland-Cement-Concrete
Combined with Iron as a Building Material, with
Reference to Economy of Metal in Construction
and for Security against Fire in the Making of
Roofs, Floors, and Walking Surfaces where he
stated his experiments on the behavior of
reinforced concrete.
• Played a major role in the evolution of concrete
construction as a proven and studied science.
Without Hyatt's work, more dangerous trial and
error methods would have largely been
depended on for the advancement in the
technology.
PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• History of Reinforced Concrete
• G. A. Wayss
• was a German civil engineer and a pioneer of
the iron and steel concrete construction.
• bought the German rights to Monier's patents
(1879) and in 1884 started the first commercial
use for reinforced concrete in his firm Wayss &
Freytag.
• His firm greatly contributed to the advancement
of Monier's system of reinforcing and
established it as a well-developed scientific
technology.

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• History of Reinforced Concrete
• Ernest L. Ransome
• was an English-born engineer and early
innovator of the reinforced concrete techniques
in the end of the 19th century.
• With the knowledge of reinforced concrete
developed during the previous 50 years,
• He innovated nearly all styles and techniques of
the previous known inventors of Reinforced
concrete.
• Gaining increasing fame from his concrete
constructed buildings Ransome was able to
build two of the first reinforced concrete bridges
in North America.

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Properties of Reinforcement
• For a strong, ductile and durable construction
the reinforcement needs to have the following
properties at least:
• High relative strength
• High toleration of tensile strain
• Good bond to the concrete, irrespective of
pH, moisture, and similar factors
• Thermal compatibility, not causing
unacceptable stresses in response to
changing temperatures.
• Durability in the concrete environment,
irrespective of corrosion or sustained stress
for example.
PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• If a material with high strength in tension, such as
steel, is placed in concrete, then the composite
material, reinforced concrete, resists not only
compression but also bending and other direct
tensile actions.
• A reinforced concrete section where the concrete
resists the compression and steel resists the
tension can be made into almost any shape and
size for the construction industry.

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Three physical characteristics give reinforced
concrete its special properties:
• The coefficient of thermal expansion of
concrete is similar to that of steel, eliminating
large internal stresses due to differences in
thermal expansion or contraction.
• Hardening causes transmission of stress
between materials efficient
• The alkaline chemical environment provided by
the alkali reserve creates a protective filrm
which resists corrosion

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Prestressed Concrete

Step 1 Step 2

Step 4
Step 3
PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Prestressed Concrete

Step 5 Step 6

Step 7 Step 8
PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Prestressed Concrete

Step 9

Step 10

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI
• Concrete
• Prestressed Concrete

PREPARED BY ANDPARKI