Chapter 2
METHOD
This chapter describes the methodology used to achieve the purpose of the
study. It describes the research design, respondents of the study, the research
instrument to be used, data gathering procedure, and the statistical tools
employed in this investigation.
Research Design
This study will utilize quantitative approach in research which specifically
employ mediation analysis; although, the first part of the investigation will
employ descriptive and correlational design. It will utilize descriptive since it
seeks to describe the level of the variables and correlation since it seeks to find
out if there is significant relationship between the independent variable and the
dependent variable.
This study will also employ mediation analysis. Mediation analyses are
employed to understand a known relationship by exploring the underlying
mechanism or process by which one variable influences another variable through
a mediator variable (MacKinnon, 2008). In this study, it will seek to find out if
student engagement (mediator variable) mediates the relationship between
parental involvement and academic achievement in science of students.
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Research Respondents
The respondents of the study will be the Grade 10 students from different
schools in the Division of Davao Oriental. Using the Slovin’s formula, the
number of respondents for this study is determined to be 257 from the 723 total
population of Grade 10 students in the said Division.
Table 1 shows the distribution of the participants of the study. These
students will be from the different schools of the different clusters in the Division
of Davao Oriental and are enrolled for the school year.
The stratified random sampling method is used in determining the
number of respondents in each school to ensure equal representation for every
school. This technique will be employed since the Division of Davao Oriental has
four (4) secondary schools that comprised of 723 Grade 10 students.
Table 1
Distribution of the Respondents of the Study
______________________________________________________________________
Schools Population Sample Percentage
______________________________________________________________________
Lupon Vocational High School 371 133 51.75%
Lupon National Comprehensive 231 82 31.91%
High School
Bagumbayan Agro Industrial 66 24 9.34%
High School
Tagugpo National High School 50 18 7.00%
______________________________________________________________________
Total 718 257 100%
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The locale of the study will be in Davao Oriental. Davao Oriental is
situated in the south-eastern section of Mindanao. It belongs to the Davao Region
or Region XI. Its boundaries are defined on the north by Agusan del Sur, on the
south by Davao Gulf, on the east by the Pacific Ocean, and on the west by
Compostela Valley. Davao Oriental occupies the biggest land area among the
provinces of Region XI with a total land area of 5,164 square kilometers. This
represents 26 percent of the total land area of Region XI (Davao Region).
Research Instrument
There will be three (3) instruments that will be used to gather data for this
study. These include the following: Student Engagement survey questionnaire,
Parental involvement survey questionnaire, and Science achievement test
utilizing the grade in Science in the 2nd Quarter Examination for the school year
2019 – 2020.
The Engagement Survey Questionnaire will be an adopted questionnaire
by Flores (2018) and underwent a reliability test with a Cronbach α = 0.880 which
has acceptable internal consistency. The rating was based on the five (5) point
scales with 1 representing “Never”, 2 (Seldom), 3 (Sometimes), 4 (Oftentimes)
and 5 (Always) were used as a basis of determining the responses of the
students.
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The survey questionnaire is divided into three parts: cognitive
engagement, affective engagement, and behavioral engagement. The activities in
affective
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Figure 1. Map of Davao Oriental
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engagement were related to the activities like enjoying, receiving, and sharing.
Moreover, the statements in cognitive engagement were related to activities like
reading, making, outlining, spending, and listening.
For the variable student engagement, the researcher will employ the
parameter limits and descriptive equivalents as follows:
Range of Means Descriptive Interpretation
Equivalent
4.30 – 5.00 Very High The measure described in the
student engagement item is
always manifested
3.50 – 4.20 High The measure described in the
student engagement item is
oftentimes manifested.
2.70 – 3.40 Moderate The measure described in the
student engagement item is
sometimes manifested.
1.90 – 2.60 Low The measure described in the
student engagement item is
seldom manifested
1.00 – 1.80 Very Low The measure described in the
student engagement item is
never manifested
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The Parental involvement survey questionnaire will be an adopted
questionnaire. The rating will be based on the five (5) point scales with 1
representing “Never”, 2 (Seldom), 3 (Sometimes), 4 (Oftentimes) and 5 (Always)
will be used as a basis of determining the responses of the students.
For parental involvement, the five orderable categories in parental
involvement are categorized below:
Range of Means Descriptive Interpretation
Equivalent
4.30 – 5.00 Very High The measure described in the
parental involvement item is
always manifested
3.50 – 4.20 High The measure described in the
parental involvement item is
oftentimes manifested.
2.70 – 3.40 Moderate The measure described in the
parental involvement item is
sometimes manifested.
1.90 – 2.60 Low The measure described in the
parental involvement item is
seldom manifested
1.00 – 1.80 Very Low The measure described in the
parental involvement item is
never manifested
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To assess the level of students’ achievement, grades of the Second Quarter
in the subject Science will be utilized as data. To determine the academic
achievement in Science of the students, the guidelines in DepEd Order No. 8
series of 2015 will be the basis in plotting the five orderable gradations.
For the academic achievement in Science, the guidelines in DepEd Order
No. 8 series of 2015 will be the basis in plotting the five orderable gradations. The
following scaling will be utilized:
Transmuted Descriptive Description
Grade Equivalent
90 -100 Outstanding If the measure described the
(84.00 - 100) science achievement
is very high.
85 - 89 Very Satisfactory If the measure described the
(76.00 – 83.99) science achievement is
high.
80 – 84 Satisfactory If the measure described the
(68.00 – 75.99) science achievement is
moderate.
75 – 79 Fairly Satisfactory If the measure described the
(60.00 – 67.99) science achievement
is low
74 and below Did not meet If the measure described the
(0 – 59.99) Expectations science achievement is
very low.
Data Gathering Procedure
In gathering data, the researchers observed the following steps:
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Seeking Permissions to Conduct the Study from Authorities. The
researchers will send a letter of permission to conduct study to the Schools
Division Superintendent of the Division of Davao Mati City, Dr. Reynaldo
Mellorida.
General Orientation and Seeking of Consent from Research Participants.
In the process of conducting the study, researcher will conduct a brief orientation
about her study or the purpose of the study on the respondents. Also, she will do
the process of making the respondents aware on how they were selected, how
their responses would be given emphasis and importance, and how the
assurance of confidentiality would be strictly observed as to the gathering and
tabulation of data. Also, the act of giving and explaining technical terms used
within the study will be practiced. It was on this process that the respondents
will get acquainted and be informed as to what the study will be all about and
how their participation would be of help on the success of the study. The
introduction and giving short discussion with regards to the instruments being
used on the study would minimize the ambiguity, anxiety, and complication that
the respondents might encounter on the conduct of it.
Administration and Retrieval of Questionnaires. Upon the approval, the
researcher will personally distribute the research instruments to the respondents.
With the help of the respective class advisers, it will be properly distributed and
retrieved afterwards.
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Checking, Collating and Processing of Data. At this point, the researcher
will tally and tabulate all the data that will be gathered from the respondents
utilizing various scales and subjected the data set for statistical analysis. The
analysis and interpretation of the statistical results including the conclusions and
the formulation will follow.
Statistical Treatment of Data
This research will employ different statistical tools for analyzing the data.
Mean. It is the sum of the sampled values divided by the number of items
in the sample (Underhill & Bradfield, 1998). This will be used to determine the
level or extent of the three variables in the study namely, parental involvement,
engagement and academic achievement in science. Specifically, this will answer
research questions 1, 2 and 3.
Pearson Product Moment Coefficient Correlation. It is a measure of the
linear correlation between two variables X and Y (Moriya, 2008). It will be used
to find the relationship between the variables parental involvement, engagement
and academic achievement in science of the students. This statistical tool will be
used to answer the research question 4.
Regression Analysis. It is a set of statistical processes for estimating the
relationships between a dependent variable (often called the 'outcome variable')
and one or more independent variables (often called 'predictors', 'covariates', or
'features') (Malakooti, 2013). It will also be used to derive the value of a criterion
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from several other independents, or predictor variables. Also, it would
determine which of the exogenous variables: the parental involvement, and
student engagement predict the endogenous variable which is academic
achievement in science of the students. This statistical tool will be used to answer
the research question 5.
Ethical Consideration
This is to guarantee systematic practices in research, the ethical codes need
to be emphasized and applied towards the respondents. Also the context
concerning the agreement of both the researchers and the respondents. This
quantitative paper revolves around the key principles of ethical research which
includes consent, confidentiality, anonymity, harm and reciprocity, and
reflecting to the issue of power, empowerment and ownership (Halai, 2006).
The study will also follow the standards that are being set internationally
which is to protect the key respondents. The privacy of the respondents will be
considered. The data that will be collected shall remain confidential which is the
appropriate thing to do with the group of people.
Respect for persons needs an obligation of the researchers not to exploit
the weaknesses of the research respondents. Self-sufficiency will be avoided in
order to maintain friendship, trust, and confidence among the respondents and
the researchers. Beforehand, the researcher will ask permission from the Schools
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Division Superintendent by sending a permission letter to conduct the study
before conducting the research.
Prior to the conduct of the study, the researcher will do an orientation to
the respondents and will utilize informed consent (and informed assent if study
involves children below 18 y/o) wherein the consent/assent contains all the
details about the study including how they will participate in the study and the
benefits that they could get from the study.
The researcher shall ensure that the respondents will voluntarily
participate. There must be absence of coercion in high level and that they are free
to withdraw from the study. Upon withdrawal, their data will no longer be
included in the study. This voluntary participation and freedom of withdrawal
will all be stipulated in the informed consent/assent. That in the entire duration
of the data gathering, the researcher will ensure that no harm will be incurred to
the respondents by having the data collection in the safest place possible like
their classrooms.
The researcher must ensure observance to Data Protection Policy, where
the participants’ identity will never be divulged in the study. This will be done
by not including their names and any information related to them. The schools
where they belong will also be assigned with code names. Also, the raw data of
the study will be stored in a safe box and will be accessed only by the researcher
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and the analyst if needed. This will be done to pay respect for the individuals
concerned in the study.
Consent is another most important way of showing respect to persons
during research. This is to let all respondents became aware on the purpose and
objectives of the research study that they are going to involve. Written consent
will be provided for them to get their approval. After getting their nod, they will
have to actively participate in the answering of the survey questionnaires. Of
course, they will be informed on the results and findings of the study. (Creswell,
2012).
Beneficence requires a commitment of minimizing risks to the research
respondents rather maximizing the profits that are due to them. The respondents
will benefit from the study by being to exposed to academic stimuli. They will be
oriented on how educational practitioners deal and address problems they are
experiencing. Anonymity of the respondents will be kept in order not to put each
participant into risks. At all times, respondents will be protected, so every files of
information will not be left unattended or unprotected (Bricki and Green, 2007).
Confidentiality towards the results and findings including the safeguard of
the respondents, coding system will be used. Meaning, the respondents’
identities will be hidden. All materials including survey questionnaires and
others should be destroyed after the data will be analyzed. At first, respondents
will have to refuse to give positive answer to the request, but then as we will go
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on, they wanted also to offer help in the research. They will not be required to
write their names in the questionnaires (Maree and Van Der Westhuizen, 2007).
Justice requires a reasonable allocation of the risks and benefits as results
of the research. It is very important to acknowledge the contributions of all the
respondents as they generally part of the success of the research. They must be
given due credits in all their endeavors. Time of the respondents will not be
wasted. Data gathering will be done in a reasonable length of time. The
researcher will also ensure that classes will not be interrupted during the data
gathering thus it will be done during free time. Random sampling technique will
strictly be observed to ensure that everybody will have the chance to be included
in the study, hence fair selection will be observed. The respondents will not able
to spend any amount of money during the conduct of the study. Sensible tokens
will be given to them as a sign of recognition to their efforts on the study. The
researcher is hoping that through this study, they will be set free into whatever
negative experiences they had and maintain a good name into what positive
contributions they could offer in this study.
