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Chapter 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The methodology describes and explains about the different procedures including

research design, respondents of the study, research instrument, validity and reliability of

the instrument, data gathering procedure, as well as the statistical treatment and analysis.

Research Method

The descriptive method was used in this study. Descriptive research involves the

description, recording, analysis and interpretation of the present nature, composition or

processes of phenomena which focuses on prevailing conditions, or how a person, group

or thing behaves or functions in the present. It often involves some type of comparison or

contrast. In other words, descriptive research maybe defined as a purposive process of

gathering, analyzing, classifying and tabulating data about prevailing conditions,

practices, beliefs, processes, trends and cause effect relationships and then making

adequate and accurate interpretation about such data with or without the aid of statistical

methods. (Calderon, 2012)

This study is about the teaching effectiveness of First Aid and Basic Life Support-

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation to second year high school students of selected schools in

Olongapo City. The researcher thought that this is the appropriate method to use for it

involved some comparison and analysis on data gathered. The researcher desired that the

findings of this study will strengthen the training program on first aid and BLS-CPR.
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Data Gathering Procedure

The author began this study by first securing a permission to conduct a research

on Training Effectiveness on First Aid and Basic Life Support from the Chapter

Administrator of Philippine Red Cross Olongapo City. The purpose of the study, method

of administration of the research instruments, the date of administration and retrieval of

the research instruments were explained.

After a letter of permission was sought, the researcher met with the respondents

on the dates scheduled for training which were conducted by the instructors of the

Philippine Red Cross. Before the training, the students were given a pre-test and after the

training, a post- test was given. Evaluation forms were distributed to the respondents to

assess the instructors teaching strategies. The purpose of the study, and the directions of

answering the questionnaire were explained to the respondents before the administration

of the questionnaires.

Population and Sample of the Study

The population of the study were the second year high school students of the

selected schools in Olongapo City. The study made use of all the students who registered

to the training program regardless of certain characteristics such as age, sex and school.

The study has selected four (4) schools in Olongapo city. Public schools were selected

and have at least twenty registered trainees. The target sample was one hundred (100)

students. The study includes those students who already have knowledge about First Aid

and CPR to determine retention of the subject taught.

To determine the sample size, the researcher has used the formula:

In which:

n = the size of the sample

N= the size of the population

e= the margin of error

n= N
2
1+N e

Research Instrument

The research instrument used in this study was a pre- designed questionnaire for

the instructors, pre-test and post-test for the students. The questionnaire was a tool used

by the researcher to collect data, which was used to determine the socio demographic

data and the trainings of the instructors.

The questionnaire was composed of questions that would determine the

instructors socio-demographic profile and questions that focused on the training of the

instructors and the strategies they used in teaching First Aid and BLS-CPR. The

questionnaire also provided the profile of the students and the trainings and seminars they

have taken conducted by the Philippine Red Cross Olongapo Chapter. The researcher also
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provided an evaluation tool that was answered by the students to determine the teaching

effectiveness of the instructors of the Philippine Red Cross.

The pre-test is a multiple choice type and is composed of 30 items. The pre-test

includes questions on first aid and BLS-CPR which helped identify what the students

may know. The post-test is also a multiple choice type of questionnaire composed of

Thirty (30) items. The post tests are questions on First Aid and BLS-CPR that will help

evaluate what they learned.

Validation of the Instrument

The questionnaire was submitted to the thesis adviser for comments, suggestions

and corrections. It was also given to experts for comments, suggestions and corrections.

For the validation of the pre-test and post-test, it was distributed to the second year high

school students who did not serve as subjects in the actual test. This is to ensure the

clarity of the test instructions and level of difficulty of the questions asked.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The data were gathered from the questionnaire were collected and presented in

tables. Appropriate statistical treatment using Statistical Package for Social Sciences

(SPSS) used in study includes the following:

Percentage and frequency distribution was used to organize and describe the personal

profile of the students-respondents and instructors respondents.

Descriptive Statistics (Minimum, Maximum, Mean and Standard Deviation). These are

used to describe the pre-test and post-test scores of the students.

Weighted Mean and Descriptive Rating was used to describe the training effectiveness

given by the instructors. Below are the interpretations for the scores, mean and weighted

means gathered.

LEGEND SA A N D SD
QUALITY Strongly Strongly
Agree Neutral Disagree
INDEX Agree Disagree
SCORE 5 4 3 2 1
RANGE 4.21-5.00 3.41-4.20 2.61-3.40 1.81-2.60 1.00-1.80

LEGEND VE E A I VI
QUALITY Very Ineffectiv Very
Effective Average
INDEX Effective e Ineffective
SCORE 5 4 3 2 1
RANGE 4.21-5.00 3.41-4.20 2.61-3.40 1.81-2.60 1.00-1.80

Standard Deviation is the most important measure of dispersion since it enables us to

determine with a great deal of accuracy where the values of the distribution are located in

relation to the mean. This was used in describing the dispersion of the students scores in

the pre-test and post-test.

Test of Normality. As a general rule in using parametric statistical treatment in research

writing, the data have undergone tests using Shapiro-Wilks Testing to justify that data are

normally distributed. Referring to the data below, all the values under the last column are

greater than 0.05, this means that the data gathered are normally distributed.

Table 1
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Tests of Normality
Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig.
Pre-test scores .868 105 .052
Post-test scores .827 105 .072

T-test of correlated or paired samples: Compare the means between two related groups

obtained from the same sample. This was utilized in testing the hypothesis that there is

no significant difference in the students pre-test and post- test scores. The rejection or

acceptances of the null hypotheses were based on some level of difference as a criterion,

the 5% and 1% level.