Chapter 2
METHOD
This chapter describes the methodology used to achieve the purpose of the
study. It describes the research design, research locale, respondents of the study,
sampling procedures, the research instrument, the statistical tools and structural
equation modeling (SEM) employed in this investigation.
Research Design
The researchers will use quantitative research design utilizing descriptive-
correlational method which specifically utilize Path Analysis. Quantitative
research is a method which emphasize objective measurements and utilize
statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls,
questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data
using computational techniques. It also focuses on gathering numerical data and
generalizing it across groups of people or to explain a particular phenomenon
(Babbie, 2010).
Meanwhile, path analysis is a form of multiple regression statistical
analysis that is used to evaluate causal models by examining the relationships
between a dependent variable and two or more independent variables. Typically
path analysis involves the construction of a path diagram in which the
relationships between all variables and the causal direction between them are
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specifically laid out. When conducting a path analysis, one might first construct
an input path diagram, which illustrates the hypothesized relationships. In a
path diagram, researchers use arrows to show how different variables relate to
each other. An arrow pointing from, say, Variable A to Variable B, shows that
Variable A is hypothesized to influence Variable B. (Crossman, 2019).
Research Respondents
The respondents of the study will be the Grade 10 students from different
schools in the Division of Davao Oriental specifically in Banaybanay District.
Using the Slovin’s formula, the number of respondents will be determined.
Through the use of Raosoft sample size calculator at 5% degree of freedom and
95% level of confidence, as sample size of 247 is determined from a total
population of 646.
Table 1 shows the distribution of the participants of the study comprising
of 247 Grade 10 students from secondary public schools. These students are
enrolled for the school year.
Table 1
Distribution of the Respondents of the Study
______________________________________________________________________
Schools Population Sample Percentage
______________________________________________________________________
Lupon Vocational High School 52 20 8.09%
Manuel B. Guinez Sr. NHS 448 171 69.23%
Paniquian NHS 70 27 10.93%
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Puntalinao NHS 76 29 11.74%
______________________________________________________________________
Total 646 247 100%
Research Instrument
There will be five (4) instruments that will be used to gather data for this
study. These include the following: classroom management survey
questionnaire, teaching methods survey questionnaire, parental involvement
survey questionnaire, motivation survey questionnaire and students’ academic
performance in science utilizing the grades in Science in 2 nd Quarter Examination
for the school year 2019 – 2020.
The Classroom management survey questionnaire will be an adopted
questionnaire. The rating will be based on the five (5) point scales with 1
representing “Never”, 2 (Seldom), 3 (Sometimes), 4 (Oftentimes) and 5 (Always)
will be used as a basis of determining the responses of the students.
For the classroom management, the researcher will employ a parameter
limit and descriptive equivalents as follows:
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Range of Means Descriptive Interpretation
Equivalent
4.30 – 5.00 Very High If the measure described in the
classroom management item is
always manifested
3.50 – 4.20 High If the measure described in the
classroom management item is
oftentimes manifested.
2.70 – 3.40 Moderate If the measure described in the
classroom management item is
sometimes manifested.
1.90 – 2.60 Low If the measure described in the
classroom management item is
seldom manifested
1.00 – 1.80 Very Low If the measure described in the
classroom management item is
never manifested
The teaching methods survey questionnaire will be an adopted
questionnaire. The rating will be based on the five (5) point scales with 1
representing “Never”, 2 (Seldom), 3 (Sometimes), 4 (Oftentimes) and 5 (Always)
will be used as a basis of determining the responses of the students.
For teaching methods, the five orderable categories in parental
involvement are categorized below:
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Range of Means Descriptive Interpretation
Equivalent
4.30 – 5.00 Very High If the measure described in the
teaching methods item is
always manifested
3.50 – 4.20 High If the measure described in the
teaching methods item is
oftentimes manifested.
2.70 – 3.40 Moderate If the measure described in the
teaching methods item is
sometimes manifested.
1.90 – 2.60 Low If the measure described in the
teaching methods item is
seldom manifested
1.00 – 1.80 Very Low If the measure described in the
teaching methods item is never
manifested
The Parental involvement survey questionnaire will be an adopted
questionnaire. The rating will be based on the five (5) point scales with 1
representing “Never”, 2 (Seldom), 3 (Sometimes), 4 (Oftentimes) and 5 (Always)
will be used as a basis of determining the responses of the students.
For parental involvement, the five orderable categories in parental
involvement are categorized below:
Range of Means Descriptive Interpretation
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Equivalent
4.30 – 5.00 Very High If the measure described in the
parental involvement item is
always manifested
3.50 – 4.20 High If the measure described in the
parental involvement item is
oftentimes manifested.
2.70 – 3.40 Moderate If the measure described in the
parental involvement item is
sometimes manifested.
1.90 – 2.60 Low If the measure described in the
parental involvement item is
seldom manifested
1.00 – 1.80 Very Low If the measure described in the
parental involvement item is
never manifested
The motivation survey questionnaire will be an adopted questionnaire.
The rating will be based on the five (5) point scales with 1 representing “Never”,
2 (Seldom), 3 (Sometimes), 4 (Oftentimes) and 5 (Always) will be used as a basis
of determining the responses of the students.
For motivation, the five orderable categories in parental involvement are
categorized below:
Range of Means Descriptive Interpretation
Equivalent
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4.30 – 5.00 Very High If the measure described in the
motivation item is always
manifested
3.50 – 4.20 High If the measure described in the
motivation item is oftentimes
manifested.
2.70 – 3.40 Moderate If the measure described in the
motivation item is sometimes
manifested.
1.90 – 2.60 Low If the measure described in the
motivation item is seldom
manifested
1.00 – 1.80 Very Low If the measure described in the
motivation item is never
manifested
To assess the level of students’ achievement in science, grades of the
Second Quarter in the subject Science will be utilized as data. To determine the
academic achievement in Science of the students, the guidelines in DepEd Order
No. 8 series of 2015 will be the basis in plotting the five orderable gradations.
For the academic achievement in Science, the guidelines in DepEd Order
No. 8 series of 2015 will be the basis in plotting the five orderable gradations. The
following scaling will be utilized:
Transmuted Descriptive Description
Grade Equivalent
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90 -100 Outstanding If the measure described the
(84.00 - 100) science achievement
is very high.
85 - 89 Very Satisfactory If the measure described the
(76.00 – 83.99) science achievement is
high.
80 – 84 Satisfactory If the measure described the
(68.00 – 75.99) science achievement is
moderate.
75 – 79 Fairly Satisfactory If the measure described the
(60.00 – 67.99) science achievement
is low
74 and below Did not meet If the measure described the
(0 – 59.99) Expectations science achievement is
very low.
Data Gathering Procedure
In gathering data, the researchers observed the following steps:
Seeking Permissions to Conduct the Study from Authorities. The
researchers will send a letter of permission to conduct study to the Schools
Division Superintendent of the Division of Davao Mati City, Dr. Reynaldo
Mellorida.
General Orientation and Seeking of Consent from Research Participants.
In the process of conducting the study, researcher will conduct a brief orientation
about her study or the purpose of the study on the respondents. Also, the
researcher will do the process of making the respondents aware on how they
were selected, how their responses would be given emphasis and importance,
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and how the assurance of confidentiality would be strictly observed as to the
gathering and tabulation of data. Also, the act of giving and explaining technical
terms used within the study will be practiced. It was on this process that the
respondents will get acquainted and be informed as to what the study will be all
about and how their participation would be of help on the success of the study.
The introduction and giving short discussion with regards to the instruments
being used on the study would minimize the ambiguity, anxiety, and
complication that the respondents might encounter on the conduct of it (Lande,
1998).
Administration and Retrieval of Questionnaires. Upon the approval, the
researcher will personally distribute the research instruments to the respondents.
With the help of the respective class advisers, it will be properly distributed and
retrieved afterwards.
Checking, Collating and Processing of Data. At this point, the researcher
will tally and tabulate all the data that will be gathered from the respondents
utilizing various scales and subjected the data set for statistical analysis. The
analysis and interpretation of the statistical results including the conclusions and
the formulation will follow.
Statistical Treatment of Data
This research will employ different statistical tools for analyzing the data.
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Mean. It is the sum of the sampled values divided by the number of items
in the sample (Bradfield, 1998). It will be used to determine the level of the
variables such as classroom management, teaching methods, parental
involvement, motivation and academic performance in science of the students. It
will be used to answer the research questions 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
Pearson Product Moment Coefficient Correlation. It is a measure of the
linear correlation between two variables X and Y (Moriya, 2008). It will be used
to find the relationship between the variables classroom management, teaching
methods, parental involvement, motivation and academic performance in science
of the students. This statistical tool will be used to answer the research question
6.
Regression Analysis. It is a set of statistical processes for estimating the
relationships between a dependent variable (often called the 'outcome variable')
and one or more independent variables (often called 'predictors', 'covariates', or
'features') (Mogull, 2004). It will also be used to derive the value of a criterion
from several other independents, or predictor variables. Also, it would
determine which of the exogenous variables: classroom management, teaching
methods, parental involvement, motivation predict the endogenous variable
which and academic performance in science of the students. It will be used to
answer the research questions 7 and 8.
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Structural Equation Modelling will be used to assess the best fit among
the models and to determine the validity of the hypothesized model. It will be
used to answer the research question 9.
Ethical Consideration
This is to guarantee systematic practices in research, the ethical codes need
to be emphasized and applied towards the respondents. Also the context
concerning the agreement of both the researchers and the respondents. This
quantitative paper revolves around the key principles of ethical research which
includes consent, confidentiality, anonymity, harm and reciprocity, and
reflecting to the issue of power, empowerment and ownership (Halai, 2006).
The study will also follow the standards that are being set internationally
which is to protect the key respondents. The privacy of the respondents will be
considered. The data that will be collected shall remain confidential which is the
appropriate thing to do with the group of people.
Respect for persons needs an obligation of the researchers not to exploit
the weaknesses of the research respondents. Self-sufficiency will be avoided in
order to maintain friendship, trust, and confidence among the respondents and
the researchers. Beforehand, the researcher will ask permission from the Schools
Division Superintendent by sending a permission letter to conduct the study
before conducting the research. This will be done to pay respect for the
individuals concerned in the study (Creswell, 2012).
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Consent is another most important way of showing respect to persons
during research. This is to let all respondents became aware on the purpose and
objectives of the research study that they are going to involve. Written consent
will be provided for them to get their approval. After getting their nod, they will
have to actively participate in the answering of the survey questionnaires. Of
course, they will be informed on the results and findings of the study. (Creswell,
2012).
Beneficence requires a commitment of minimizing risks to the research
respondents rather maximizing the profits that are due to them. Anonymity of
the respondents will be kept in order not to put each participant into risks. At all
times, respondents will be protected, so every files of information will not be left
unattended or unprotected (Bricki and Green, 2007).
Confidentiality towards the results and findings including the safeguard
of the respondents, coding system will be used. Meaning, the respondents’
identities will be hidden. All materials including survey questionnaires and
others should be destroyed after the data will be analyzed. At first, respondents
will have to refuse to give positive answer to the request, but then as we will go
on, they wanted also to offer help in the research. They will not be required to
write their names in the questionnaires (Maree and Van Der Westhuizen, 2007).
Justice requires a reasonable allocation of the risks and benefits as results
of the research. It is very important to acknowledge the contributions of all the
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respondents as they generally part of the success of the research. They must be
given due credits in all their endeavors. They will not able to spend any amount
during the conduct of the study. Sensible tokens will be given to them as a sign
of recognition to their efforts on the study. The researcher is hoping that through
this study, they will be set free into whatever negative experiences they had and
maintain a good name into what positive contributions they could offer in this
study (Bloom and Crabtree, 2006).
